• Animal glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of two protein subunits that are coded by independent genes located on separate chromosomes: Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC, ~73 kDa) possesses all of substrate and cofactor binding sites and is responsible for all of the catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2009. Transcriptional regulation of rat gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene is mediated through a distal antioxidant response element. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • In addition, they discovered that the viral protease targets and potentially inactivates the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). (uncg.edu)
  • GCL enzymatic activity is influenced by numerous factors, including cellular expression of the GCL subunit proteins, access to substrates (cysteine is typically limiting in the production of γ-GC), the degree of negative feedback inhibition by GSH, and functionally relevant post-translational modifications to specific sites on the GCL subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM, ~31 kDa) has no enzymatic activity on its own but increases the catalytic efficiency of GCLC when complexed in the holoenzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • This peptide coupling is unique in that it occurs between the amino moiety of the cysteine and the terminal carboxylic acid of the glutamate side chain (hence the name gamma-glutamyl cysteine). (wikipedia.org)
  • Keap1 is a cysteine-rich protein, known to be anchored to actin cytoskeleton [ 5 ], serving as an adaptor protein for the Cul3-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. (springer.com)
  • Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase is the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. (thermofisher.com)
  • Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of GSH. (nih.gov)
  • Glutathione is the brain's predominant free radical scavenger, and associated polymorphisms of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) gene have been reported for related psychiatric disorders. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pantoate-beta-alanine ligase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Furthermore, we showed that loss of MLK3 increased expression of glutamate cysteine ligase, accelerated hepatic GSH recovery, and decreased production of reactive oxygen species after APAP treatment. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In response to the elevated glutamate in the liver, the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is up-regulated in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) along with enhanced production of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, which in turn stimulates cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB 1 R) on neighboring hepatocytes to increase de novo lipogenesis. (e-cmh.org)
  • In this review, we briefly describe the underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated glutamate secretion and endocannabinoid production in alcoholic steatosis and suggest a novel metabolic synapse between hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatocytes. (e-cmh.org)
  • In this review, we introduce mass spectrometry-based analytical methods contributing to recent discovery of various metabolic pathways regulating ferroptosis, focusing on cysteine metabolism, antioxidant metabolism, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. (bmbreports.org)
  • Modern mass spectrometry based analytical techniques play a crucial role in the discovery of metabolic alteration regulating ferroptosis by extensive analysis of metabolites such as the sulfhydryl residue containing cysteine metabolites, RTAs, and membrane phospholipids. (bmbreports.org)
  • However, chronic alcohol consumption decreases GSH generation through cysteine deficiency by suppressing the methionine cycle and trans-sulfuration system, whereas it turns on an alternative defense pathway, such as the xCT transporter, to compensate for GSH shortage. (e-cmh.org)
  • Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the production of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), involving the ATP-dependent condensation of cysteine and glutamate to form the dipeptide gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC). (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • The xCT transporter mediates the uptake of cystine coupled to the efflux of glutamate, leading to an increase in blood glutamate. (e-cmh.org)
  • Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) EC 6.3.2.2), previously known as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the first enzyme of the cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-glutamate + L-cysteine + ATP ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } γ-glutamyl cysteine + ADP + Pi GSH, and by extension GCL, is critical to cell survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • To resolve this discrepancy, this review summarizes recent advances on glutamate/mGluR5-derived alcoholic steatosis and zone-dependently different responses to alcohol intake. (e-cmh.org)
  • Animal glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of two protein subunits that are coded by independent genes located on separate chromosomes: Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC, ~73 kDa) possesses all of substrate and cofactor binding sites and is responsible for all of the catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM, ~31 kDa) has no enzymatic activity on its own but increases the catalytic efficiency of GCLC when complexed in the holoenzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single nucleotide polymorphism of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit catalytic (GCLC) gene namely -129C/T GCLC has been reported to have an association with a risk factor of oxidative stress' susceptibility. (nih.gov)
