• Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form glutathione (GSH), which is a critical molecule in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining the reducing environment of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutathione reductase functions as dimeric disulfide oxidoreductase and utilizes an FAD prosthetic group and NADPH to reduce one molar equivalent of GSSG to two molar equivalents of GSH: The glutathione reductase is conserved between all kingdoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ratio of GSSG/GSH present in the cell is a key factor in properly maintaining the oxidative balance of the cell, that is, it is critical that the cell maintains high levels of the reduced glutathione and a low level of the oxidized glutathione disulfide. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1.-.-.- Oxidoreductases: glutathione-disulfide reductase. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
  • Dual-targeted glutathione reductase 2 defines a bottleneck for reduction of glutathione disulfide only in plastids. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The reduced state of T[SH] 2 is maintained by NADPH-dependent trypanothione reductase (TryR) by recycling trypanothione disulfide (TS 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • DEP absorbed 23-31% of CYSH, cystine, and GSH, and only 8% of glutathione disulfide when incubated in cell free media. (cdc.gov)
  • TrxR is a dimeric flavoproteinase, a member of the pyridine nucleotide disulfide reductase family, widely expressed in cells of all levels of organisms from prokaryotes to humans. (pharmiweb.com)
  • It is a central enzyme of cellular antioxidant defense, and reduces oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant. (nih.gov)
  • This protective effect would be the result of (1) protein thiol protection, as evidenced by thioredoxin system activation, and of (2) the glutathione disulfide content decrease. (springer.com)
  • Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is similar in activity to glutathione reductase (GR), catalyzing the reduction of GSSG to GSH, and is one of the key enzymes of the glutathione redox cycle. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes are a family of selenoproteins with a unique but essential selenocysteine (Sec) residue at their C-terminal redox center. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Photosynthetic oxygen release, marker enzymes of the antioxidative system, glutathione redox dynamics and growth rate were used as testing parameters. (logos-verlag.de)
  • Selenium is a component of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants). (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, S. cerevisiae msra Δ ( mxr1 Δ) and msrb Δ ( ycl033c Δ) mutants defective for peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activity exhibited a Cr sensitivity phenotype, and cells overexpressing these enzymes were Cr-resistant. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Anjum NA, Ahmad I, Mohmood I, Pacheco M, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Umar S, Ahmad A, Khan NA, Iqbal M et al (2012) Modulation of glutathione and its related enzymes in plants' responses to toxic metals and metalloids-a review. (springer.com)
  • Walker M A, McKersie B D , . Role of the ascorbate glutathione antioxidant system in chilling resistance of tomato[J]. Plant Physiology, 1993,141:234-239. (rdzwxb.com)
  • Powerful Antioxidant, Detox, Brain and Immune Support - As we age, our body's Glutathione depletes. (freshlynutrifood.com)
  • The antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) fully protected MDA-MB-435 cells from cell lysis induced by NSC130362 and TRAIL, thereby further confirming the interplay between GSR and TRAIL. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In most eukaryotes, there are mainly two independent antioxidant systems, one is the thioredoxin system and the other is the glutathione system. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Chen F, Wang F, Wu F, Mao W, Zhang G, Zhou M (2010) Modulation of exogenous glutathione in antioxidant defense system against Cd stress in the two barley genotypes differing in Cd tolerance. (springer.com)
  • [ 7 ] FAD is also a coenzyme needed for the functioning of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase in its protection of cells against oxidative stresses, allowing for the measurement of the enzyme's activity in red blood cells to be among the methods for the assessment of riboflavin nutritional status. (medscape.com)
  • In vitro, glutathione reductase is inhibited by low concentrations of sodium arsenite and methylated arsenate metabolites, but in vivo, significant Glutathione Reductase inhibition by sodium arsenate has only been at 10 mg/kg/day. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2009) Profiling patterns of glutathione reductase inhibition by the natural product illudin S and its acylfulvene analogues. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
  • Subsequent affinity chromatography and inhibition studies convincingly demonstrated that glutathione reductase (GSR), a key component of the oxidative stress response, is a target of NSC130362. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Nucleotide reductase is an enzyme specifically expressed in replicating cells or rapidly growing tumor cells, and treatment of cells with TrxR inhibition and compounds such as adriamycin results in inhibition of nucleotide reductase and inhibition of cell growth. (pharmiweb.com)
  • In particular, glutathione reductase appears to be a good target for anti-malarials, as the glutathione reductase of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has a significantly different protein fold than that of mammalian glutathione reductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • This narrow balance is maintained by glutathione reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of GSSG to GSH. (wikipedia.org)
