Soil-transmitted helminthsInfectionsGenesParasitesSchistosomaExtracellular vesiclesHumansSpeciesFasciolaAntigensFamily of calcium-bindingInduceMeSHHighly conservedAntigenWhipwormExcretory-secretoryIntestine2016AntibodyGenomeGenomicImmunogenicMoleculesInfectImmuneRecombinantImmunityESTsMalnutritionHepaticAbundantInhibitsAbstractAntibodiesCarbohydratesInfectionSurvivalStagesBacteriaLoss of iron and proteinExpressionBiochemicalMalabsorptionDrugsTreatGastrointestinal
Soil-transmitted helminths7
- Due to the role of contaminated soil in their transmission, this group of nematode worms are known as soil-transmitted helminths (STH). (cdc.gov)
- High-intensity hookworm infections occur among both school-age children and adults, unlike the soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris and whipworm. (cdc.gov)
- Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. (emobileclinic.com)
- Soil-transmitted helminths impair the nutritional status of the people they infect in multiple ways. (emobileclinic.com)
- Some soil-transmitted helminths also cause loss of appetite and, therefore, a reduction of nutritional intake and physical fitness. (emobileclinic.com)
- The nutritional impairment caused by soil-transmitted helminths is recognized to have a significant impact on growth and physical development. (emobileclinic.com)
- Hookworm, Ascaris , and whipworm are known as soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms). (cdc.gov)
Infections11
- Additionally, the database can also be used to develop protein targets for new drugs to treat helminth infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Helminth infections induce strong type 2 cell-mediated immune responses, characterized among other things by production of high levels of interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13. (hindawi.com)
- Such evolution may be explained by different phenomena, the most evident being that many helminths undertake specific multiorgan migratory trajectories before reaching their final destination such as the lung, intestine, liver, or blood vessels where they can persist and cause chronic infections. (hindawi.com)
- Studies on mouse models of helminth infections have provided essential findings towards understanding type 2 immunity induction as well as its effector functions [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Protein malnutrition may affect the strength of some parasitic worm and pathogenic bacterial interactions, and also influence the transmission of worm infections in natural populations. (usda.gov)
- Unfortunately, however, the specificities of most of the commercial tests that are available for the serodiagnosis of this disease are not very high and this may cause problems, especially in tropical countries where co-infections with other helminths are common. (afpm.org.my)
- Albendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic used to treat parenchymal neurocysticercosis and other helminth infections. (drugbank.com)
- An inverse relationship is recognized between helminth infections and atopic dermatitis but no other pathogens. (medscape.com)
- We would add that since everyone eat farm resources, you cannot but be careful when it comes to helminth infections as they are transmitted by eggs present in human feaces and contaminate the soils most especially in the rural area where proper hygiene is not in place. (emobileclinic.com)
- According to WHO, more than 1.5 billion people, or 24% of the world's population, are infected with soil-transmitted helminth infections worldwide. (emobileclinic.com)
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Helminth infections modify the natural history of allergic diseases, by either decreasing or increasing their symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
Genes5
- Regulation of gene expression is primarily controlled by changes in the proteins that occupy genes' regulatory elements. (nature.com)
- These included genes associated with antioxidant activity, low molecular weight heat shock proteins and Late Embryonic Abundant (LEA) proteins. (nih.gov)
- Real-time PCR confirmed that LEA transcripts, small heat-shock proteins and some antioxidant genes were upregulated in resting eggs, therefore suggesting that desiccation tolerance is a characteristic feature of resting eggs even though they do not necessarily fully desiccate during dormancy. (nih.gov)
- Unlike humans, who have 57 cytochrome P450 genes, parasitic helminths have only one gene. (rush.edu)
- The genes encoding these proteins are highly conserved within the Trichinellids, are constituents of mL1 ESP and localized in the parasite stichosome. (westminster.ac.uk)
Parasites5
- Other helminth proteins promote parasite survival in other ways, particularly since parasites must depend on hosts for the supply of essential nutrients. (wikipedia.org)
- Parasites like helminths do not synthesize their own fatty acids or sterols, and are consequently dependent on their hosts for essential nutrients. (wikipedia.org)
- Immunopathogenetic Aspects of Disease Induced by Helminth Parasites. (wikipedia.org)
- Helminth parasites have a remarkable ability to persist within their mammalian hosts, which is largely due to their secretion of molecules with immunomodulatory properties. (conicet.gov.ar)
