• This document describes some of the target genes and primers that can be used for DNA sequence-based identification of fungi and the PCR conditions with which to use those primers. (cdc.gov)
  • Surprisingly, most of these discarded genes play a part in RNA interference or RNAi, a process that preserves the integrity of the genome in fungi and other organisms. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Surprisingly, most of these discarded genes play a part in RNA interference or RNAi, a defense mechanism employed by fungi and other organisms to protect the integrity of their genomes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They mutated each of the genes in Cryptococcus neoformans , which has fully functioning RNAi machinery, to see if these genes were needed for the fungi to silence extra genetic material. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Deleting this gene in wheat mutants severely reduced infection, revealing its importance for rust fungi to cause disease. (isaaa.org)
  • Fungal community structure differed between the two lines at harvest, but not subsequently, suggesting that the presence/absence of the resistance gene influences the microbiome at the base of the stem whilst the plant is alive, but that this does not necessarily lead to differential colonisation of the residues by fungi. (biorxiv.org)
  • Our analysis further identified pathogen's genes with a predicted role in the decay of plant cell wall polymers, in the utilization of latex components and in interspecific interactions between the pathogen and other fungi. (escholarship.org)
  • The sizes and gene numbers of the smallest genomes of free-living fungi such as those of Wallemia ichthyophaga, Wallemia mellicola or Malassezia restricta are comparable to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The comparison of fungal genomes has been used to study the evolution of fungi, to improve the resolution of the phylogeny of fungal species, and to determine the time of the emergence and changes in species traits and lifestyles, such as the evolution symbiotic or pathogenic interactions, and the evolution of different morphologies. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review will highlight the roles of monocytes in the immune response to some of the major fungi that cause invasive human disease, including Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Candida, Histoplasma, Blastomyces , and Coccidioides , and discuss potential strategies to manipulate monocyte responses in order to enhance anti-fungal immunity in susceptible hosts. (frontiersin.org)
  • The term fungal keratitis refers to a corneal infection caused by fungi. (medscape.com)
  • Of the 70 different fungi that have been implicated as causing fungal keratitis, the 2 medically important groups responsible for corneal infection are yeast and filamentous fungi (septate and nonseptate). (medscape.com)
  • A feathery or powdery growth on the surface of culture media is produced by septate filamentary fungi, which are the most common cause of fungal keratitis. (medscape.com)
  • Fungal isolates have been classified into the following groups: Moniliaceae (nonpigmented filamentary fungi, including Fusarium and Aspergillus species), Dematiaceae (pigmented filamentary fungi, including Curvularia and Lasiodiplodia species), and yeasts (including Candida species). (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, pairs of fungi with small/moderate contributions to plant growth in single-inoculation contexts showed the greatest effects on plants among the 78 fungal pairs examined. (frontiersin.org)
  • For bacteria, the assays target the 16S rRNA gene, and for fungi, they target ribosomal RNA genes. (qiagen.com)
  • In this work we (1) determine the shelf-life of ready-to-use microfluidics, (2) demonstrate biofilm-like colonization on fungi, (3) describe bacterial motility on fungal hyphae (fungal highway), (4) report material-dependent bacterial-fungal colonization, (5) demonstrate germination of vacuum-sealed Arabidopsis seeds in microfluidics stored for up to 2 weeks, and (6) observe bidirectional cytoplasmic streaming in fungi. (springer.com)
  • I investigated the role and evolution of fungal effectors from the tomato pathogenic fungi Cladosporium fulvum and Verticillium dahliae . (uu.nl)
  • Uncultured fungi composed the fungal PCR-DGGE profile. (who.int)
  • The mechanisms for liberating this N are unclear as ectomycorrhizal fungi have lost many genes encoding lignocellulose-degrading enzymes present in their saprotrophic ancestors. (lu.se)
  • In addition, introduction of C albicans strains with 2 functional copies of the INT1 gene increased the number of fungi colonizing the cecum and disseminating to extraintestinal sites. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers found that the pathogen shed over a dozen different genes as it evolved into a new, more virulent species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Now, researchers have found that the pathogen tossed aside over a dozen different genes on its way to becoming a new, more virulent species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The emerging fungal pathogen causes severe pulmonary and central nervous system infections, and is fatal if left untreated. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Oilseed rape residues are a crucial determinant of stem canker epidemiology, as they support the sexual reproduction of the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans . (biorxiv.org)
  • The aim of this study was to characterise the impact of a resistance gene against L. maculans infection on residue microbial communities and to identify micro-organisms interacting with this pathogen during residue degradation. (biorxiv.org)
  • The role of the microbiota in the plant's response to a disease or in the pathogenicity of a fungal pathogen is currently being studied in various pathosystems, but remains poorly understood. (biorxiv.org)
