• Rapid evolution and functional divergence have been observed at the level of the transcription of duplicated genes, usually by point mutations in short transcription factor binding motifs. (wikipedia.org)
  • After the KRAS mutation was induced by the researchers, other mutations in what are known as tumor suppressor genes developed. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • Duplication creates genetic redundancy, where the second copy of the gene is often free from selective pressure - that is, mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. (ipfs.io)
  • Thus, duplicate genes accumulate mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations of organisms, and it is possible for one of the two copies to develop a new and different function. (ipfs.io)
  • Although Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and X-linked spastic paraplegia type 2 are nosologically distinguished, they are at opposite ends of a clinical spectrum of X-linked diseases caused by mutations of the same gene, the proteolipid protein 1 ( PLP1 ) gene, and result in defective central nervous system (CNS) myelination (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The most common mutations that cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease are duplications of a region of the X chromosome that includes the entire PLP1 gene. (medscape.com)
  • Many deleterious mutations may then be harmless, because even if one gene suffers a mutation, the redundant gene copy can provide a back-up function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, gene duplications repeatedly spawned daughter genes in which mutations optimized either isomaltase or maltase activity. (pubchase.com)
  • FLT3 gene mutations, either internal tandem duplication or point mutation type, are common in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). (elsevierpure.com)
  • We describe 21 AML cases with both types of gene mutations, so-called dual mutations, representing approximately 1% of all cases. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Rather than single mutations , rearrangements such as gene gain and loss, which have been discussed as a possible driver for host adaption, were described in poxviruses . (bvsalud.org)
  • Better understanding of new mutations and the wide range of possible phenotypes led to the development of a new nomenclature proposal, based on the gene and inheritance pattern. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] However, the gene mutations responsible for the different forms of CMT1 are clearly myelin genes. (medscape.com)
  • Splicing mutations are now recognized as quite common and may account for almost 20% of point mutations in the PLP1 gene. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] A full list of the described mutations is available at the TBX5 Gene Mutation Database , an online locus-specific database that contains germline and somatic mutations of the TBX5 gene. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations of this gene introduce a premature stop codon and result in truncated protein versions. (medscape.com)
  • Whole genome duplications are thought to be less detrimental than aneuploidy as the relative dosage of individual genes should be the same. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) have shaped the gene repertoire of many eukaryotic lineages. (ijm.fr)
  • [3] After whole genome duplications many sets of additional genes are eventually lost, returning to singleton state. (ipfs.io)
  • Single-gene and whole-genome duplications are important evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to biological diversification by launching new genetic raw material. (edu.au)
  • Comparisons of genomes demonstrate that gene duplications are common in most species investigated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Grasses have multiple copies of the florigen gene, thanks to an ancient duplication in their genomes. (wisc.edu)
  • The inspection of close to 100 fish genomes revealed that, triggered by frequent gene conversion between duplicates, the evolutionary history of SWS2 is rather complex and difficult to predict. (edu.au)
  • That missing fact links the presence of common developmental programming, which underlies the epigenetic regulation of duplicate genes across divergent cell types, to another missing fact: Nutrient-dependent amino acid substitutions, which differentiate cell types in all individuals of species from microbes to man, are fixed in the organized genomes of mammals via the metabolism of nutrients to species-specific pheromones. (scentoferos.com)
  • In addition, there may be species-specific differences in K a /K s , but detection of such differences is sensitive to how information on gene duplicates is extracted from genomes and on how K a and K s are estimated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We compiled SITs from 37 diatom genomes to characterize shifts in selection following gene duplications and marine- freshwater transitions. (lu.se)
  • Here, we report five Mpox virus genomes from Germany with extensive gene duplication and loss, leading to the expansion of the ITR regions from 6400 to up to 24,600 bp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Molecular characterization of the gene in that family (a consanguineous pedigree) revealed a homozygous 71-bp tandem duplication in exon 1 of the affected member, the parents being heterozygous. (nih.gov)
  • We first describe the mathematical model of evolution by tandem duplication and introduce duplication histories and duplication trees. (cnrs.fr)
  • There are other duplicated genes in the identified BAC sequences, suggesting that these genomic regions exhibit a high rate of tandem duplication. (inra.fr)
