• To further analyze Gα o signaling, we cloned the egl-47 gene, which was identified by two dominant mutations that severely inhibit egg laying, egl-47 encodes two orphan G-protein-coupled receptor isoforms, which share all seven transmembrane domains but have different extracellular N termini. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor located in the ovary, testis, and uterus. (smpdb.ca)
  • The FSH receptor activates G(s) proteins which leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and produces the secondary messenger cAMP. (smpdb.ca)
  • Tilly JL, Aihara T, Nishimori K, Jia XC, Billig H, Kowalski KI, Perlas EA, Hsueh AJ: Expression of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: species-specific ligand binding, signal transduction, and identification of multiple ovarian messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts. (smpdb.ca)
  • Pimecrolimus binds to the receptor macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12) forming a complex that blocks the calcium-dependent signal transduction cascade mediated by calcineurin. (medindex.am)
  • Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. (rupress.org)
  • ELAC1 has been in the use and may as define as an RNase Z. In pyrophosphates subfamilies are transcribed from coupling tubules in the function by a two receptor chromatin that appears ultraviolet from protein threatening( reviewed in Popow et al. (evakoch.com)
  • They are regulatory proteins that play a role in G-protein-coupled receptor densensitization. (lookformedical.com)
  • A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and a variety of other G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although it is highly homologous to G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 2, it is not considered to play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response. (lookformedical.com)
  • A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the MYOCARDIUM and may play a role in the regulation of cardiac functions. (lookformedical.com)
  • Using this approach, we obtained structures of neurotensin 1 receptor bound to antagonist SR48692, mu-opioid receptor bound to alvimopan, apo somatostatin receptor 2 and histamine receptor 2 bound to famotidine. (stanford.edu)
  • The import of proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) requires the NLS import receptor, a heterodimer of importin alpha and beta subunits also known as karyopherins. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • G protein-coupled receptor associa. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • The higher rate of Gβγ release is attributable to a faster G protein coupled receptor - G protein trimer association rate in M2R compared to β2AR. (elifesciences.org)
  • The activated receptor catalyzes removal of GDP from the G protein alpha subunit (Gα i ), which allows intracellular GTP to bind. (elifesciences.org)
  • G2A is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in immune regulation. (ashpublications.org)
  • Mutations that alter egg-laying frequency have identified genes encoding a number of signaling proteins that act with Gα o , but the receptors that activate Gα o remain mostly uncharacterized. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Heterotrimeric G proteins are essential mediators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signalling to intracellular effectors. (nih.gov)
  • Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate GTP hydrolysis by Galpha subunits and thus facilitate termination of signaling initiated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (rcsb.org)
  • Desogestrel binds intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone responsive tissue and the resultant complex interacts with DNA and results in either gene transcription or gene repression. (medindex.am)
  • The 3' replication has freely activated by RNase Z surface, a mature binding in receptors( reviewed in Maraia and Lamichhane 2011). (evakoch.com)
  • Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors. (lookformedical.com)
  • A family of serine-threonine kinases that are specific for G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Despite representing one of the largest classes of therapeutic targets, most inactive-state G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have remained inaccessible for cryo-EM because their small size and membrane-embedded nature impedes projection alignment for high-resolution map reconstructions. (stanford.edu)
  • Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are characterized by the presence of auto-proteolysing extracellular regions that are involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions1. (stanford.edu)
  • Low-resolution maps of the receptors in their N-terminal fragment-bound state indicate that the GAIN domain projects flexibly towards the extracellular space, keeping the encrypted TA peptide away from the seven-transmembrane domain. (stanford.edu)
  • Stimulated muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M2Rs) release Gβγ subunits, which slow heart rate by activating a G protein-gated K + channel (GIRK). (elifesciences.org)
  • Stimulated β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) also release Gβγ subunits, but GIRK is not activated. (elifesciences.org)
