a) They are linked as coenzymes either to NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or to NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). (biologydiscussion.com)
NADH4
In enzymology, a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] (EC 1.1.1.94) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD(P)+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } glycerone phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are glycerone phosphate, NADH, NADPH, and H+. (wikipedia.org)
We show that compartmentalization of these NAD + dependent reactions together with a dedicated NADH/NAD + recycling enzyme supports optimal growth when an increased demand for anabolic reactions taxes cellular redox balance. (biorxiv.org)
The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (G3PS) is a major NADH shuttle that regenerates reducing equivalents in the cytosol and produces energy in the mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)
Increased hepatic levels of glycerol 3-phosphate (3-GP) after ethanol ingestion are related to an increase in the ratio of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) to the reduced form (NADH) in the liver. (medscape.com)
Oxidoreductase2
The systematic name of this enzyme class is sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
Other names in common use include L-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, (phosphate)), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme5
Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. (hmdb.ca)
Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (hmdb.ca)
First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (smpdb.ca)
Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). (smpdb.ca)
The enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. (smpdb.ca)
Dihydroxyacetone1
We reviewed a few plausibly organic syntheses of phospholipids under prebiotic conditions with special attention paid to the starting materials as pro-chiral dihydroxyacetone and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which are the key molecules to break symmetry in phospholipids. (mdpi.com)
Glycerone phosphate1
The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to glycerone phosphate. (thermofisher.com)
GPD16
Intra-assay Precision (Precision within an assay): 3 samples with low, middle and high level Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) were tested 20 times on one plate, respectively. (biomatik.com)
Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays): 3 samples with low, middle and high level Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) were tested on 3 different plates, 8 replicates in each plate. (biomatik.com)
This assay has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1). (biomatik.com)
No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) and analogues was observed. (biomatik.com)
OBJECTIVES: Transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia (HTGTI) is caused by mutations in the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) gene. (bvsalud.org)
Plasmid pSR3 carrying gpd1 and gpp2 encoding two isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and plasmid pLB2 carrying aldO encoding alditol oxidase from Streptomyces violaceoruber were introduced into E. coli to enable the production of glycerate from glucose via glycerol. (bvsalud.org)
Catabolic2
Predicted to be involved in carbohydrate metabolic process and glycerol-3-phosphate catabolic process. (mcw.edu)
Co-expression of additional EMP enzymes, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), with Pfk I did not enable EMP flux, and resulted in production of glycerol as a side product. (frontiersin.org)
The high flux through cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) is required to maintain redox balance and support lipid synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
Instead, loss of GPD2 upregulates cytosolic GPD on a transcriptional level and promotes cancer cell proliferation by increasing glycerol-3-phosphate supply. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose2
From the Rancho Bernardo Research, the identical SNP also showed significant connection to the attached traits homeostasis design evaluation regarding insulin opposition (R Equates to 3.3 times 10(-4)), fasting carbs and glucose (P = 1.1 by Ten(-3)), and sort Two diabetes (G Equates to Nine. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)
To address this questions, we investigated the antioxidant defense system enzymatic (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and nonenzymatic (reduced glutathione (GSH)) in gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
Inositol1
Lipid molecules have these properties because they consist largely of long hydrocarbon tails which are lipophilic in nature as well as polar headgroups (e.g. phosphate-based functionality, and/or inositol based functionality). (medmuv.com)
Pathway3
This pathway replacement will now enable us to make use of the additional reducing power of glycerol for the production of fermentation products. (constructor.university)
A kinetic model of the glycerol synthesis pathway has been constructed. (fairdomhub.org)
This investigation aims to gain a clearer understanding of and to quantify the extent to which parameters of the pathway affect glycerol flux in S. cerevisiae. (fairdomhub.org)
Yeast1
S. uvarum is a cryotolerant yeast that produces more glycerol, less acetic acid and exhibits a better aroma profile. (frontiersin.org)
Isoforms1
Agarwal AK, Sukumaran S, Cortes VA, Tunison K, Mizrachi D, Sankella S, Gerard RD, Horton JD, Garg A: Human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase isoforms 1 and 2: biochemical characterization and inability to rescue hepatic steatosis in Agpat2(-/-) gene lipodystrophic mice. (smpdb.ca)
Enzymes1
Which of the following enzymes incorporates inorganic phosphate into the substrate? (medquizzes.net)
Inorganic2
For example, it enhances the nutritive value of plant material by liberation of inorganic phosphate from phytic acid. (constructor.university)
The action of phytase on phytic acid reduces the need of adding inorganic phosphate to the feed. (constructor.university)
Glycerophosphate1
It is easily verified that phospholipids yield very small amounts of glycerophosphate but no glycerol. (gerli.com)
Gene1
The d-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (2HADH) family illustrates a complex evolutionary history with multiple lateral gene transfers and gene duplications and losses. (rcsb.org)
Ethanol2
Another advantage of glycerol is that it does not exert the so-called Crabtree effect (ethanol production in the presence of oxygen) in wild-type S. cerevisiae strains. (constructor.university)
In the present study, we obtained by rare mating (non-GMO strategy), and a subsequent sporulation, an interspecific S. cerevisiae × S. uvarum spore-derivative hybrid that improves or maintains a combination of parental traits of interest for the wine industry, such as good fermentation performance, increased ethanol tolerance, and high glycerol and aroma productions. (frontiersin.org)
Ester2
A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. (smpdb.ca)
Acylglycerols must be first hydrolyzed and, if possible, under conditions that do not cleave the phosphate ester of phospholipids and the glycosyl residue of glycosyl diglycerides, these compounds may be also present in the extract. (gerli.com)
Sugars1
Due to its higher reducing power compared to sugars, we consider glycerol is an attractive carbon source for the fermentative production of chemicals. (constructor.university)
Molecule1
The molecule consists of a riboflavin moiety (vitamin B2) bound to the phosphate group of an ADP molecule. (ecmdb.ca)
Cerevisiae2
The initial challenge in terms of using glycerol as a carbon source for S. cerevisiae was that wild-type strains of this species utilize glycerol present in synthetic medium at very low rates if at all. (constructor.university)
Our group has been successful to greatly improve glycerol utilization in S. cerevisiae without the addition of complex medium supplements (Swinnen et al. (constructor.university)
Proteins1
The latter characteristic of glycerol can be considered as an advantage for the production of biomass-related products such as proteins. (constructor.university)
Organism1
Previous studies shed light on the important role that Aspergillus nidulans gfdB, putatively encoding a NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, plays in the oxidative and cell wall integrity stress tolerance of this filamentous fungus model organism. (bvsalud.org)
Fatty2
After mixing and centrifugation, eliminate the hexane layer (it can be used for fatty acid analysis), the lower phase is used for glycerol determination. (gerli.com)
A higher concentration of 3-GP results in enhanced esterification of fatty acids. (medscape.com)