  • Table 2 Intron gain by tandem duplication as suggested by proto-splice sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The existence of syntenic patterns between ancestral gene sets and A. gossypii , S. cerevisiae , and K. waltii , and other evidence, suggests that gene-interleaving relationships are the natural consequence of topological rearrangements in chromosomes and that a more gradual scenario of genome evolution involving segmental duplication and recombination constitutes a more parsimonious explanation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, rapid evolution of protein phosphorylation motifs, usually embedded within rapidly evolving intrinsically disordered regions is another contributing factor for survival and rapid adaptation/neofunctionalization of duplicate genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • This refutes the idea that [RNA-directed] DNA methylation of genes is strictly determined in a tissue-by-tissue manner and indicates the presence of a common developmental programming underlying regulation of duplicate genes across divergent cell types. (scentoferos.com)
  • However, duplicate gene evolution provides an excellent system to investigate genetic and environmental factors of epigenetic divergence because we can study divergence of duplicate genes in the same genome, free from other confounding factors. (scentoferos.com)
  • Immediately after a gene duplication event, the duplicate genes have redundant functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several recent genome-wide studies have suggested that duplicate genes are always under purifying selection and do not always evolve at the same rate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • And how frequent is gene conversion of duplicate genes, in which recombination and DNA repair between very similar genes convert the sequence of one to that of the other? (biomedcentral.com)
  • In other words, the duplicate genes are under few or no selective constraints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results are unequivocal: the vast majority of duplicate genes experience purifying selection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The researchers pinpointed the cause of that variation to a single letter change in a single gene that is one of 14 duplicates of the florigen gene. (wisc.edu)
  • Further, we conducted a detailed comparison of the effect of sequence changes in both alternative splice variants and gene duplicates on protein structure, in particular the size, location, and types of sequence substitutions and insertions/deletions. (ub.es)
  • Put differently, after gene duplication - which can arise through polyploidization (whole-genome duplication), non-homologous recombination, or through the action of retrotransposons - one or both duplicates should experience relaxed selective constraints that result in elevated rates of evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even very closely related gene duplicates, no older than a few million years, experience selective constraints - the ratio K a /K s is smaller than one even in these cases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of this novel gene is compatible with the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DOC) model as our study suggests that duplicates of an ancestral Emx gene suffered regulatory element innovation allowing for complementary Emx subfunctionalization. (kzoo.edu)
  • Although the vast majority of protein-encoding genes (95%) show homology to S. cerevisiae genes, only ~10% are gene duplicates in DS patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The products of this recombination are a duplication at the site of the exchange and a reciprocal deletion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Repetitive genetic elements such as transposable elements offer one source of repetitive DNA that can facilitate recombination, and they are often found at duplication breakpoints in plants and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • We present a novel approach to deal with the problem of reconstructing the duplication history of tandemly repeated genes that are supposed to have arisen from unequal recombination. (cnrs.fr)
  • We then provide a simple recursive algorithm which determines whether or not a given rooted phylogeny can be a duplication history and another algorithm that simulates the unequal recombination process and searches for the best duplication trees according to the maximum parsimony criterion. (cnrs.fr)
  • Two variants are proposed and solved with effcient algorithms: the first one finds the best tree in the network with which to reconcile the gene tree, and the second one finds the best reconciliation between the gene tree and the whole network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, the two processes are inversely correlated at the genomic scale: large gene families are depleted in splice variants and vice versa. (ub.es)
  • Characterization of T gene sequence variants and germline duplications in familial and sporadic chordoma. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Excerpt 1) "A recent study demonstrated that the DNA methylation in promoter may play a significant role for functional divergence of duplicated genes in human [48] . (scentoferos.com)
  • Excerpt 2) "In human, a exclusive relationship of gene body [RNA-directed] DNA methylation with evolutionary and expression divergence of paralogs could not be revealed [48] . (scentoferos.com)
  • In summary, our study indicates that epigenetic modifications are important facilitators of duplicate gene evolution owing to their effect on functional divergence as well as potential dependence on genomic determinants. (scentoferos.com)
