• He found that when viruses were expanded at high doses, "incomplete viruses" or "particles" were produced and that these interfered with viral replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Anaphase Promoting Complex: A Critical Target for Viral Proteins and Anti-Cancer Drugs," Cell Cycle. (wpi.edu)
  • These conditions include but are not limited to artery or vein occlusion in diabetic retinopathy, hypoxic retina in retinopathy of prematurity, aging in age-related macular degeneration, expression of mutant proteins in inherited retinal degeneration, traumatic injury leading to retinal detachment, and light sensitivity in the case of light-induced retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
  • HCV proteins increase expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and decrease expression of Bach1 in human hepatoma cells. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Here we report that the T4 gene rIII encodes a cytoplasmic antiholin that, together with the main antiholin, RI, inhibits holin T by forming a complex of three proteins spanning two cell compartments. (tamu.edu)
  • On further investigation, his group found that inhibitors of EZH2 and EZH1 initially enhanced the expression of viral genes, but they also ramped up the activity of interferons and other immune-related proteins in the host. (the-scientist.com)
  • L genes encode viral capsid proteins. (medscape.com)
  • E proteins made by the viral genome promote the activation of host DNA replication mechanisms that can then be used by the virus during its own replication. (medscape.com)
  • Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer. (ac.ir)
  • Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. (lookformedical.com)
  • These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Motivation The complexes formed by binding of proteins to RNAs play key roles in many biological processes, such as splicing, gene expression regulation, translation and viral replication. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Disruption of E1 and E2 allows for dysregulated downstream genes and the expression of E6 and E7 proteins, which are selectively maintained in virally induced tumors. (medscape.com)
  • These vectors have a number of appealing features including the expression by using the machinery of the host cell instead of depending abilities to ef®ciently transduce cells in the central nervous system, on recombinant regulatory proteins. (lu.se)
  • The methods (RNA or codon optimization to increase mRNA stability transport and expression) had applications in both DNA and viral vaccine vectors and also in gene therapy protocols. (cancer.gov)
  • A novel potential application for cancer is DNA-delivered immunotherapies, based on the development of efficient expression vectors for cytokines and other immunomodulators. (cancer.gov)
  • Strategies for gene therapy and production of medicines via genetically-modified organisms (expression vectors and viral vectors). (lu.se)
  • This ®nding will lead to the development of lentiviral vectors with autoregulatory capacities that may be very useful for gene therapy to the brain. (lu.se)
  • The use of viral vectors to deliver foreign genes to the brain is highly logical states in the human brain (Eng et al. (lu.se)
  • There are a number of hypothesized that regulating the transgene with a GFAP promoter in a different vectors that transduce cells in the brain in a slightly different viral vector would give rise to a high transgenic expression in the manner (for a review see, e.g. (lu.se)
  • 2003). The therapeutic effects of different genes delivered by ment of the hGFAP promoter used here has been extensively studied and lentiviral vectors have been documented in a number of animal found to be up-regulated after several different stimuli both in vitro and models, both in rodents and primates, and examples include delivery in vivo in transgenic mice (Brenner et al. (lu.se)
  • Virus infection may reprogram host metabolism for viral genome and protein synthesis, as well as lipid envelope generation for virion production. (frontiersin.org)
  • The genome of oncogenic viruses carries genes that have protein products that act as oncoproteins in cell proliferation and transformation. (ac.ir)
  • Basic research topics of interest include aspects of the viral life cycle: viral entry, intracellular capsid transport and disassembly, viral gene expression/regulation, protein processing/regulation, viral genome replication, particle assembly and egress as wells as virus-host interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viral integration into the host cellular genome is a hallmark of malignant progression. (medscape.com)
  • However, Neu5Gc expression on target cells did not enhance CPV or FPV infection in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Further studies must clarify relationships between virus infection and host Neu5Gc expression. (nih.gov)
  • Its activation leads to the production of interferons: a group of cytokines important in overcoming viral infection. (helsinki.fi)
  • During influenza A virus infection, this function is performed by viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). (helsinki.fi)
  • For each type of virus, what is known about the roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and regulatory RNA in epigenetic regulation of the virus infection will be discussed. (mdpi.com)
