Affinity maturation in germinalEctopic germinal centersFollicularLymphoidCellsAntibodyImmune responseDisease Control and PreventionLymphomagenesisLymph nodeResponsesReactiveOccursNodularAcceleratesClonesProximalAntigensExpressionOncologyAutoimmuneSelectionVaccineReceptorInfectionResponseHumanZonePatternFoundAnimalsTreatment
Affinity maturation in germinal1
- Regarding the residual AQP4-IgG post rituximab administration, the investigators proposed a "parsimonious theory to explain this well-recognized clinical-serological paradox," suggesting that the kinetics of AQP4-IgG levels may be consistent with affinity maturation in germinal centers. (neurologylive.com)
Ectopic germinal centers3
- The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
- In addition, ectopic germinal centers characterized by CD21 + follicular dendritic cells were present in the renal interstitium. (biomedcentral.com)
- The decreased megalin and cubilin expression may contribute to the proximal tubular reabsorption defect, possibly secondary to Th17 infiltration and formation of ectopic germinal centers. (biomedcentral.com)
Follicular7
- The dark zone of the germinal center is proximal to the T cell zone in the lymph node, and it consists of GC B cells and reticular cells that resemble follicular dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Protective high-affinity antibody responses depend on competitive selection of B cells carrying somatically mutated B-cell receptors by follicular helper T (TFH) cells in germinal centres. (ox.ac.uk)
- In this perspective article, we apply this approach to unveil potential blind spots in the case of B-cell receptors (BCR) and to rethink the interactions between B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) during the germinal center (GC) reaction. (uvigo.es)
- We describe for the first time the presence of LMP1 protein in EBV-encoded RNA (EBER)-negative follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of reactive germinal centers (GC) associated with EBV+ cHL. (uniroma1.it)
- T follicular helper (T FH ) cells are fundamental in germinal center (GC) maturation and selection of antigen-specific B cells within secondary lymphoid organs. (edu.pe)
- Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 induced an increased percentage of T follicular helpher (Tfh)- and germinal center B-like (GCB-like) cells in the blood. (medrxiv.org)
- There was no sign of dermal oedema seen in polymorphous light eruption and no germinal follicle formation as would be observed in lymphocytoma cutis or cutaneous follicular centre cell lymphoma. (who.int)
Lymphoid3
- they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
- Characteristically, the fibrous capsule shows a dense lymphoid tissue, with germinal centers. (bvsalud.org)
- Lymphoid nodules with discrete germinal centers can occupy an area extending from the reticular dermis to the fascia and muscle. (medscape.com)
Cells38
- most of the germinal center B cells (BGC) are removed by tingible body macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
- The initiation of germinal center formation involves the interaction between B and T cells in the interfollicular area of the lymph node, CD40-CD40L ligation, NF-kB signaling and expression of IRF4 and BCL6. (wikipedia.org)
- GC B cells cycle through the two distinct zones of the germinal center: the light zone and the dark zone. (wikipedia.org)
- As they undergo rapid and mutative cellular division, B cells of the germinal center's dark zone are known as centroblasts. (wikipedia.org)
- Germinal centers are an important part of the B cell humoral immune response, acting as central factories for the generation of affinity matured B cells specialized in producing improved antibodies that effectively recognize antigen (e.g. infectious agents), and for the production of long-lived plasma cells and durable memory B cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The precursors of germinal center B cells start to expand four days following immunization and polarize into dark zones and light zones a week after immunization. (wikipedia.org)
- The B cells within the dark zone of the germinal center are called centroblasts. (wikipedia.org)
- They are larger than the cells in the light zone of the germinal center and are more proliferative (i.e. undergo more cell division). (wikipedia.org)
- The histological features of nodular paragranuloma are compared with those of progressively transformed germinal centres, which are enlarged follicles showing a predominance of small lymphocytes and some residual germinal centre cells. (nih.gov)
- Aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a group of lymphomas derived from germinal centre B cells which display a heterogeneous pattern of oncogenic pathway activation. (nih.gov)
- The B cell receptor (BCR), CD40, B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-receptors and Interleukin (IL) 21 receptor and Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) were stimulated in human transformed germinal centre B cells by treatment with anti IgM F(ab)2-fragments, CD40L, BAFF, IL21 and LPS respectively. (nih.gov)
- NHL-patients were sorted according to their similarity in the expression of TOP100 affected genes to stimulated transformed germinal centre B cells The αIgM gene module discriminated individual DLBCL in a similar manner to CD40L or IL21 gene modules. (nih.gov)
- Only a few T-cells specific for antigen selected B-cells are allowed to enter germinal centres. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- In this paper, we describe alpha-actin positive and semipermeable walls and wall-like structures that may hinder T-cells and other cell types from entering germinal centres. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of memory IgE responses are poorly understood, and the role played by germinal center (GC) IgE+ cells in memory responses is particularly unclear. (tropmedres.ac)