  • The amounts of AS and GD per gene are anticorrelated even when accounting for different gene functions or degrees of sequence divergence. (ub.es)
  • We find that, in general, alternative splicing affects protein sequence and structure in a more drastic way than gene duplication and subsequent divergence. (ub.es)
  • Together, our results provide a detailed picture of the molecular mechanisms that drove divergence of these duplicated enzymes and show that whereas the classic models of dosage, sub-, and neofunctionalization are helpful to conceptualize the implications of gene duplication, the three mechanisms co-occur and intertwine. (pubchase.com)
  • Furthermore, phylogenetic trees reconstructed under alternative hypotheses placed the putative whole-genome duplication event after the divergence of the S. cerevisiae and K. waltii lineages, but in the lineage leading to K. waltii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cloned Sox genes belong to group B1, B2 and C. Our analyses show that whereas the human genome contains a single copy of Sox4 , Sox11 and Sox14 , each of these genes has two co-orthologs in grass carp, and the duplication of Sox4 and Sox11 occurred before the divergence of grass carp and zebrafish, which support the "fish-specific whole-genome duplication" theory. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene duplication and subsequent functional divergence of opsins have played an important role in expanding photoreceptive capabilities of organisms by altering what wavelengths of light are absorbed by photoreceptors (spectral tuning). (iastate.edu)
  • Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors in DNA replication and repair machinery as well as through fortuitous capture by selfish genetic elements. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replication slippage is an error in DNA replication that can produce duplications of short genetic sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene duplications are an essential source of genetic novelty that can lead to evolutionary innovation. (ipfs.io)
  • Chromosome 15q11-13 duplication occurs when there is an additional copy of genetic material on chromosome 15, which results in 15q duplication syndrome, a condition characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, hypotonia, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. (ucla.edu)
  • Gene duplications increase genetic and phenotypic diversity and occur in complex genomic regions that are still difficult to sequence and assemble. (inra.fr)
  • Secular scientists attempt to explain their origin using terms such as duplication (a form of mutation that overwhelmingly destroys genetic information) and translocation . (icr.org)
  • Under a phylogenetic analysis, we recovered a pattern consistent with two rounds of duplication that generated the genetic diversity of scallop G q -opsins. (iastate.edu)
  • Our results uncover novel genetic and functional diversity in the light-sensing structures of the scallop, demonstrating the complicated nature of G q -opsin diversification after gene duplication. (iastate.edu)
  • We describe duplications of up to 18,200 bp to the opposed genome end, and deletions at the site of insertion of up to 16,900 bp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Deletions and duplications of genes with functions of supposed immune modulation, virulence and host adaption as B19R, B21R, B22R and D10L are described. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, a link seems to exist between gene regulation (at least at the post-translational level) and genome evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • MHC genes are perhaps the most thoroughly studied example of adaptive molecular evolution, representing a classic example of balancing selection [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, the evolution of animal vision is tightly linked to the expansion of the opsin gene family encoding light-absorbing visual pigments. (edu.au)
  • In this study, we report a previously unnoticed duplication of the violet-blue short wavelength-sensitive 2 (SWS2) opsin, which coincides with the radiation of highly diverse percomorph fishes, permitting us to reinterpret the evolution of this gene family. (edu.au)
  • Thus, our study highlights the importance of comparative approaches in gaining a comprehensive view of the dynamics underlying gene family evolution and ultimately, animal diversification. (edu.au)
  • This hypothesis originated as least as early as Ohno's seminal book [ 1 ], which emphasized the importance of gene duplications in organismal evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence of repeats and duplications in over half of the species herein assembled indicates that their occurrence is a principle of mitochondrial structure rather than an exception, shedding new light on mitochondrial genome evolution and organization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reconciling gene trees with a species tree is a fundamental problem to understand the evolution of gene families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Numerous factors shape the evolution of protein-coding genes, including shifts in the strength or type of selection following gene duplications or changes in the environment. (lu.se)
  • This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution. (nih.gov)
  • The study of Emx genes, their evolution and expression, can provide valuable information into the timing and consequences of gene duplication events in chordates. (kzoo.edu)
  • Our findings provide a starting point to study how gene duplication may coincide with eye evolution, and more specifically, different ways neofunctionalization of G q -opsins may occur. (iastate.edu)