  • Increasing evidence has shown that KSHV infection can alter central carbon metabolic pathways to produce biomass for viral replication, as well as the survival and proliferation of infected cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Increasing evidence has shown that virus infection, similar to cancer development, depends on the reprogramming of cellular metabolism to produce biomass for viral replication and virion production. (frontiersin.org)
  • Knowledge gaps exist with regard to the mechanisms of viral replication within hepatocytes and disease progression during chronic infection. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • The present study aimed to explore the regulation of gene expression during chronic HCV infection in liver biopsy samples. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Here we found that the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was required for host survival after infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). (nature.com)
  • Mechanistically, endogenous glucocorticoids produced shortly after infection induced selective and tissue-specific expression of the checkpoint receptor PD-1 on NK cells. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Organ-specific glucocorticoid regulation of the production of IFN-γ by NCR1 + ILCs in the spleen and liver after infection with MCMV. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Infection with MCMV induces glucocorticoid-dependent PD-1 expression in spleen NK cells. (nature.com)
  • The presence of the AM fungus limits, in a salicylic acid-independent manner, the accumulation of abscissic acid observed in response to viral infection. (essex.ac.uk)
  • Abnormal lipid metabolism has been associated with a wide range of chronic and infectious diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis C infection, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. (wur.nl)
  • This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult HBV infection among Egyptian chronic HCV patients, the genotype and occurrence of surface gene mutations of HBV and the impact of co-infection on early response to treatment. (who.int)
  • Prior to developing the condition, most people with Guillain-Barré syndrome have a bacterial or viral infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • et 20 témoins en bonne santé ne présentant pas d'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C. Une réduction importante de la fréquence des cellules tueuses naturelles totales dans le groupe des patients porteurs d'une infection chronique a été observée par rapport au groupe des témoins ( P = 0,001) ou au groupe des patients dont l'infection a connu une résolution spontanée ( P = 0,01). (who.int)
  • They include, among others, regulation of interferons and interferon stimulated genes expression. (helsinki.fi)
  • These genes fell into distinct regulatory pathways including immune response, antigen processing and interferon*stimulated genes (ISGs). (lancs.ac.uk)
  • 4. Mesri EA, Feitelson MA, Munger K. Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis. (ac.ir)
  • 5. Niller HH, Wolf H, Minarovits J. Viral hit and run-oncogenesis: genetic and epigenetic scenarios. (ac.ir)
  • This review will address epigenetic regulation in members of the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B, and herpes viruses. (mdpi.com)
  • The mechanisms used by certain viruses to dysregulate the host cell through manipulation of epigenetic processes and the role of cellular cofactors such as BRD4 that are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of host cell pathways will also be covered. (mdpi.com)
  • In this review, we summarize recent studies exploring how KSHV manipulates host cell metabolism to promote viral pathogenesis, which provides the potential therapeutic targets and strategies for KSHV-associated cancers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cigarette smoke exposure causes various diseases involving changes in miRNA expressions in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer (12-15). (researchsquare.com)
  • Medical research topics of interest include but are not limited to viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, immunology, therapies and emergence of drug-resistant variants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • In recent years, researchers have teased out how certain viruses-particularly, HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-manipulate hosts' epigenomes , and thus gene expression, to inhabit their cellular homes. (the-scientist.com)
  • The modulation of cell cycle control mechanisms, cellular regulatory and signaling pathways by oncogenic viruses, plays an important role in viral carcinogenesis. (ac.ir)
  • The virus-responsive upregulated genes, no longer induced in infected mycorrhizal plants, were mainly involved in defense responses and hormone signaling, while the virus-responsive downregulated genes, no longer repressed in mycorrhizal plants, were involved in primary metabolism. (essex.ac.uk)
  • Peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor alpha (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a major role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. (wur.nl)
