• The majority of proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum undergo glycosylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycosylation is the process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to a target macromolecule, typically proteins and lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the immune system) via sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycosylation can also module the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, N-glycosylation of platelet proteins has been poorly investigated in CDG. (nih.gov)
  • This compound is critical for a process called glycosylation, which attaches groups of sugar molecules (oligosaccharides) to proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Glycosylation changes proteins in ways that are important for their functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The other signs and symptoms of DOLK -CDG are likely due to the abnormal glycosylation of additional proteins in other organs and tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This project seeks to develop robust methodologies to characterise the glycosylation of transgenic plant proteins for application in risk assessments. (usda.gov)
  • This project aims to develop robust methods to characterise the glycosylation of proteins for routine analysis of transgenic plants. (usda.gov)
  • Methods will be tested using plant proteins which are known to be glycosylated, including those from transgenic plants in which the pattern of glycosylation is known to be inauthentic and consequently conferring unexpected allergenicity. (usda.gov)
  • N-linked glycosylation is the most prevalent posttranslational modification of plasma membrane and secretory proteins and participates in many important biological roles such as protein folding, intracellular targeting, immune response, cell adhesion, and protease resistance. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glycosylation is a post-translational modification in which a sugar (or carbohydrate) is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of a macro molecule (such as DNA, lipids and proteins). (nih.gov)
  • The Golgi and glycosylation are essential for correct processing and distribution of proteins. (bmj.com)
  • Lectin arrays are widely used tools for analyzing glycosylation in proteins and cells. (muni.cz)
  • Our results suggest that glycosylation of both E and NS1 proteins plays an important role in virus pathogenicity, and m5MR virus could be developed as a live attenuated viral vaccine for ZIKV. (unl.edu)
  • In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
  • The mucin - type protein was used as a probe to analyze the O - glycosylation capacity of the se cell lines, which today are used for the commercial production of recombinant proteins and vaccine co mponents. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC - MS) revealed that the O - glycosylation was more abundant and complex than previously reported which may limit their use for the production of therapeutic proteins. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Glycosylation is the most abundant modification of proteins, variations of which occur in all living cells. (reactome.org)
  • Dong is equally excited about what the work has to tell us about glycosylation - the attachment of sugars to large molecules like proteins and lipids. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Glycosylation significantly affects both the structure and function of proteins and influences their biological activity and recognition by other molecules and proteins. (rapidnovor.com)
  • Directing protein trafficking, where proteins destined for secretion of integration into cell membranes undergo specific glycosylation to facilitate their correct trafficking. (rapidnovor.com)
  • Glycosylation is the attachment of sugar chains to proteins. (cureffi.org)
  • The comparison of several polyisoprenol-based glycosylation pathways from the three domains of life shows that most of the implicated proteins belong to a limited number of superfamilies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All stem from dysfunctional N -glycosylation of proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoglycosylation is the hallmark of a group of rare genetic diseases called congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we highlight normal and deficient N-glycosylation of platelet-derived molecules and discuss the involvement of platelets in the congenital disorders of N-glycosylation. (nih.gov)
  • DOLK -congenital disorder of glycosylation ( DOLK -CDG, formerly known as congenital disorder of glycosylation type Im) is an inherited condition that often affects the heart but can also involve other body systems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum transferrin (Tf) is still the method of choice for diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). (nih.gov)
  • This section reviews currently known congenital disorders of glycosylation associated with defects of protein O-glycosylation (Cylwik et al. (reactome.org)
  • Provides support for career development of biochemically trained professionals who have made a commitment to patient-oriented research in the Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) and who have the potential to develop into productive preclinical investigators. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • The Frontiers in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Consortium (FCDGC) is part of the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN), which is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and led by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) through its Division of Rare Diseases Research Innovation (DRDRI). (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II may be classified as one of the congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a rapidly expanding group of metabolic syndromes with a wide symptomatology and severity. (medscape.com)
  • An abnormal glycosylation is also a known phenomenon in adult liver disease patients. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, abnormal glycosylation of haptoglobin has been reported as a consequence of liver disease, cancer and immunological disorders in man. (lu.se)