  • Here the authors identify a gene cluster in a Colletotrichum tofieldiae strain that is required to allow the fungus to transition from a mutualist to a pathogen depending on the nutritional status of the host. (nature.com)
  • Fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can send sRNAs to plant cells to suppress plant immunity. (nature.com)
  • 2012. Substrate-Specific Gene Expression in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , the Chytrid Pathogen of Amphibians. (uwm.edu)
  • In collaboration with Melvin Bolton (USDA, Fargo) we used bioinformatics to infer the evolutionary history of toxin biosynthetic gene clusters in the sugarbeet pathogen Cercospora beticola . (uu.nl)
  • Fungal plant pathogens remain a serious threat to the sustainable agriculture and forestry, despite the extensive efforts undertaken to control their spread. (escholarship.org)
  • Monocytes and their derivatives, including macrophages and dendritic cells, play diverse roles in the response to fungal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • Is the Subject Area "Plant fungal pathogens" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Fungal biofilm-associated infections are frequently refractory to conventional therapy because of resistance to antimicrobial agents. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of drugs effective in combating biofilm-associated infections could lead to major developments in the treatment of fungal implant infections. (cdc.gov)
  • The assay detects the most common agents of invasive fungal infections, especially in lower respiratory samples. (genomeweb.com)
  • Many fungal organisms associated with ocular infections are ubiquitous, saprophytic organisms and have been reported as causes of infection only in the ophthalmic literature. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers have discovered a new way to combat fungal infections by blocking their ability to make fatty acids, potentially affecting a broad range of fungal species. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Scientists from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science (CSRS) and the University of Toronto have uncovered a new way to attack fungal infections. (scitechdaily.com)
  • But other fungal infections are more serious, and the Candida , Cryptococcus , and Aspergillus types of fungus are responsible for millions of deaths every year. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Our research indicates that targeting fatty acid synthesis is a promising alternative therapeutic strategy for fungal infections and one which might not require tailor-made solutions for individual species. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This is regrettable, since such knowledge would have been of great value for understanding human fungal infections and for taking therapeutic countermeasures. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • The initial impulse for the discovery came from Julian Naglik's research group at King's College London, who has been studying how human oral cells respond to fungal infections. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • This article focuses on noncandidal oral fungal infections (deep mycoses). (medscape.com)
  • The oral lesions associated with these deep fungal infections are chronic and progress to form solitary, chronic deep ulcers with the potential for local destruction and invasion and systemic dissemination. (medscape.com)
  • For these reasons, fungal infections are often difficult to eradicate in the preterm infant. (medscape.com)
  • Although these immunocompromised infants are at increased risk during most of their hospital stay, they are at the highest risk of acquiring invasive fungal infections during the first weeks of life, when the most invasive therapies are performed and remain in place. (medscape.com)
  • The pathogenesis of fungal infections in preterm infants involves adherence, colonization, and dissemination (as is shown in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Pathogenesis and invasive fungal infections in very low birth weight infants. (medscape.com)
  • Five years ago, researchers in the Heitman lab participated in an international collaborative consortium to sequence the genome of this outbreak species and discovered that it had lost two genes involved in RNAi, a process previously thought to be key to its survival. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They found that C. deuterogatti has lost 14 genes compared to the other, less pathogenic, species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We could have imagined that the species lost a couple of RNAi genes, and then a smattering of genes involved in all other kinds of processes," said Heitman. (sciencedaily.com)
  • While genomic distance measures such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) are used routinely to distinguish bacterial species, the use of fungal genomes in taxonomy is currently rare. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, a fixed threshold genomic distance calculated tools such as Mash and Dashing was able to determine whether two genomes belong to the same or to different species with over 90% accuracy, indicating that simple measures of genomic distance might be useful to delineate fungal species and still largely support the existing fungal taxonomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metagenomic profiling revealed 8302 bacterial, 395 archaeal, 744 fungal, 524 protist and 1103 viral species in classroom dust. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differential expression of these two genes in LA-producing cultures of N. uncinatum was confirmed, and in a survey of 23 isolates from 21 Neotyphodium and Epichloë species these two genes strictly correlated with LA production. (uky.edu)