  • Our results support the major role of PPARα in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, highlight the more modest effect of PPARα activation on gene regulation in human liver compared to mouse liver, and indicate that PPARα may have a suppressive effect on DNA synthesis in human liver. (wur.nl)
  • Research opportunities in the department are in the areas of protein structure and function, enzyme reaction mechanisms, regulation of gene expression, mechanism of hormone action and cell signaling, enzymology and mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, cell cycle regulation, control of cell growth, molecular biology of the cancer process, molecular neurobiology, and the genetics and biochemistry of bacterial and viral pathogens. (nymc.edu)
  • Some viral pathogens modify chromatin and other epigenetic machinery, making them appealing drug targets. (the-scientist.com)
  • The mechanism of action of the tat gene product appears to be bimodal, resulting in both an increase in the steady-state level of viral mRNA and the enhanced translation of that RNA. (duke.edu)
  • In this report we have examined the mechanism by which tat elevates viral mRNA levels. (duke.edu)
  • A novel viral mechanism for dysregulation of beta-catenin in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency. (ac.ir)
  • This review first describes the mechanism of RNAi, and then critically examines both viral and non-viral methods for delivery of RNAi to the mammalian brain. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These include viral and nonviral methods of gene delivery, transgenic approaches, strategies for the regulation of transgene expression, and modification of the host response. (cshlpress.com)
  • Materials and methods approach to regulate transgenic expression. (lu.se)
  • The gene product is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, a group of transcription factors regulated by small hydrophobic hormones, a subset of which do not have known ligands and are referred to as orphan nuclear receptors. (cancerindex.org)
  • In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. (lookformedical.com)
  • The ability to regulate transgene expression will be crucial for development of gene therapy to the brain. (lu.se)
  • We constructed a lentiviral vector that directs transgene expression to astrocytes. (lu.se)
  • Using toxin-induced lesions we investigated to what extent transgene expression could be regulated in accordance with the activation of the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
  • 2000). We of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in models of have recently reported that this vector directs transgene expression to Parkinson's disease (Georgievska et al. (lu.se)
  • We, developed is the ability to regulate transgene expression. (lu.se)
  • Differential gene expression was analysed using DESeq and edgeR and gene enrichment analysis was performed with GSEA and Gestalt. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • A comprehensive differential expression analysis of microRNAs, tRNAs and piRNAs showed significant changes across different pairwise comparisons. (researchsquare.com)
  • Plasma exosomes of cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, e-cig users and dual smokers have common differential expression of microRNAs which may serve to distinguish smoking and vaping subjects from NS. (researchsquare.com)
  • Differential regulation of human ALAS1 mRNA and protein levels by heme and cobalt protoporphyrin. (wakehealth.edu)
  • We would like to thank Craig Michell for RNA-seq library construction, the KAUST Bioscience Core lab for library sequencing and Guoxin Cui for performing the differential expression analysis. (edu.sa)
  • Molecular neuroscience has largely focused on the functions of protein-coding genes, which account for less than 2% of our DNA. (lu.se)
  • Parallel microRNA and mRNA expression profiling of (genotype 1b) human hepatoma cells expressing hepatitis C virus. (wakehealth.edu)
  • To that end, studies have explored repurposing cancer drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors to loosen heterochromatin and restart HIV gene expression, but so far the drugs have not proven as effective as hoped, Ott says. (the-scientist.com)
  • The most important pathway in influenza virus detection is a retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, which recognizes the 5'-triphosphate in viral RNA. (helsinki.fi)
  • Of note a significant enrichment of the IFIT and PARP gene families was observed as well as upregulation of multiple genes involved in the ISGylation pathway such as ISG15, UBE2L6 and HERC5. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Gene set enrichment analysis of microRNAs showed significant changes in the top six enriched functions that consisted of biological pathway, biological process, molecular function, cellular component, site of expression and transcription factor in all the groups. (researchsquare.com)
  • Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a eukaryotic RNA decay pathway with roles in cellular stress responses, differentiation, and viral defense. (bvsalud.org)
  • Molecular pathway analysis revealed that NMD suppression strongly reduces matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) expression and that MMP9 re-expression partially rescues the oncogenic phenotype. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • This phenomenon, designated lysis inhibition (LIN), was first described in the 1940s and is genetically defined by mutations in diverse T4 r genes. (tamu.edu)