  • As has become clear with molecular genetics, all of these CMDs are likely caused by a similar molecular pathologic event, abnormal glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. (medscape.com)
  • Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or 'glycan'), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) in order to form a glycoconjugate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the importance of glycosylation and altered glycan structures in AD, the aberrant molecular and biochemical function of these glycosylated molecules to serve as disease modifiers remain largely elusive. (nih.gov)
  • Glycosylation refers to a sequence of events that take place in the Golgi body and the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells of the expression system (predominantly mammalian) that lead to post-translational addition and processing of carbohydrate or glycan moieties to the protein backbone (usually serine- or threonineâ linked glycosylation for O-linked glycans and asparagineâ linked glycosylation for N-linked glycans) (6). (chromatographyonline.com)
  • Rational glycan design is achieved by transfecting cells with plasmids encoding PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b together with specific glycosyltransferases that expand the glycosylation capacity of the cells. (avhandlingar.se)
  • The compartmentalized nature of protein glycosylation gives rise to a wide range of glycoproteins with diverse structures, leading to unique glycan profiles that reflect distinct protein functions. (rapidnovor.com)
  • Although glycosylation of Asn 297 is conserved, there is significant heterogeneity in IgG glycan modifications. (rapidnovor.com)
  • of relevance here is N-linked glycosylation , where the glycan is covalently bound to a nitrogen (N) atom in an asparagine (N) amino acid in the protein. (cureffi.org)
  • Defects in N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation constitute the largest CDG groups. (nih.gov)
  • Both studies suggest that defects in rhodopsin glycosylation are associated with impairment of protein folding or stability. (jneurosci.org)
  • Defects in glycosylation in cancer cells may allow the presentation of the native peptide. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation. (lookformedical.com)
  • While it is clear that subclass selection is actively regulated during the course of natural infection, it is unclear whether antibody glycosylation can be tuned, in a signal-specific or pathogen-specific manner. (harvard.edu)
  • Here, we show that antibody glycosylation is determined in an antigen- and pathogen-specific manner during HIV infection. (harvard.edu)
  • Moreover, while dramatic differences exist in bulk IgG glycosylation among individuals in distinct geographical locations, immunization is able to overcome these differences and elicit antigen-specific antibodies with similar antibody glycosylation patterns. (harvard.edu)
  • Additionally, distinct vaccine regimens induced different antigen-specific IgG glycosylation profiles, suggesting that antibody glycosylation is not only programmable but can be manipulated via the delivery of distinct inflammatory signals during B cell priming. (harvard.edu)
  • These data strongly suggest that the immune system naturally drives antibody glycosylation in an antigen-specific manner and highlights a promising means by which next-generation therapeutics and vaccines can harness the antiviral activity of the innate immune system via directed alterations in antibody glycosylation in vivo. (harvard.edu)
  • In the immune system, antibody glycosylation holds particular significance as it impacts effector functions and antigen-binding capabilities. (rapidnovor.com)
  • N-glycosylation is well known to occur at asparagine residues in the canonical consensus sequence N-X-S/T, but has also been identified at a small number of N-X-C motifs including the Asn491 residue of human serotransferrin. (nist.gov)
  • Glycosylation can be further categorized into N-linked (where the oligosaccharide is conjugated to Asparagine residues) and O-linked glycosylation (where the oligosaccharide is conjugated to Serine, Threonine and possibly Tyrosine residues). (reactome.org)
  • In N-linked glycosylation, glycans are attached covalently to the nitrogen atom of asparagine (Asn) residues within the Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus sequence (where X represents any amino acid except proline). (rapidnovor.com)
  • Following translation, glycans are enzymatically attached to amino acid residues, predominantly asparagine (N-linked glycosylation) or serine and threonine residues (O-linked glycosylation). (rapidnovor.com)
  • Here we report additional novel glycosylation sites within non-canonical consensus motifs, in the conformation N-X-C, based on mass spectrometry analysis of partially-deglycosylated glycopeptide targets. (nist.gov)
  • Within the family of O-linked glycosylation, the oligosaccharides attached can be further categorized according to their reducing end residue: GalNAc (often described as mucin-type, due to the abundance of this type of glycosylation on mucins), Mannose and Fucose. (reactome.org)
  • 287, 22998-23009), indicate that the extent and pattern of glycosylation may regulate cross-link maturation in fibrillar collagen. (temple.edu)
  • Together, the human disease and animal models suggest that glycosylation plays a crucial role in the structure and/or function of rhodopsin. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and post-translational modification. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, glycosylation is thought to be the most complex post-translational modification, because of the large number of enzymatic steps involved. (wikipedia.org)
  • One type of post-translational modification involved in protein stability is glycosylation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that plays a significant role in several cellular and protein functions, including folding, stability, function, and trafficking. (rapidnovor.com)