  • The evolution of MGPA demonstrates a significant potential of elevating a specific enzyme activity through increasing the number gene copies for the corresponding enzyme. (frontiersin.org)
  • Those with the paternally inherited duplication showed changes in genes connected to cell sensing, cell potential energy, and overall energy levels. (ucla.edu)
  • Both the maternal and paternal duplication groups shared changes in genes related to synapses and cell homeostasis. (ucla.edu)
  • This happens where there are changes in genes that affect cell growth. (cancer.org)
  • Many retrogenes display changes in gene regulation in comparison to their parental gene sequences, which sometimes results in novel functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Identity between most parsimonious duplication trees and most parsimonious phylogenies for the same data, combined with the agreement with additional knowledge about the sequences, such as the presence of polymorphisms, shows strong evidence that our reconstruction procedure providesgood insights into the duplication histories of these loci. (cnrs.fr)
  • Comparing our assemblies to purportedly complete reference mitogenomes based on short-read sequencing, we identify errors, missing sequences, and incomplete genes in those references, particularly in repetitive regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We focus on (1) pairwise comparison of gene arrangement sequences in A. gossypii and S. cerevisiae , (2) reconstruction of gene arrangements ancestral to A. gossypii , S. cerevisiae , and K. waltii , (3) synteny patterns arising within and between lineages, and (4) expected gene orientation of duplicate gene sets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If viral proteins aberrantly attach to cellular mRNA, they can reverse transcribe copies of genes to create retrogenes. (ipfs.io)
  • Some MHC-linked genes encode proteins that interact with MHC molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It usually contains 37 genes, encoding for 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 13 proteins, and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Sox gene family is found in a broad range of animal taxa and encodes important gene regulatory proteins involved in a variety of developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, further MGPA increase through gene duplications are found in Secale (including cultivated rye with 2 PAPhy_a type plus 1 PAPhy_b type) and in the polyploid Triticum (homeologs, 2 or 3 PAPhy_a and 2 or 3 PAPhy_b loci in tetra- or hexaploids, respectively). (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication is a product of nondisjunction during meiosis which results in additional copies of the entire genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Healthy cells in humans possess two copies of each gene. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • For their experiments, the researchers mutated one of the two copies of the KRAS gene in mice. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • It therefore appears that the cell amplifies the growth signal due to the presence of extra gene copies. (medizin-aspekte.de)
  • Some patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease have been found to have 3 or more copies of the PLP1 gene. (medscape.com)
  • However, new opsin copies may also acquire novel function or subdivide ancestral functions through changes to temporal, spatial or the level of gene expression. (iastate.edu)
  • Here, we test how opsin gene copies diversify in function and evolutionary fate by characterizing four rhabdomeric (G q -protein coupled) opsins in the scallop, Argopecten irradians , identified from tissue-specific transcriptomes. (iastate.edu)
  • Reconstruction of ancestral metabolic enzymes reveals molecular mechanisms underlying evolutionary innovation through gene duplication. (pubchase.com)
  • However, the mechanisms shaping the fate of duplicated genes remain heavily debated because the molecular processes and evolutionary forces involved are difficult to reconstruct. (pubchase.com)
  • However, other mechanisms of disease causation have also been described where (1) a breakpoint disrupts or alters gene expression via a position effect 7 or (2) a cryptic deletion or duplication is identified at the translocation breakpoint. (bmj.com)
  • We are interested in understanding what biological and molecular pathways are affected by the 15q duplication when it is inherited either paternally or maternally. (ucla.edu)
  • We performed exploratory data analysis and differential gene expression using the programming language, R. We looked at the sources of variation within the genes and the biological and molecular pathways that were affected. (ucla.edu)
  • Kandel, E. R. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses. (nature.com)
  • An estimation for the origin of grass carp based on the molecular clock using Sox1 , Sox3 and Sox11 genes as markers indicates that grass carp (subfamily Leuciscinae ) and zebrafish (subfamily Danioninae ) diverged approximately 60 million years ago. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The zebra finch MHC includes multiple Class I and Class II genes, some of which appear to be pseudogenes, and spans a much more extensive genomic region than the chicken MHC, as evidenced by the presence of MHC genes on each of seven BACs spanning 739 kb. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) is a gene-dense genomic region within which many genes play a role in vertebrate immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biases in gene retention compatible with dosage constraints appear to play a major role opposing post-WGD gene loss across all 13 species. (ijm.fr)