  • The screening identified several compounds that reduced fungal growth by at least 50% in each of the four species, and after eliminating ones that were already known, the researchers were left with three new possibilities. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Each assay is based on an endpoint PCR amplification of a species-specific genetic region of the relevant microbe or a region of an individual microbial gene. (qiagen.com)
  • Common bunt, caused by two fungal species, Tilletia caries and Tilletia laevis , is one of the most potentially destructive diseases of wheat. (mdpi.com)
  • The RNAi gene-silencing machinery normally shreds the genetic instructions for harmful viruses or silences rogue genes that might contaminate the fungus' genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But Cryptococcus deuterogatti had holes in its genome where the two RNAi genes should have been. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We also detected putative horizontal gene transfer events in the genome of R. microporus. (escholarship.org)
  • Genome sequences can be used to expand the number of genes used in phylogenetic analyses, but many publicly available genomes lack gene annotations and popular rDNA markers are typically missing from genomic sequences or are incorrectly assembled. (wikipedia.org)
  • These analyses identified and characterized pathogenesis-related genes, and identified putative meiosis genes. (trentu.ca)
  • These studies strengthened U. maydis as a model organism, and began the functional investigation of NATs in U. maydis, which identified a new class of fungal pathogenesis genes. (trentu.ca)
  • Here I studied the role and evolution of fungal effectors during plant pathogenesis under the supervision of Prof. Pierre de Wit and Dr. Bart Thomma (current chair Phytopathology Wageningen UR). (uu.nl)
  • Our research fills a much-needed hole in biopharmaceutical testing and provides a good testing algorithm that maximizes bacterial and fungal take a look at sensitivity while minimizing threat of product contamination related to laboratory dealing with. (cellgenetherapy.com)
  • Ave1 activates Ve1-mediated resistance and contributes to fungal virulence. (uu.nl)
  • These synthetic switches have become a powerful tool for gene regulation, allowing modulation of customized phenotypes, overcoming the obstacles of chemical inducers, and replacing their use by an inexpensive resource: light. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we report a novel optogenetic switch (FUN-LOV) based on the LOV domain interaction of two blue-light photoreceptors (WC-1 and VVD) from the fungus N. crassa In yeast cells, FUN-LOV allowed tight regulation of gene expression, with low background in darkness and a highly dynamic and potent control by light. (nih.gov)
  • However, the subsequent appearance of new, diverse virulent isolates means that most of these cloned Sr genes have been overcome by at least one Pgt race within and/or beyond the Ug99 lineage. (nature.com)
  • The comparison of single- and dual-inoculation experiments showed that combinations of the fungal isolates with the highest plant-growth promoting effects in single inoculations did not have highly positive impacts on plant performance traits (e.g., shoot dry weight). (frontiersin.org)
  • In tomato, resistance towards race 1 isolates of V. dahliae is governed by Ve1 , and we undertook an innovative next-generation sequencing approach to identify the corresponding avirulence gene. (uu.nl)
  • Whatever the reason, the discovery could pave the way for future studies using comparative genomics to identify other sets of related genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The expression of antifungal genes from Trichoderma harzianum has been used to confer plant resistance to fungal diseases. (isaaa.org)
  • Here, the authors reveal the common structural features of phytopathogenic fungal CDAs, and identify CDA inhibitors that are promising to control plant diseases. (nature.com)
  • We used root cell-type specific gene expression analysis following beneficial bacterium application to uncover a role for root hairs and the endodermis in establishing an optimal plant-beneficial bacterium association. (uu.nl)
  • Currently, there are only three major classes of anti-fungal medications, and all of them work by destroying the barrier that surrounds fungal cells. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Importantly, this was true in worms infected with yeast that were resistant to a standard anti-fungal medication. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Among these three, the one least toxic to human cells also reduced the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus , an extremely common fungal mold that is deadly to immuno-compromised individuals. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Candidiasis (candidosis) is by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth (oral cavity). (medscape.com)
  • Fungal Genetics & Biology , 26 , 209 - 223. (bris.ac.uk)
  • A systems biology approach uncovers cell-specific gene regulatory effects of genetic associations in multiple sclerosis. (benthamscience.com)
  • Objective: The impact of fungal viability on the pulmonary microRNA and messenger RNA profiles that regulate murine immune responses was evaluated following subchronic inhalation exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. (cdc.gov)
  • Disrupting the gene provides resistance to yellow and stem rust, two of the most economically damaging diseases of wheat worldwide. (isaaa.org)
  • The repE gene maps to chromosome 4 and it is the first gene identified in Dictyostelium that is homologous to those involved in nucleotide excision repair and their related XP diseases in humans. (nih.gov)