- Recycling of memory B cells between germinal center and lymph node subcapsular sinus supports affinity maturation to antigenic drift. (cam.ac.uk)
- Infection or vaccination leads to the development of germinal centers (GC) where B cells evolve high affinity antigen receptors, eventually producing antibody-forming plasma cells or memory B cells. (cam.ac.uk)
- Here we follow the migratory pathways of B cells emerging from germinal centers (BEM) and find that many BEM cells migrate into the lymph node subcapsular sinus (SCS) guided by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). (cam.ac.uk)
- By day 6 after immunization, germinal centers (GC) containing surface-stained VSV-specific B cells became detectable and were fully established by day 12. (ox.ac.uk)
- Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA), an enzyme that mediates affinity maturation and facilitates DNA demethylation in germinal center (GC) B cells, is required for DLBCL pathogenesis and linked to inferior outcome. (cornell.edu)
- Khan, G 2006, ' Epstein-Barr virus and the germinal center B cells ', Experimental Hematology , vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 695-696. (uaeu.ac.ae)
- STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling. (illumina.com)
- Phenotypic and Morphological Properties of Germinal Center Dark Zone Cxcl12-Expressing Reticular Cells. (ox.ac.uk)
- However, it is mechanistically unclear how germinal center (GC) B cells differentiate into MBCs. (figshare.com)
- The germinal center (GC) reaction produces high-affinity antibodies by random mutation and selective clonal expansion of B cells with high-affinity receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
- The number of cells taking up 3 H‐Tdr label per mm 2 , as detected by autoradiography, was similar in 14‐day‐old GVHD and control tissue as was the area of the germinal matrix zone and the number of mitotically active germinal cells per mm 2 in sagittal sections near the midline. (elsevierpure.com)
- Prolongation of the cerebellar cell cycle in 11‐ and 14‐day‐old diseased animals may explain the dramatic decrease in the mitotic index, the thickness of the germinal matrix zone, and the number of germinal cells at postnatal day 17. (elsevierpure.com)
- Germinal center (GC) B cells are rapidly proliferating and undergo somatic hypermutation in Ab genes . (bvsalud.org)
- In this study, we use immunohistochemistry and single germinal center microdissection to locate T15 Id + cells in the spleen in a primary response to PC-KLH. (elsevierpure.com)
- thus loss of T15 dominance is not due to lack of T15 cells within germinal centers. (elsevierpure.com)
- Wiens, GD, Brown, M & Rittenberg, MB 2003, ' Repertoire shift in the humoral response to phosphocholine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin: V H somatic mutation in germinal center B cells impairs T15 Ig function ', Journal of Immunology , vol. 170, no. 10, pp. 5095-5102. (elsevierpure.com)
- The TET2 DNA hydroxymethyltransferase is frequently disrupted by somatic mutations in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), a tumor that originates from germinal center (GC) B cells. (c3m-nice.fr)
- In order to better understand the factors that regulate B cell differentiation upon exposure to antigen, we compares global gene expression profiles from naive B cells with antigen-specific plasma, germinal center, and memory B cells after immunization with the T-dependent antigen, NP-CGG. (omicsdi.org)
- The continued production of transcripts after day 3 indicates that switching also occurs in germinal centers, but in a relatively small proportion of their B cells. (omicsdi.org)
- According to the study, those who received the Pfizer vaccine four months prior still had "germinal centers" in their lymph nodes producing immune cells against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (ksdk.com)
- Germinal centers, which form as the result of natural infection or vaccination, are boot camps for immune cells, a place where inexperienced cells are trained to better recognize the enemy and weapons are sharpened. (ksdk.com)
- And the longer we have a germinal center, the stronger and more durable our immunity will be because there's a fierce selection process happening there, and only the best immune cells survive," she said. (ksdk.com)
- The study examined cells extracted from the germinal centers in lymph nodes in the armpit. (ksdk.com)
Antibody5
- Antibody affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers (GCs) through iterative rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection. (ox.ac.uk)
- Our findings implicate ongoing [germinal center] activity as a rituximab-sensitive driver of AQP4 antibody production. (neurologylive.com)
- Germinal centers (GCs), sites of antibody affinity maturation, are organized into dark (DZ) and light (LZ) zones. (illumina.com)
- Germinal centers (GCs) are essential for the establishment of long-lasting antibody responses. (ox.ac.uk)
- The T cell-dependent (TD) antibody response involves the generation of high affinity, immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switched antibodies that are generated through germinal center (GC) response. (sustech.edu.cn)
Immune response2
- Germinal center reactions are established during a thymus -dependent immune response . (bvsalud.org)
- Senior author Dr. Ali Ellebedy, PhD, an associate professor of pathology and immunology of medicine and of molecular microbiology, said in the release that germinal centers are the key to a persistent, protective immune response. (ksdk.com)
Disease Control and Prevention2
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. (cdc.gov)
Lymphomagenesis2
- AICDA drives epigenetic heterogeneity and accelerates germinal center-derived lymphomagenesis. (cornell.edu)