  • Glycosylation and complex carbohydrates have been reported to play many critical roles in the early pathogenesis and progression of AD, but the potential of these molecules to serve as biomarkers and targets of disease intervention remains largely unexplored. (nih.gov)
  • In the fragment crystalline (Fc) region of antibodies, glycosylation occurs at the highly conserved residue, Asn 297, in all human IgG molecules (Figure 2). (rapidnovor.com)
  • Any two molecules of PrP could differ from one another in glycosylation state, in two different ways. (cureffi.org)
  • Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of the carbo-hydrate molecules is indispensable for a full understanding of the molecular processes in which carbohydrates are involved, such as protein glycosylation or protein-carbohydrate interactions. (iucr.org)
  • Consequences of aberrant glycosylation on the unfolded protein response and protein homeostasis. (nih.gov)
  • Importantly, changes in glycosylation patterns were observed in various tumors, and the aberrant glycosylation is often associated with malignancy potential, tumor immune surveillance, and patients´ prognosis. (muni.cz)
  • Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, engineering Fc glycosylation to develop therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with desired characteristics is a promising strategy to enhance the function and efficacy of therapeutic IgG antibodies. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • In this study we analyzed the Golgi and glycosylation in cultured skin fibroblasts in three patients with PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). (bmj.com)
  • Although each patient had different mutations, all had altered Golgi morphology and protein O-linked glycosylation that were rescued by overexpression of wild type PLA2G6. (bmj.com)
  • Disruption of the Golgi and glycosylation may, therefore, cause the pathogenesis of PLAN and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders. (bmj.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells, such as human and animal cells, protein glycosylation primarily occurs in the secretory pathway, beginning in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and completed in the golgi apparatus. (rapidnovor.com)
  • Although O-linked glycosylation can commence in the ER, it predominantly initiates in the Golgi apparatus after the completion of protein folding. (rapidnovor.com)
  • Strikingly, O- glycosylation is one such process that modulates ligand -receptor binding and trafficking. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glycosylation is also present in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the O-GlcNAc modification. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, glycosylation is a site-specific modification. (wikipedia.org)
  • glycosylation Modification of Butyrylcholinesterase in a Transgenic Rice Cell Culture Bioreactor. (preprints.org)
  • The N- glycosylation is an essential protein modification taking place in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and the plasma membranes in archaea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • N-linked glycosylation is a very prevalent form of glycosylation and is important for the folding of many eukaryotic glycoproteins and for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix attachment. (wikipedia.org)
  • These methods will allow the determination of differences in glycosylation patterns between individual glycoproteins as well as between different plants. (usda.gov)
  • The influence of glycosylation on the folding and stability of glycoprotein is twofold. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although cross-linking is crucial for the stability and mineralization of collagen, the biological function of glycosylation in cross-linking is not well understood. (temple.edu)
  • This post will review what is known about PrP glycosylation and its role (if any) in prion diseases, and will examine whether glycosylation represents a potential therapeutic target for treating these diseases. (cureffi.org)
  • During glycosylation, sugars are added to dolichol phosphate in order to build the oligosaccharide chain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The major findings were, that HEX1 and HEX2 catalyze trans-glycosylation reactions with lactose as acceptor, giving rise to the human milk oligosaccharide precursor lacto-N-triose II (LNT2) with yields of 2 and 8 % based on the donor substrate. (dtu.dk)
  • The production and N -glycosylation of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a model highly glycosylated therapeutic protein, in a transgenic rice cell suspension culture treated with kifunensine, a strong α-mannosidase I inhibitor, was studied in a 5 L bioreactor. (preprints.org)
  • It also shows how differences in EV protein cargo, including glycosite occupancy and glycosylation patterns, may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis - making a case for EV-based diagnostics that incorporate glycosylation information for prostate cancer screening. (cancer.gov)
  • Here, a phylogenomic analysis was carried out to examine the validity of rival hypotheses suggesting alternative archaeal or bacterial origins to the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The origin of the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway is not unique and less straightforward than previously thought: some basic components likely have proteoarchaeal origins, but the pathway was extensively developed before the eukaryotic diversification through multiple gene duplications, protein co-options, neofunctionalizations and even possible horizontal gene transfers from bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following the success of comparative analyses to trace back particular machineries to LECA [ 25 - 32 ], the origin and evolution of the eukaryotic N- glycosylation pathway will be studied here. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, recombinant viruses with deletion of VNDT motif (m1MR) or mutation of N-linked glycosylation site (m2MR), were highly attenuated and non-lethal. (unl.edu)