  • In a study on vertebrate globins, Jay Storz and his colleagues wrote, "The retention of the proto- Hb and Mb genes in the ancestor of jawed vertebrates permitted a physiological division of labor between the oxygen-carrier function of Hb [hemoglobin] and the oxygen-storage function of Mb [myoglobin]. (icr.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of this novel Emx gene is not consistent with the 2R hypothesis, which states that the early vertebrate lineage underwent one or more complete genome duplications. (kzoo.edu)
  • Phylogeny revealed that the duplications occurred first between chromosomal regions and then inside each region. (inra.fr)
  • In both studies, regions of 'double synteny' (DS) were identified in which single genes or groups of genes expressed homology relationships with alternating chromosomal regions of S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coincidentally, we also report potential cases of gene resurrection in vertebrate opsins, whereby pseudogenized genes were found to convert with their functional paralogs. (edu.au)
  • If we assume that the genome duplication indeed took place about 45 MYA (average of the peak in Fig. 1), and we assume that genes duplicated at that time have an average KS value of 0.85 (see Fig. 1), we can infer the rate of synonymous substitutions by simply dividing 0.85 by two times 45 MY (two times since Ks accumlate independently in the paralogs after the duplication). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The extent and breakpoints of duplications vary among different families. (medscape.com)
  • Characterisation of breakpoints in patients with apparently balanced constitutional chromosome rearrangements and phenotypic abnormalities has proved an invaluable strategy for identifying disease causing genes, especially those on the X chromosome. (bmj.com)
  • This is not surprising given the strong evidence for interaction between myelin and axon gene expression in development and after experimental nerve lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 60-70% of cases of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease result from duplications of the region of the X chromosome that contains PLP1 (caused, it has been proposed, by defective deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] replication). (medscape.com)
  • The duplication occurs on the short (p) arm of the chromosome in a region designated 17p12-17p11.2. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To investigate the possibility that a novel candidate gene for XLMR was disrupted at the X chromosome translocation breakpoint, we mapped the breakpoint using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). (bmj.com)
  • Intriguingly, we found that the X chromosome breakpoint in the daughter could not be defined by a single breakpoint spanning genomic clone and further analysis showed a 650 kb submicroscopic duplication between DXS7067 and DXS7060 on either side of the X chromosome translocation breakpoint. (bmj.com)
  • 3- 6 Phenotypic abnormalities seen in cases with apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements have usually been explained by the disruption of a gene at the breakpoint causing the loss of gene function. (bmj.com)
  • 18- 21 Xq28 is a highly gene rich region of the human X chromosome and we focused on the X chromosome breakpoint as the identification of a disrupted gene here would be a rapid way to identify a further candidate gene for X linked mental retardation within Xq28. (bmj.com)
  • Polyploidy is common in plants, but it has also occurred in animals, with two rounds of whole genome duplication (2R event) in the vertebrate lineage leading to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, genes in the second SIT lineage (SIT3) were present in just half the species, the result of multiple losses. (lu.se)
  • Because the presence of syntenic patterns appears to be a condition that is necessary, but not sufficient, to support the existence of the whole-genome duplication event, our results prompt careful re-evaluation of paleopolyploidization in the yeast lineage and the evolutionary meaning of syntenic patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A near complete lack of recent single-gene duplications in Paramecium provides additional evidence for strong selective pressures against gene-dosage changes. (ijm.fr)
  • Xq28 appears to be an unstable region of the human genome and genomic rearrangements are recognised as major causes of two single gene defects, haemophilia A and incontinentia pigmenti, which map within Xq28. (bmj.com)
  • In the problem of gene tree reconciliation, their model is more adapted to novel hybridizations, where the genes still keep trace of the polyploidy due to the hybridization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But, for ancient hybridizations, the polyploidy of the extant species being reduced, a model where each gene of an hybridization species can be inherited from at most one of its two parents is more pertinent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some examples of such neofunctionalization is the apparent mutation of a duplicated digestive gene in a family of ice fish into an antifreeze gene and duplication leading to a novel snake venom gene [4] and the synthesis of 1 beta-hydroxytestosterone. (ipfs.io)
  • Gene duplications are believed to facilitate evolutionary innovation. (pubchase.com)
  • Here, we study a large family of fungal glucosidase genes that underwent several duplication events. (pubchase.com)