- TET2 deficiency reprograms the germinal center B cell epigenome and silences genes linked to lymphomagenesis. (c3m-nice.fr)
Lymph node3
- Germinal centers are initiated in the B cell follicle of the lymph node. (wikipedia.org)
- This study deals with 3D laser investigation on the border between the human lymph node T-zone and germinal centre. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- Data assessing samples of deep cervical lymph node aspirates and blood suggest that germinal center activity was associated with clinical relapses in individuals with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. (neurologylive.com)
Responses3
- Ubiquitin-mediated fluctuations in MHC class II facilitate efficient germinal center B cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)
- Adjuvants formulated with a TLR9 agonist, CpG-2722, with various cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that are STING agonists increased germinal center B cell response and elicited humoral immune responses in immunized mice. (ijbs.com)
- The expanded targeting cell populations, the increased germinal center B cell response, and reshaped T helper responses are the molecular bases for the cooperative adjuvant effect of the combination of TLR9 and STING agonists. (ijbs.com)
Reactive1
- Progressively transformed germinal centres are sometimes found in nonspecific lymphadenitis (reactive hyperplasia). (nih.gov)
Occurs1
- Class switch recombination occurs during the germinal center initiation phase. (wikipedia.org)
Nodular2
- The histological similarity and the association between lymph nodes with nodular paragranuloma and lymph nodes with progressively transformed germinal centres in the same patient at different moments or at the same time, suggest that progressively transformed germinal centres are the origin of nodular paragranuloma. (nih.gov)
- Note the nodular pattern reminiscent of germinal centers. (medscape.com)
Accelerates1
- TFH-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. (ox.ac.uk)
Clones1
- Thirty four percent of the V H 1 clones and 37% of the Vκ22 clones contained somatic mutations indicating participation in the germinal center response. (elsevierpure.com)
Proximal1
- This study reports the clinical and pathological features of 12 cases of primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) with renal involvement presenting with proximal tubular dysfunction in a single center, and investigates the possible correlation of ectopic germinal center formation and megalin/cubilin down-expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigens1
- The germinal centre (GC) response is characterized by regulated production of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in response to T-cell dependent antigens. (sustech.edu.cn)
Expression1
- Specifically, the expression of IRF4 and BCL6 transcription factors are both required for germinal center development and regulated by NF-kB signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Oncology1
- NORD gratefully acknowledges Kaylie Schachter, MDCM Candidate, McGill University School of Medicine and Reem Karmali, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, for assistance in the preparation of this report. (rarediseases.org)
Autoimmune2
- Findings published in PNAS from a study including individuals with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) suggest that germinal center activity may play a targetable and modifiable role in autoimmune disorders. (neurologylive.com)
- They may explain rituximab's clinical efficacy in several autoantibody-mediated diseases and highlight the potential value of direct [germinal center] measurements across autoimmune conditions," Irani et al wrote. (neurologylive.com)
Selection1
- Restriction of memory B cell differentiation at the germinal center B cell positive selection stage. (figshare.com)
Vaccine1
- A better germinal center response may equal a better vaccine," the release stated. (ksdk.com)
Receptor2
- B cell receptor activation results in the activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway, which is essential for the initiation of the germinal center reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- CD22 Controls Germinal Center B Cell Receptor Signaling, Which Influences Plasma Cell and Memory B Cell Output. (bvsalud.org)
Infection1
- Induction of long-lived germinal centers associated with persisting antigen after viral infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Response1
- The RNA-binding protein hnRNP F is required for the germinal center B cell response[J]. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS,2023,14(1). (sustech.edu.cn)
Human1
- David Fajgenbaum, MD, MBA, MSc, FCPP, is an Associate Professor of Medicine in Translational Medicine & Human Genetics at the University of Pennsylvania, Founding Director of the Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory (CSTL), Associate Director, Patient Impact of the Penn Orphan Disease Center, and Co-Founder/President of the Castleman Disease Collaborative Network (CDCN). (upenn.edu)
Zone2
- There are two distinct regions of the germinal center: the light zone (LZ) and the dark zone (DZ). (wikipedia.org)
- The germinal center (GC) is divided into a dark zone (DZ) and a light zone (LZ). (ox.ac.uk)
Pattern1
- Lung tissue demonstrated a unique pattern of bronchiolitis and alveolar ductitis with B-cell follicles lacking germinal centers, and significant emphysema for never-smokers. (cdc.gov)
Found1
- We found that germinal centers were still going strong 15 weeks after the vaccine's first dose. (ksdk.com)
Animals1
- Furthermore, DNA synthesis per mitotically active germinal cell was less in diseased animals at each age examined. (elsevierpure.com)
Treatment1
- After the withdrawal of immunosuppression treatment, the rate of relapse was 77.5% among this single-center assessment. (neurologylive.com)