- The biochemical properties of CaBPs from different parasites have been investigated, and despite the considerable resemblance between structural models of all family members, differences exist in the dimerization, ion-binding and drug-binding characteristics of these apparently similar proteins [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Schistosoma1
- We have recombinantly expressed Schistosoma mansoni cytochrome P450, screened a preliminary series of cytochrome P450 inhibitors, and found that RNA interference silencing of cytochrome P450 in larval worms is lethal, indicating that cytochrome P450 is an essential and druggable protein. (rush.edu)
Extracellular vesicles3
- Special considerations for studies of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths: A community‐led roadmap to increase rigour and reproducibility. (uzh.ch)
- The protein and microRNA cargo of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths - current status and research priorities. (uzh.ch)
- Although the soluble components of helminth secretions have been extensively studied, the discovery that helminths release extracellular vesicles (EVs) has added further complexity to the host-parasite interaction. (conicet.gov.ar)
Humans3
- This result supports the possibility of eventually using helminth products to treat type I diabetes in humans as well. (wikipedia.org)
- Although parasitic helminths are near to absent in northwestern countries in humans, they are still responsible for infecting more than a quarter of the human population, essentially afflicting people who live in areas of poverty in the developing world [ 2 ], and they are also heavily present in domestic animals of veterinary importance [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Poultry provides most viable and affordable proteins to humans and hence increase in production is valuable so as to provide such protein that is in high demand (Burton, 2016). (essaywriter.org)
Species8
- Proteins found in any species of helminth. (uams.edu)
- Type 2 cell-mediated immunity is a general feature of helminth infection regardless of the multivariate sites of colonization of the numerous helminth species [ 11 ] and is conserved from jawed fish to mammals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Pfam analysis revealed that although there is no universal EV marker for all helminth species, the EF-hand protein family was present in all EV datasets from cestodes and trematodes, and could serve as a platyhelminth EV biomarker. (conicet.gov.ar)
- As with proteins, many miRNA families appeared to be species-, stage-, or dataset-specific. (conicet.gov.ar)
- Interactions between the two worm parasite species were stronger among mice fed a standard protein diet, but the interactions between worms and the mycobacteria were stronger among mice fed a low protein diet. (usda.gov)
- Specifically, mice were given a standard or low quality diet, dosed with two species of helminths (alone and in combination), and then challenged with the microparasite Mycobacterium bovis. (usda.gov)
- Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity predictions of protein sequences were compared across species and high levels of variation in antigenicity were also identified with each species which possessed their own unique antigenic profile. (sruc.ac.uk)
- Phylogenetic analysis of TSP-23 proteins suggested evidence of convergent evolution in antigenic lineages as no true inter-species phylogenetic relationships were seen. (sruc.ac.uk)
Fasciola3
- Additionally, injection of proteins secreted by Fasciola hepatica in nonobese diabetic mice prevented the onset of type I diabetes, with 84% of the mice showing normal glucose levels 26 weeks after injection. (wikipedia.org)
- Similar biochemical diversity has been seen in the CaBP proteins from Fasciola hepatica. (brighton.ac.uk)
- The liver fluke Fasciola gigantica secretes excretory-secretory proteins during infection to mediate its interaction with the host. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigens1
- Helminth proteins can result in a deregulated response to infection, and are implicated in reduced reactivity to other antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Family of calcium-binding1
- Tegumental proteins (TegPs) belong to a family of calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs), which contain two EF-hand motifs at the N-terminal domain and a C-terminal dynein light chain-like domain [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Induce4
- A number of proteins are able to induce production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. (wikipedia.org)
- Parasitic helminths generally induce strong type 2 immunity that normally controls parasite infection and is characterized by production of type 2 cytokines like interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-5, and IL-13 by innate cells (group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages) and CD4 + T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
- Methodology Using the human cholangiocyte line H69, we investigated cell proliferation and gap junction protein expression after stimulation with the hepatotoxin N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and/or excretory-secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis, which induce inflammation. (yonsei.ac.kr)
- however, helminth products that induce immunosuppression have been reported, which also raise specific antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
MeSH1
- Helminth Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