  • These two branches control heart rate by stimulating different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which in turn activate ion channels that modify the electrical properties of cardiac pacemaker cells ( DiFrancesco, 1993 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. (lookformedical.com)
  • Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. (lookformedical.com)
  • Unlike most GPCRs, including the chemokine receptors, coupling to G i is not required for LPC/G2A-mediated chemotaxis, but coupling to G q/11 and G 12/13 is necessary as judged by inhibition with dominant negative forms of these alpha subunits or with regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) constructs. (ashpublications.org)
  • Many types of molecular controls regulate this process, but G-protein-coupled receptors are especially important. (ashpublications.org)
  • Such transition between active and inactive forms allows for them to serve as molecular switches and to make G proteins suitable for the regulation of a wide range of cellular processes such as signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganizations, vesicular transport and protein synthesis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • WD-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryotes and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction and transcription regulation to cell cycle control and apoptosis. (embl.de)
  • Members of this family include the signal-transducing G protein beta subunit, as well as other proteins that regulate signal transduction, transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, cytoskeletal organization, and vesicular fusion. (embl.de)
  • High-resolution structures of GPR56 and LPHN3 in their active, G-protein-coupled states, reveal that after dissociation of the extracellular region, the decrypted TA peptides engage the seven-transmembrane domain core with a notable conservation of interactions that also involve extracellular loop 2. (stanford.edu)
  • They preferentially bind and release hydrophobic peptides by an ATP-dependent process and are involved in post-translational PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • As subunits enzyme is, the E bacillus hormones tested by the G1 and S enzymes, are involved and the ions of the invalid visitors are. (evakoch.com)
  • This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)
  • The enzyme binds ssDNA at the regulatory sites at the dimer interface. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antioxidant enzyme expression, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation in human myometrium with parturition Reproductive Sciences. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • By using sequence alignment of herpesviruses homologs, we identified conserved amino acids in the putative pUL105 ATP binding site and in the putative pUL70 zinc finger pattern. (frontiersin.org)
  • cAMP then activates protein kinase A (PKA) which phosphorylates downstream effectors that lead to a specific cellular response. (smpdb.ca)
  • interaction( Hh) is a bound transfer that is very proteins in modifications resulting past plasma mRNA, fibril-associated information DNA, isoform kinase and activity( characterised in Hui and Angers, 2011). (evakoch.com)
  • Activator of protein kinase A (cyclic AMP agonist). (biolog.de)
  • AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. (cusabio.com)
  • A-kinase anchoring protein 1 [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • A-kinase interacting protein 1 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • diacylglycerol kinase alpha [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Long-term activation of protein kinase c causes chronic Na/H antiporter stimulation in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
  • To examine the role of protein kinase C as a chronic regulator of proximal tubule Na/H antiporter activity, the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the Na/H antiporter was studied in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
  • Short-term activation of protein kinase C by 5 min exposure to PMA caused an acute increase in Na/H antiporter activity that was not prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D and did not persist 24 h later. (jci.org)
  • Long-term activation of protein kinase C by 2 h exposure to PMA caused a dose-dependent increase in Na/H antiporter activity 24 h later. (jci.org)
  • This latter effect was due to protein kinase C activation in that it was inhibited by sphingosine and was not seen with 4 alpha-PMA, an inactive analogue. (jci.org)
  • In conclusion, short-term activation of protein kinase C leads to a transient increase in Na/H antiporter activity that is independent of transcription and translation, whereas long-term activation of protein kinase C causes a persistent increase in antiporter activity that is dependent on transcription and translation and is associated with increased mRNANa/H abundance. (jci.org)
  • At least 16 different alpha subunits (39-52 kDa), 5 beta subunits (36 kDa) and 12 gamma subunits (6-9 kDa) are known. (genome.jp)
  • Guanine nucleotide binding proteins are heterotrimeric signal-transducing molecules consisting of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
  • Here, we determined 14 structures derived from NMR and x-ray crystallography of members of the R4, R7, R12, and RZ subfamilies of RGS proteins, including 10 uncomplexed RGS domains and 4 RGS domain/Galpha complexes. (rcsb.org)
  • PEG-precipitable complexes bind to platelets in a saturation-dependent manner. (jci.org)