  • Mutations can occur in any area of the gene. (medscape.com)
  • Murine gene mutations in human counterparts may be associated with a clinical illness different from the illness seen in mice. (medscape.com)
  • The research contained in this thesis first sought to improve our current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α activation on human liver in vivo using a novel humanized-liver mouse model. (wur.nl)
  • Site-specific association with host and viral chromatin by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA and its reversal during lytic reactivation. (ucsb.edu)
  • Expression of LMP1 in P3HR1 cells upregulates miR-146a levels. (nih.gov)
  • GFP expression in transfected BHK-21 cells reached a maximum at approximately 8 h post-transfection, at which time change in morphology of the cells was consistent with a virus-induced cytopathic effect. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • However, transfection of replicon-bearing cells with a 3D(pol) aptamer RNA resulted in inhibition of GFP expression and maintenance of normal cell morphology, whereas a control aptamer RNA had little effect. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The viral replication organelles within cells studied by electron microscopy. (csic.es)
  • Validation of these gene targets was carried out in liver biopsies and tissue culture cells. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Indirect immunofluorescence was used to show that tat is predominantly localized in the nucleus of expressing cells, a location consistent with a role in the regulation of viral transcription. (duke.edu)
  • Understanding gene function and regulation requires rigorous testing in live cells and organisms. (cshlpress.com)
  • Recent advances have provided a variety of new strategies for delivering DNA and RNA into cells and probing their expression, as well as new clinical applications that rely upon the introduction of genetic material. (cshlpress.com)
  • Gene Transfer: Delivery and Expression of DNA and RNA provides the first comprehensive guide to technical approaches for delivering nucleic acids into cells and organisms and of ensuring (even manipulating) appropriate expression. (cshlpress.com)
  • Fig. 4: Specific combinations of cytokines and corticosterone act together to induce PD-1 expression on NK cells. (nature.com)
  • Host resistance to endotoxic shock requires the neuroendocrine regulation of group 1 innate lymphoid cells. (nature.com)
  • Increased heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in liver cells and splanchnic organs from portal hypertensive rats. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Effects of phenylarsine oxide on expression of heme oxygenase-1 reporter constructs in transiently transfected cultures of chick embryo liver cells. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Role of Bach-1 in regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in human liver cells: insights from studies with small interfering RNAS. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Effects of silymarin on hepatitis C virus and haem oxygenase-1 gene expression in human hepatoma cells. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Iron increases HMOX1 and decreases hepatitis C viral expression in HCV-expressing cells. (wakehealth.edu)
  • But when the researchers treated HSV-infected human cells, and then mice, with inhibitors of EZH2/1, they found "the exact opposite" of increased viral activity, Kristie says. (the-scientist.com)
  • However, shared CD123 expression on healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) bears the risk for myelotoxicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this report, the effects are assessed of two well-characterized antimicrobial amphipathic peptides (melittin and cecropin) on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and gene expression in acutely infected cells at subtoxic concentrations. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • HIV LTR activity was also reduced in human cells stably transfected with retroviral expression plasmids for the melittin or cecropin gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • RNA editing is a rare post-transcriptional event that provides cells with an additional level of gene expression regulation. (pasteur.fr)
  • Activation of Btk results in a cascade of signaling events resulting in calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (medscape.com)
  • The vast majority of these cells did not divide, suggesting that the transgene was indeed regulated in a similar fashion as the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
  • While the percentages of CD56 (dim) cells and their CD16 expression were lower in the chronic group, this was not statistically significant. (who.int)
  • Studies sug- terized by flow cytometry using anti between the immune response and the gest that HCV inhibits receptor genes in CD3, CD56 and CD16 monoclonal virus replication rate [5] and play a cru- the activation of NK cells [20], and the antibodies. (who.int)