  • These unique expression patterns suggests that innovations in regulatory elements following an EmxA/B ancestral gene duplication allowed for the apparent subfunctionalization of PmEmxB, thus supporting the DDC model. (kzoo.edu)
  • Depending on how the duplication is inherited, this can lead to differing phenotypic expression within an affected individual. (ucla.edu)
  • Our analyses of the zebra finch MHC suggest a complex history involving chromosomal fission, gene duplication and translocation in the history of the MHC in birds, and highlight striking differences in MHC structure and organization among avian lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This showed that the four known genes involved in non-syndromic mental retardation in Xq28, FMR2 , SLC6A8 , MECP2 , and GDI1 , were not involved in the translocation. (bmj.com)
  • Duplications arise from an event termed unequal crossing-over that occurs during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Digestive duplication cyst of the tongue is an extremely rare otorhinolaryngological malformation which occurs during early embryogenesis and is characterized by a single and on occasion multiple cystic lesion that is most frequently located in the anterior portion of the tongue either deeply embedded within it or superficially on it. (globalgenes.org)
  • Duplications arise from an event termed unequal crossing-over that occurs during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes.The chance of this happening is a function of the degree of sharing of repetitive elements between two chromosomes. (ipfs.io)
  • In addition, post-WGD gene loss has been slower in Paramecium than in other species having experienced genome duplication, suggesting that the selective pressures against post-WGD gene loss are especially strong in Paramecium . (ijm.fr)
  • Reconciliation methods explain topology differences between a species tree and a gene tree by evolutionary events other than speciations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we consider the problem of reconciling a gene tree with a species network via duplication and loss events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In other words, for solving the latter problem, we are interested in finding a tree that is "displayed" by the species network such that its reconciliation with a given gene tree is optimum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We showed that the PHF7 gene, which is highly expressed in the rooster testis, is a highly duplicated gene family in the chicken genome, and this phenomenon probably concerns other bird species. (inra.fr)
  • After a whole genome duplication, there is a relatively short period of genome instability, extensive gene loss, elevated levels of nucleotide substitution and regulatory network rewiring. (wikipedia.org)
  • INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
  • In those with the maternally inherited duplication, we found that there were significant changes in the genes related to inhibitory neurons, the unfolded protein response, and anion transport. (ucla.edu)
  • [ 1 ] is a congenital hypomyelination disorder caused by changes affecting the proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) located on Xq22.2. (medscape.com)
  • Alternative splicing (AS) and gene duplication (GD) both are processes that diversify the protein repertoire. (ub.es)
  • Expanding duplication of the testis PHD Finger Protein 7 (PHF7) gene in the chicken genome. (inra.fr)
  • The RAI1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps regulate the activity (expression) of other genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although most of the genes regulated by the RAI1 protein have not been identified, the protein appears to play a role in many body processes, including the sleep-wake cycle and development of the brain and bones in the head and face (craniofacial bones). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Research suggests that duplications involving this gene lead to higher-than-normal amounts of the RAI1 protein, which disrupts the expression of genes that influence brain and craniofacial development and the sleep-wake cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is thought that an extra copy of the PMP22 gene leads to overproduction of PMP22 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rensing SA, Ick J, Fawcett JA, Lang D, Zimmer A, Van de Peer Y, Reski R. An ancient genome duplication contributed to the abundance of metabolic genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)
  • Interestingly, genes involved in regulation are preferentially retained. (wikipedia.org)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)
  • The redundancy created by WGDs typically results in a phase of massive gene loss. (ijm.fr)
  • Comparisons of vertebrate PSD and synaptogenesis genes with orthologues from sponges and cnidarians open an avenue for speculating as to what may have contributed to the origin of the first synapse. (nature.com)
  • We aimed to explore and characterise in the chicken genome the expanding family of the numerous orthologues of the unique mouse Phf7 gene (highly expressed in the testis), observing the fact that this information is unclear and/or variable according to the versions of databases. (inra.fr)
  • In agreement with GSS activity localization in vivo , we identified six genes encoding arylsulfatase-like enzymes with a predicted C-terminal transmembrane domain, of which five showed GSS activity upon heterologous expression in insect cells. (nature.com)
  • The extensive but relatively balanced history of duplications and losses, together with paralog-specific expression patterns, suggest diatoms continuously balance gene dosage and expression dynamics to optimize silicon transport across major environmental gradients. (lu.se)