  • For decades, scientists have been looking for the molecules that are directly responsible for tissue damage during the course of fungal diseases. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Researchers have found a gene in wheat that promotes rust fungal infection. (isaaa.org)
  • The wheat gene TaBCAT1 was found turned on early during a successful yellow rust infection. (isaaa.org)
  • Fungal infection. (medscape.com)
  • therefore, a diagnosis of a deep-seated fungal oral infection should prompt the clinician to investigate systemic involvement as well as to determine the integrity of the immune system of the affected individual. (medscape.com)
  • The most common presentation of oral deep fungal infection is a chronic, solitary ulcer or nodule. (medscape.com)
  • Selenium sulfide (Selsun Blue), ketoconazole, or tolnaftate (Tinactin) lotion can help treat tinea versicolor, which is a fungal infection that can appear as hypopigmented patches. (medlineplus.gov)
  • All of these factors place them at high risk for fungal infection. (medscape.com)
  • Small and Large Ribosomal Subunit Deficiencies Lead to Distinct Gene Expression Signatures that Reflect Cellular Growth Rate. (broadinstitute.org)
  • [ 1 ] There is difficulty in establishing the clinical diagnosis, isolating the etiologic fungal organism in the laboratory, and treating the keratitis effectively with topical antifungal agents. (medscape.com)
  • A better understanding of gene expression during morphogenesis in P. marneffei may help detect unique target sites or cellular processes that can be exploited in the development of antifungal agents or immunomodulation therapies. (bioone.org)
  • We have cloned and characterized the Dictyostelium discoideum repE gene, a homolog of the human xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) group E gene which encodes a UV-damaged DNA binding protein. (nih.gov)
  • Direct interactions with other members of the community involved many fungal and bacterial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants). (biorxiv.org)
  • This pre-packaging approach provides a simple, one step process to initiate microfluidics in any setting for fungal studies, bacteria-fungal interactions, and other biological inquiries. (springer.com)
  • However, the potential of glucanase genes from Trichoderma has been scarcely studied. (isaaa.org)
  • For almost 1000 different genes, the researchers looked at how much NPD6433 suppressed growth in yeast when the yeast was missing one copy of the gene. (scitechdaily.com)
  • tritici ( Pgt ) races over the past two decades 1 , 2 has motivated global efforts to identify effective stem rust (Sr) resistance genes. (nature.com)
  • In this work, we implemented FUN-LOV, an optogenetic switch based on the photon-regulated interaction of WC-1 and VVD, two LOV (light-oxygen-voltage) blue-light photoreceptors from the fungus Neurospora crassa When tested in yeast, FUN-LOV yields light-controlled gene expression with exquisite temporal resolution and a broad dynamic range of over 1,300-fold, as measured by a luciferase reporter. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to other Penicillia, though, P. marneffei grows as a yeast-like entity (arthroconidium) when found in diseased tissue or cultivated at 37 °C. Studies in our laboratory have focused on the differential gene expression between the mould and arthroconidial phases. (bioone.org)
  • The researchers then conducted a number of genetic and molecular analyses to determine if any of these lost genes played a role in RNAi. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although sequence databases are becoming rather extensive, we clearly have yet to detect the full expanse of the diversity of key enzyme functions, and such microarray-based analyses still necessarily fail to cover all gene families that may be critical to nutrient cycling. (hindawi.com)
  • Computational analyses successively led to the identification of the race 1-specific gene Ave1 . (uu.nl)
  • The early stage of fungal keratitis remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the ophthalmologist. (medscape.com)
  • In a multivariate regression tree analysis of soil physicochemical properties and genes detected by functional microarrays, the main factor that explained the different microbial community functional structures was C : N ratio. (hindawi.com)
  • The functional gene diversity found in different soils did not group the sites accordingly to land management. (hindawi.com)
  • Rather, the soil factors, C : N ratio, phosphate, and total N, were the main factors driving the differences in functional genes across the fields examined. (hindawi.com)
  • With respect to microbial functions in soils, most studies have traditionally been based on enzyme activity screening, with relatively little attention paid to functional marker gene screening [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The use of functional gene markers to monitor the presence and activity of genes responsible for key steps in terrestrial nutrient cycles may provide a much more directed approach to the analysis of the nutrient cycling properties of terrestrial ecosystems. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, as our knowledge of gene diversity increases, so too will our ability to design probes to monitor a broader range of genes and activities, and such functional microarrays will continue to improve and become more complete as research progresses. (hindawi.com)
  • The absence of a functional INT1 gene diminishes adherence in yeast cells but not filamentous forms. (medscape.com)
  • Monocytes can also present fungal antigens to elicit adaptive immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • as a novel combined immune gene therapy for Multiple Sclerosis disease. (benthamscience.com)
  • The genomic mechanisms that underlie pulmonary immune responses to fungal bioaerosols have remained unclear. (cdc.gov)