  • 2007. Maternal nutrient restriction in early pregnancy programmes hepatic mRNA expression of growth related genes and liver size in adult male sheep . (hutton.ac.uk)
  • Data are presented demonstrating that tat acts by increasing the rate of viral transcription, rather than by modulating the stability of viral mRNA. (duke.edu)
  • Regulation of RNA stability and translation are two key steps of cellular homeostasis. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Reciprocal effects of micro-RNA-122 on expression of heme oxygenase-1 and hepatitis C virus genes in human hepatocytes. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus encodes a gene product termed tat that is able to activate viral gene expression when present in trans. (duke.edu)
  • KSHV ORF36 encodes a serine/threonine viral protein kinase, which is conserved throughout all herpesviruses. (fsu.edu)
  • E1 protein has helicase activity for replication, and E2 encodes DNA-binding protein for regulation of transcription. (medscape.com)
  • The BTK gene is large and consists of 19 exons that encode the 659 amino acids that form the Btk cytosolic tyrosine kinase. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsies from noninfected patients with other liver diseases were used as controls to focus on HCV-associated changes in hepatic gene expression. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Heme status affects human hepatic messenger RNA and microRNA expression. (wakehealth.edu)
  • RNA interference (RNAi) is a new modality in gene therapy which can elicit down-regulation of gene expression and has enormous potential in the treatment of neurological diseases. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The RNAi apparatus may be artificially triggered by delivery of naked siRNA molecules or by plasmid-based expression of dsRNA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We show that the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) induces the expression of miR-146a via NFkappaB. (nih.gov)
  • Valproate activates bovine leukemia virus gene expression, triggers apoptosis, and induces leukemia/lymphoma regression in vivo. (ac.be)
  • 2012. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk tank milk and associated risk factors in Scottish dairy herds . (hutton.ac.uk)
  • Irwin, M. R. & Cole, S. W. Reciprocal regulation of the neural and innate immune systems. (nature.com)
  • Cain, D. W. & Cidlowski, J. A. Immune regulation by glucocorticoids. (nature.com)
  • Ott says that realistically, therapies would be unlikely to reach every cell harboring latent virus, but that perhaps this strategy could shrink viral reservoirs enough to be controlled by the immune system without the need for further treatment. (the-scientist.com)
  • Our data have provided evidence for a comparable prediction of clinical outcome in CMF-treated breast cancer patients using conventional clinical variables and gene expression based markers. (lu.se)
  • These results suggest that tat could play a role in human immunodeficiency virus replication essentially similar to that proposed for the trans-acting nuclear gene products described for several other virus species. (duke.edu)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression is mediated by nuclear events. (duke.edu)
  • Regulation of expression of the human heme oxygenase-1 gene in transfected chick embryo liver cell cultures. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. (lookformedical.com)
  • Here we describe a different method of transgene regulation by the use of the human glial ®brillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. (lu.se)
  • Jakobsson expression under a human GFAP (hGFAP) promoter. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery is a safe and effective method for modulating gene expression, and thus is a useful research tool for manipulating individual UPR markers in affected retinas and a promising delivery vector for gene therapy in retinal degenerative disorders. (molvis.org)
  • Manipulation of UPR markers has been made possible by the use of knockout mice, pharmacological agents, and viral vector-mediated augmentation of gene expression. (molvis.org)
  • Fig. 2: GR Ncr1 -iCre mice display greater inflammation in the spleen than that of WT Ncr1 -iCre mice, but their viral titers are unaffected. (nature.com)
  • Gene expression studies performed on PPARα null mice have shed light into a variety of genes regulated by PPARα. (wur.nl)
  • However, expression of macrophage/inflammatory markers and fibrosis were not different between HILPDA knockout and floxed mice. (wur.nl)
  • Methods for analysis of gene expression: microarray, hybridisation, promoter analyses. (lu.se)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor increases heme oxygenase-1 protein expression in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. (wakehealth.edu)
  • The overexpression of a cloned rIII gene alone impeded T-mediated lysis temporarily. (tamu.edu)
  • The molecular consequence of translocation is overexpression of the protein cyclin D1 (coded by the PRAD1 gene located close to the breakpoint). (medscape.com)
  • The role of PPARα in gene regulation in mouse liver is well characterized. (wur.nl)
  • Haem repression of the housekeeping 5-aminolaevulinic acid synthase gene in the hepatoma cell line LMH. (wakehealth.edu)
  • In hepatoma cell lines, fatty acids increase Hilpda expression and protein levels. (wur.nl)