Highly conserved1
- Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved and immunogenic proteins that are shared among diverse groups of mammals and microbial agents. (eg.net)
Antigen3
- A helminth protein, or helminthic antigen, is a protein derived from a parasitic worm that causes an immune reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- 8. Anti bodies - Protein substances produced on challenge by an antigen. (who.int)
- HELMINTH ANTIGEN AND IMMUNOTHERAPY - A helminth protein immunogen is described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Whipworm1
- Ascaris lumbricoides ( Ascaris or roundworm), Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Necator americanus (hookworm), and Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) are helminths (parasitic worms) that infect the intestine. (cdc.gov)
Excretory-secretory1
- Administration of Hookworm Excretory/Secretory Proteins Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. (uzh.ch)
Intestine2
- Trichinella spiralis muscle stage larvae (mL1) produce excretory-secreted products (ESPs), a complex mixture of protein, which are believed to be important for establishing or maintaining an infection niche within skeletal muscle and the intestine. (westminster.ac.uk)
- This suggests that both proteins may be important for establishment of parasite infection of the intestine and are prophylactic vaccine candidates. (westminster.ac.uk)
20162
- 2016). The helminth T2 RNase ω1 promotes metabolic homeostasis in an IL-33 and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent mechanism. (tcd.ie)
- Poultry production has frequently been used as the source of protein, as a result of has undergone considerable improvement in their food conversion rate, mainly because of the presence of genetically superior breeds (Burton, 2016). (essaywriter.org)
Antibody1
- An antibody which binds the isolated protein is also described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Genome1
- We developed genomic locus proteomics (GLoPro), in which we combine CRISPR-based genome targeting, proximity labeling, and quantitative proteomics to discover proteins associated with a specific genomic locus in native cellular contexts. (nature.com)
Genomic1
- Previously identified ESTs, which correspond to known helminth proteins, are used to predict the location and function of newly discovered helminth proteins based on genomic sequencing. (wikipedia.org)
Immunogenic3
- Additionally, an immunotherapeutic composition comprising the immunogenic protein and an immunologically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient is described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
- Furthermore, a vaccine comprising the immunogenic protein is described. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
- Also described are an isolated nucleic acid that encodes the immunogenic protein and a genetic construct comprising that isolated nucleic acid. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Molecules4
- Whilst several studies have begun to characterise the molecules carried by helminth EVs, work aimed at investigating their biological functions has been hindered by a lack of helminth-specific EV markers. (conicet.gov.ar)
- This drug has been replaced with an apparent decrease in ph (when the protein molecules affinity and avidity f2 compare and contrast toxins and antitoxins. (stonecottagegardens.com)
- The two molecules were produced as recombinant proteins in E. coli expression systems. (bvsalud.org)
- RECENT FINDINGS: We updated the list of helminth allergens and IgE-binding molecules, their effects on asthma presentation, and their impact on allergy diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
Infect2
- Parasitic helminths infect the majority of vertebrates [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Helminths have evolved to adapt to the host they infect and developed immune evasion strategies that have in return shaped the immune system of the infected host. (hindawi.com)
Immune6
- When secreted, these proteins may modify the host's immune response in order to promote longevity of the parasite. (wikipedia.org)
- Helminth proteins modulate the immune response of their hosts, but do not suppress it entirely. (wikipedia.org)
- Alpha-1, a protein released by schistosome eggs, can also be a chemokine binding protein, preventing the recruitment of other immune cells like neutrophils. (wikipedia.org)
- Helminths must also ensure that their offspring will find their way out without being stopped by the host immune system [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These often-complex life cycles have lead helminths to develop mechanisms to invade and migrate through the host while modulating the immune system and ensure their long-lasting persistence in their host [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Studies of both whole ESPs and individual cloned proteins have shown that some ESPs are potent immunogens capable of eliciting protective immune responses. (westminster.ac.uk)
Recombinant1
- In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of a recombinant tegumental calcium-binding EF-hand protein 4 of F. gigantica (rFg-CaBP4) on goat monocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunity1
- Given the modulatory properties of helminth proteins, it has been suggested that they may be co-opted to successfully treat other human diseases, particularly those associated with auto-immunity disorders. (wikipedia.org)