  • MicroRNAs regulating genes involved in the pulmonary immune responses were those with the greatest fold change. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the biophysicist Thomas Gutsmann at the Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences in Borstel and his group studied the precise interaction between the fungal toxin and the cell membrane. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • The incidence of fungal keratitis has increased over the past 30 years. (medscape.com)
  • Recent studies have revealed a great diversity within the genes encoding these key enzymatic processes [ 6 - 10 ], providing an expanding database representing the known diversity of genes encoding key enzymatic steps involved in nutrient cycling. (hindawi.com)
  • In this way, the total metagenome of an environmental sample can be examined for the presence, diversity, and activity of genes critical to the major nutrient cycles. (hindawi.com)
  • Fields with low C : N ratio had an overrepresentation of genes for carbon degradation, carbon fixation, metal reductase, and organic remediation categories, while fields with high C : N ratio had an overrepresentation of genes encoding dissimilatory sulfate reductase, methane oxidation, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation. (hindawi.com)
  • The high number of genes related to organic remediation was probably driven by high phosphate content, while the high number of genes for nitrification was probably explained by high total nitrogen content. (hindawi.com)
  • Boreal trees rely on their ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts to acquire growth-limiting nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), which mainly occurs as proteins complexed in soil organic matter (SOM). (lu.se)
  • Genes, Fungal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in filamentous ascomycetes genes were found to be conserved within homologous chromosomes, but with randomized orders and orientations, a phenomenon named mesosynteny. (wikipedia.org)
  • The re-emergence of stem rust on wheat in Europe and Africa is reinforcing the ongoing need for durable resistance gene deployment. (nature.com)
  • Here, we isolate from wheat, Sr26 and Sr61 , with both genes independently introduced as alien chromosome introgressions from tall wheat grass ( Thinopyrum ponticum ). (nature.com)
  • Using gene-specific markers, we validate the presence of both genes on a single recombinant alien segment developed in wheat. (nature.com)
  • derived Sr gene, Sr61 (previously designated SrB ), was identified in South African wheat accession W3757, which carries a 6Ae#3 (6D) chromosome substitution 16 . (nature.com)
  • Since genetic dissection of genes within alien segments in wheat was not possible due to lack of recombination, the question arose as to whether the apparent durability of such resistances might be due to multiple genes rather than a single gene. (nature.com)
  • Other primer sets have been used for other genes, but those described below are the most consistently available in databases for the identification of yeasts and molds that are most likely to be identified in a clinical microbiology laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • With better laboratory facilities, the awareness about fungal keratitis has increased. (medscape.com)
  • The repE gene is not expressed by mitotically dividing cells, and repE mRNA is first detected during the aggregation phase of development when the cells have ceased dividing and replicating genomic DNA. (nih.gov)
  • and different blood tradition methods have main limitations for the detection of fungal contaminants. (cellgenetherapy.com)
  • Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Examination of the pulmonary genetic profiles revealed differentially expressed genes and microRNAs following subchronic inhalation exposure to A. fumigatus. (cdc.gov)
  • A Genetic Screen To Identify Genes Influencing the Secondary Redox Couple NADPH/NADP+ in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (harvard.edu)
  • Fungal genomes are among the smallest genomes of eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutational genomics and targeted exome capture identify Sr26 and Sr61 as separate single genes that encode unrelated (34.8%) nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat proteins. (nature.com)
  • Loline Alkaloid Gene Clusters of the Fungal Endophyte Neotyphodium Unc" by Christopher L. Schardl, Heather H. Wilkinson et al. (uky.edu)
  • Two nucleic acid molecules encoding two loline alkaloid gene clusters have been identified. (uky.edu)
  • The MicroSEQ ID Fungal Gene Library v2022 is for use with MicroSEQ ID Microbial Identification Software v4.0. (thermofisher.com)
  • Once one gene in a pathway is lost, the researchers hypothesize that an organism can find itself on a slippery evolutionary slope as other genes that are no longer of benefit are lost in quick succession. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In a Novartis-sponsored study in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers found that a CRISPR-Cas9-based treatment targeting promoters of genes encoding fetal hemoglobin could reduce disease symptoms. (genomeweb.com)
  • Therefore, researchers have been working for the last four decades to discover better solutions by introducing gene therapy approaches in treating MS generally by following three strategies, i) prevention of specific symptoms, ii) halt or reverse disease progression and iii) heal CNS damage by promoting remyelination and axonal repair. (benthamscience.com)
  • Hamana A, Takahashi Y, Tanioka A, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Safe and effective interferon-beta gene therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis by regulating biological activity through the design of interferon-beta-galectin-9 fusion proteins. (benthamscience.com)