  • These mutant virus strains were devoid of up to seven or eight of 22 glycosylation sites in the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 because of mutations at the Asn or Thr/Ser sites of the N -glycosylation motifs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, several recently developed technologies now allow one to systematically monitor the change of protein glycosylation and glycans in various biological fluids from a large number of individuals. (nih.gov)
  • The glycosylation of cells reflects the biological species, tissue, and physiological state of the organism. (muni.cz)
  • Can glycosylation mask the detection of MHC expressing p53 peptides by T cell receptors? (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In this study, we quantitatively characterized glycosylation of non-cross-linked and cross-linked peptides by biochemical and nanoscale liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometric analyses. (temple.edu)
  • Expression of T17M was more toxic than T4K to transgenic photoreceptors, further suggesting that glycosylation at N15 plays a more important physiological role than glycosylation at N2. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glycosylation is known to affect various cellular and physiological functions including regulation of enzymatic activities, cell differentiation and morphogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • The extent of inhibition of the metal-catalysed pathway correlated with the extent of inhibition of glycosylation-associated chromo- and fluorophore development. (portlandpress.com)
  • This study establishes evidence of how altered cellular glycosylation enzyme expression impacts EV vesicle abundance and the protein content of EVs secreted from prostate cancer cells via dysregulation of the cell's endocytic pathway. (cancer.gov)
  • In total, trans-glycosylation reactions were tested with the disaccharide acceptors β-lactose, sucrose, and maltose, as well as with the monosaccharides galactose and glucose resulting in the successful attachment of GlcNAc to the acceptor in all cases. (dtu.dk)
  • The established relationship between protein glycosylation, immunogenicity and allergenicity means that the methods developed could be used to inform the risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) plants. (usda.gov)
  • O-linked glycosylation is much more diverse than N-linked glycosylation, due to glycosylation being linked to any monosaccharide, such as mannose, galactose, glucose, fucose, or xylose. (rapidnovor.com)
  • It shares mechanistic similarities based on the use of polyisoprenol lipid carriers with other glycosylation pathways involved in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall components (e.g. peptidoglycan and teichoic acids). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, O-GalNAc mucin -type O- glycosylation outside the EGF repeats also appears to occur in Notch receptors . (bvsalud.org)
  • This instalment reviews the various process parameters and raw material attributes that affect glycosylation, as well as the different analytical tools that are used for characterization, with greater emphasis on the chromatographic methods of analysis. (chromatographyonline.com)
  • Analyses of full-length genomes of over 300 ZIKV isolates revealed that one sequence motif, VNDT, containing an N-linked glycosylation site in the envelope (E) protein, is polymorphic, being absent in many of the African isolates while present in all isolates from the recent outbreaks. (unl.edu)
  • Here, I interrogated the role of this sequence motif and glycosylation of the E protein in pathogenicity of ZIKV. (unl.edu)
  • Several mutations in the N terminus of the G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin disrupt NXS/T consensus sequences for N-linked glycosylation (located at N2 and N15) and cause sector retinitis pigmentosa in which the inferior retina preferentially degenerates. (jneurosci.org)
  • Although mutations T4K and T4N caused RD, N2S and T4V did not, demonstrating that glycosylation at N2 was not required for photoreceptor viability. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast, similar mutations eliminating glycosylation at N15 (N15S and T17M) caused rod death. (jneurosci.org)
  • Mutations affecting glycosylation of the heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin are associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Les mutations individuelles sont décrites en détail. (who.int)
  • Here we examined the role of rhodopsin glycosylation in biosynthesis, trafficking, and retinal degeneration (RD) using transgenic Xenopus laevis expressing glycosylation-defective human rhodopsin mutants. (jneurosci.org)
  • All mutant viruses grew to titers similar to the rMR virus in cell culture except the m5MR virus (triple glycosylation defective), which grew to lower titers. (unl.edu)
  • The glycosylation of PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b may be tailored by producing the protein in genetically engineered cell lines. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Now, they've set their sights on Shiga and ricin toxins, and not only identified new potential lines of defense, but also shed new light on a fundamental part of cell biology: glycosylation. (childrenshospital.org)
  • To understand PrP's glycosylation, it's useful to have a quick background on PrP's cell biology. (cureffi.org)
  • The affected glycosylation sites were predominantly clustered in regions of gp120 that are not involved in the direct interaction with either CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, or gp41. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Overall, glycosylation needs to be understood by the likely evolutionary selection pressures that have shaped it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this study was to characterize glycosylation disturbances in pediatric patients with primary liver disease. (nih.gov)
  • Traditionally, it has been very difficult to study and monitor the alteration of glycosylation and glycans in relation to aging and early initiation of AD. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, glycosylation is often used by viruses to shield the underlying viral protein from immune recognition. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a clear role for rhodopsin glycosylation has not been established in vivo . (jneurosci.org)