ESTs1
- The Helminth Secretome Database (HSD) is a repository for helminth proteins predicted using expressed sequence tags (ESTs). (wikipedia.org)
Malnutrition1
- The Treatment and management of severe protein-energy malnutrition. (who.int)
Hepatic3
- We investigated the role of Echinococcus multilocularis (Echinococcus genus) PSCs in hepatic fibrosis by examining structural changes and measuring hepatic fibrosis-related protein levels in cocultures of PSCs and human HSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
- Structural changes were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and levels of the hepatic fibrosis-related proteins collagen I (Col-I), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and osteopontin (OPN) were measured by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (biomedcentral.com)
- Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are the major cells responsible for the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins during cirrhosis, are found in the space of Disse and act as a major storage site for vitamin A [ 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Abundant1
- Schistosome proteins also contain abundant proteases which and cleave IgE antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibits1
- It inhibits the activities of the helminth-specific mitochondrial enzyme fumarate reductase, thereby stopping the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, which is the system used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. (naturalpedia.com)
Abstract1
- abstract = "There is a family of proteins from parasitic worms which combine N-terminal EF-hand domains with C-terminal dynein light chain-like domains. (brighton.ac.uk)
Antibodies1
- The isopropyl-ß- D -thiogalactopyranoside-induced rFg-CaBP4 protein reacted with rat sera containing anti-rFg-CaBP4 polyclonal antibodies in a western blot analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Carbohydrates1
- Papain breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. (medlineplus.gov)
Infection6
- Hookworm infection can lead to anemia due to blood loss and chronic protein deficiency, particularly in children. (cdc.gov)
- We can take advantage of a variety of helminth models available, each of which have their own feature including life cycle, site of infection, or pathological mechanisms influencing macrophage biology. (hindawi.com)
- Here, we reviewed the recent advances from the laboratory mouse about macrophage origin, polarization, activation, and effector functions during parasitic helminth infection. (hindawi.com)
- An important aspect about type 2 cell-mediated responses against parasitic helminths is that they are induced for controlling parasite infection but they also mediate the tolerance of parasite persistence [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The most serious effects of hookworm infection are the development of anemia and protein deficiency caused by blood loss at the site of the intestinal attachment of the adult worms. (cdc.gov)
- The most serious effects of hookworm infection are blood loss leading to anemia, in addition to protein loss. (cdc.gov)
Survival1
- Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. (drugbank.com)
Stages1
- Vaccination with these proteins resulted in an impaired establishment of adult stages and consequently a reduction in the burden of mL1 in BALB/c mice. (westminster.ac.uk)
Bacteria1
- Antibiotics are naturally occurring chemicals secreted by one microorganism to defend against attack from other microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths. (merckmillipore.com)
Loss of iron and protein2
- When children are continuously infected by many worms, the loss of iron and protein can retard growth and mental development. (cdc.gov)
- The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. (emobileclinic.com)
Expression2
- The expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-II molecule (MHC-II) in response to rFg-CaBP4 protein was analyzed using Flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, the expression of the cell proliferation-related proteins E2F1, Ki-67, and cancer related protein cytokeratin 19 and Cox-2 increased in response to combined treatment with NDMA and ESP. (yonsei.ac.kr)
Biochemical1
- I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
Malabsorption2
- The loss of protein into the gastrointestinal tract in a PLE is different from the protein maldigestion of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (see Pancreatic Pathophysiology) or protein malabsorption of gluten enteropathy. (vin.com)
- The study was conducted in Adadiah poor weaning practices, a low-protein diet or and Ndon Ebom in Uruan Local Government Area secondarily from nutrient malabsorption across the (LGA) of Akwa Ibom State. (who.int)
Drugs1
- In both the SmTAL and FhCaBP families, the proteins also differ in their ability to bind calmodulin antagonists and related drugs. (brighton.ac.uk)
Treat1
- Despite their pathogenic properties, helminth proteins have potential to be co-opted to treat a number of other human diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Gastrointestinal1
- Excessive loss of plasma or enteric protein into the gastrointestinal tract is referred to as a state of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). (vin.com)