  • The rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis is glutamate cysteine ligase and polymorphisms in its catalytic and modifier subunits (GCLC and GCLM) have been shown to influence vascular function and risk of myocardial infarction in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Prof Brenner's team used conditional knockout mice, which lack the catalytic subunit of the enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc), to block glutathione production in T cells. (fnr.lu)
  • Glutamate cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis consists of a catalytic and a modifier (GCLM) subunit. (nih.gov)
  • 2009. Transcriptional regulation of rat gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene is mediated through a distal antioxidant response element. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Glutamate Cysteine Ligase, Modifier Subunit (GCLM) in Tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (isogem.org)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase, Modifier Subunit from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (isogem.org)
  • We have discovered that mice deficient in the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm-/- mice), the rate-limiting enzyme in synthesis of the antioxidant GSH, have a normal complement of oocytes at birth and weaning, but subsequently show an accelerated age-related decline in ovarian follicle numbers compared to wild type littermates. (nih.gov)
  • Polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of human glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit gene is associated with myocardial infarction. (cdc.gov)
  • We found that Fshr −/− mice displayed aggravated depression-like behaviors, accompanied by severe oxidative stress in the whole brain, resulted from significantly reduced glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLm) in glutathione synthesis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in NADP/NADPH transition. (chinaphar.com)
  • Green Tea's major polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to induce expression of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutamate cysteine ligase, HO-1, and other enzymes, thereby protecting a variety of cells, including cultured neurons, against oxidative stress-induced cell death. (naplescfm.com)
  • It catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. (nih.gov)
  • This pretreatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of cellular glutathione as well as regulator of glutathione synthesis, such as the cystine/glutamate exchange transport system (xCT). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the production of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), involving the ATP-dependent condensation of cysteine and glutamate to form the dipeptide gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC). (wikipedia.org)
  • GCL enzymatic activity is influenced by numerous factors, including cellular expression of the GCL subunit proteins, access to substrates (cysteine is typically limiting in the production of γ-GC), the degree of negative feedback inhibition by GSH, and functionally relevant post-translational modifications to specific sites on the GCL subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • 26. Cellular localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors in cortical tubers and subependymal giant cell tumors of tuberous sclerosis complex. (nih.gov)
  • Over expression of glutamate cysteine ligase increases cellular resistance to H2O2-induced DNA single-strand breaks. (washington.edu)
  • Quercetin affects glutathione levels and redox ratio in human aortic endothelial cells not through oxidation but formation and cellular export of quercetin-glutathione conjugates and upregulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Glutamate-cysteine ligase attenuates TNF-induced mitochondrial injury and apoptosis. (washington.edu)
  • This peptide coupling is unique in that it occurs between the amino moiety of the cysteine and the terminal carboxylic acid of the glutamate side chain (hence the name gamma-glutamyl cysteine). (wikipedia.org)
  • Zhang and coauthors introduced their study with a pathway diagram that incuded, EAAT3 that is also know as the excitatory amino acid (glutamate and aspartate) transporter that exchanges K + and Na + for glu and asp. (bdlbiochem.com)
  • Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • This pathway visualises the conversion of methionine to cysteine, after which it is further metabolised in either an oxidative or non-oxidative manner. (wikipathways.org)
  • Acetaminophen-induced liver injury is attenuated in male glutamate-cysteine ligase transgenic mice. (washington.edu)
  • Importantly, administration of ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 150 mg · kg −1 · d −1 , i.p. for 12 weeks) attenuated the depression-like behaviors of Fshr −/− mice. (chinaphar.com)
  • SGS may modify critical cysteine residues of Keap1, leading to Nrf2 stabilization and activation of the ARE and thereby inducing phase 2 enzymes. (naplescfm.com)
  • 28. Cell-specific alterations of glutamate receptor expression in tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers. (nih.gov)
  • 35. Tuberous sclerosis complex neuropathology requires glutamate-cysteine ligase. (nih.gov)
  • Transsulfuration of HCY via cystathionine is restricted in human brain, increasing the importance of growth factor-dependent cysteine uptake by EAAT3. (bdlbiochem.com)
  • Glutamate-cysteine ligase is not shown in this cartoon. (bdlbiochem.com)