  • The absence of corrective effect of effectors on glutathione redox state should be associated with the concomitant decrease in regeneration and consumption processes of reduced forms of glutathione, namely by glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities, respectively. (springer.com)
  • Corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase in pathologic corneas. (medscape.com)
  • Rare mutations in this gene result in hereditary glutathione reductase deficiency. (nih.gov)
  • The liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GR) activities as well as GSH and hydrogen peroxide levels were determined using Bioxytech Assay kits. (pjoes.com)
  • Potent Clinically-studied Glutathione Pills - NutriFlair Extra strength L Glutathione supplement features 700mg of Setria - a patented ingredient that has been clinically studied to Support Liver, Brain, Immune, and overall Health. (freshlynutrifood.com)
  • NutriFlair Setria Glutathione supplementation helps you replenish your Glutathione reserves by fighting infections, while supporting detoxification of the liver, and promoting vital brain functions including mental focus, concentration, clarity, and long-term memory. (freshlynutrifood.com)
  • ABSTRACT Serum levels of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase- (GST-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to evaluate their use in diagnosing hepatocellular damage in 75 children with liver disease. (who.int)
  • The C-terminal fragment of human glutathione reductase contains the postulated catalytic histidine. (mpg.de)
  • Related tests: Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity assay, expressed as a ratio of results with and without added flavin adenine dinucleotide. (medscape.com)
  • In these organisms, glutathione reduction is performed by either the thioredoxin or the trypanothione system, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes is a homodimer consisting of 52Kd monomers, each containing 3 domains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes amino‐acid sequence of a major fragment that links the FAD, NADP and interface domains. (mpg.de)
  • Regulation of reactive oxygen species-mediated abscisic acid signaling in guard cells and drought tolerance by glutathione[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2013,4:472. (rdzwxb.com)
  • D6 promoted chromate reductase secretion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Anti-aging - Clearer, Smoother, Brighter, Beautiful Skin - Glutathione helps neutralize and eliminate free radicals found in the environment that could cause damage, aging, and discoloration to the skin at a cellular level. (freshlynutrifood.com)
  • T[SH] 2 is synthesized by a bifunctional trypanothione synthetase (TryS) that covalently attaches two molecules of glutathione (GSH) onto one molecule of spermidine (Spd) in a two-step process. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2004). Ambient air with glutathione (GSH) and other cellular nucleophiles (Kehrer measurements in the United States have detected acrolein at & Biswal, 2000), depletes rat nasal and lung GSH (Arumugam concentrations ranging from 2 to 7 ppb. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of the glutathione peroxidase/reductase (GSH-Px/GSSG-Rd) enzyme system in protection from paracetamol toxicity was investigated in isolated mouse hepatocytes in primary culture. (nih.gov)
  • Blood glutathione reductase activity was lower in patients with ARMD compared with controls (p=0035). (thestemcellfoundation.com)
  • We obtained AM and lymph node (thymic and tracheal) cells (LNC) (at different time points) from rats exposed intratracheally to DEP (5 mg/kg) or saline, and measured inflammatory markers, thiol levels, and glutathione reductase (GSH-R) activity. (cdc.gov)
  • Although glutathione reductase has been an attractive target for many pharmaceuticals, there have been no successful glutathione reductase related therapeutic compounds created to date. (wikipedia.org)
  • Olfactory and respi- ratory glutathione (GSH) concentrations were also evaluated in naive and acrolein-preexposed rats. (cdc.gov)
  • Biliary excretion of glutathione in the rat-significance for the biliary excretion of heavy metals [Abstract]. (cdc.gov)
  • Glutathione reductase in leaves of cowpea: cloning of two cDNAs expression and enzymaticactivity underprogressive drought stress, desiccation and abscisic acid treatmet[J]. Annals of Botany, 2006,98(6):1279-1287. (rdzwxb.com)
  • Williams, AC & Ford, WCL 2004, ' Functional significance of the pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione reductase in the anti-oxidant defences of human sperm ', Biology of Reproduction , vol. 71, pp. 1309 - 1316. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Chi Y, Cheng Y, Vanitha J, Kumar N, Ramamoorthy R, Ramachandran S, Jiang SY (2011) Expansion mechanisms and functional divergence of the glutathione S -transferase family in sorghum and other higher plants. (springer.com)
  • Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a search Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt from detoxification enzyme that catalyses the 2001 to 2004, in accordance with the ethical addition of glutathione to various xeno- principles of the NRC, in collaboration with biotics [ 4 ]. (who.int)
  • Apart from the CHEMBL listing of oxiglutatione as an approved drug acting at glutathione reductase and one PubMed reference describing a its use in a single clinical case study [ 4 ], there is very little information available about this drug and its mechanism of action. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)