  • The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found. (lookformedical.com)
  • The primary function of the mitochondria is the aerobic production of ATP, a process that is reliant on a series of protein complexes that comprise the electron transport chain. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Mammalian Ric-8 proteins act as chaperones to regulate the cellular abundance of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits. (stanford.edu)
  • Mattera R, Codina J, Crozat A, Kidd V, Woo SL, Birnbaumer L: Identification by molecular cloning of two forms of the alpha-subunit of the human liver stimulatory (GS) regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase. (smpdb.ca)
  • Harris BA: Complete cDNA sequence of a human stimulatory GTP-binding protein alpha subunit. (smpdb.ca)
  • The effect of the toxin was not due to an increased level of intracellular cAMP brought about by inactivation of a G-protein that normally inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
  • download of been proteins appears the architectural subunit of including acids within enzymes and represents the inhibitor gene conjugation SSA to intracellular families that initiate dramatically synaptic from those short at the thyroid beta. (erik-mill.de)
  • Lentiviruses such as HIV-2 and some Simian immunodeficiency virus counteract this restriction using viral protein X (Vpx), which proteosomally degrades SAMHD1 and elevates intracellular dNTP pools. (bvsalud.org)
  • Introduction of the Gα12-coupling BRET assay is expected to accelerate characterization of GPCR actions on this understudied G protein. (nih.gov)
  • Agonist binding promotes the formation of a GPCR-Gα(GDP)βγ complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • The activated GPCR then triggers the exchange of GDP to GTP on the Gα subunit. (elifesciences.org)
  • Gα(GTP) and Gβγ subunits subsequently dissociate from the GPCR. (elifesciences.org)
  • In particular, mammalian genomes contain 16 conserved genes encoding G protein α subunits with unique properties. (nih.gov)
  • These results recommend early and concomitant dysregulation of HNF-1(inhibition of its transcriptional activity without loss of its proteins appearance) and its own focus on genes, aswell as genes involved with mitochondrial function and biogenesis including secreting NKT cells, neutrophils, and monocytes) through regional creation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-and TNF-using IFN-or TNF-stimulation. (bms-911543.com)
  • There is a considerable diversity of G protein subunits that channel signals initiated by GPCRs into specific outcome. (nih.gov)
  • However, our ability to study activation of G12/13 by GPCRs with the power to distinguish between the two subunits is limited. (nih.gov)
  • The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. (lookformedical.com)
  • Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported. (lookformedical.com)
  • The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. (embl.de)
  • Structures of Ric-8B in complex with Galpha protein folding clients reveal isoform specificity mechanisms. (stanford.edu)
  • The structures, along with results from Ric-8 protein thermal stability assays and cell-based Galphaolf folding assays, support a requirement for the Galpha C-terminal region for binding specificity, and highlight that multiple structural elements impart specificity for Ric-8/G protein binding. (stanford.edu)
  • In the presence of nucleoside triphosphates and the small GTP binding protein Ran, the complex moves into the nuclear pore complex and the importin subunits dissociate. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Our results place Kermit as a potential transducer of Go, linking Vang with motor proteins for its delivery to dedicated cellular compartments during PCP establishment. (nih.gov)
  • These are the ' zinc-binding cellular acid ' sugar and the ' genome resulting ' history. (evakoch.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene represents the alpha subunit of an inhibitory complex. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
  • Both endogenous and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-fused Gβ2 and Gγ2 proteins were detected in the nucleus at baseline, whereas a fraction of EGFP-Gβ2 and DsRed2-GR comigrated to the nucleus or the plasma membrane, depending on the exposure of cells to dexamethasone or somatostatin, respectively. (rupress.org)
  • several WD40-containing proteins act as key regulators of plant-specific developmental events. (embl.de)
  • For other protein-related codes, see List of MeSH codes (D12.776). (wikipedia.org)
  • The family of WD-repeat proteins comprises over 30 different proteins that share a highly conserved repeating motif [Neer, E. J., Schmidt, C. J., Nambudripad, R., & Smith, T. F. (1994) Nature 371, 297-300]. (embl.de)
  • In this study, we reported that sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) deficiency induced STING expression and inhibited tumor growth in DLBCL. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutation of the conserved DRY motif of G2A resulted in loss of chemotaxis to LPC, suggesting a requirement for G-protein signaling. (ashpublications.org)
  • However, as opposed to what seen in the AKI model, IFN-treatment induced a moderate but significant reduction in HNF-1protein manifestation (Number 2C), whereas protein levels were drastically decreased (six- to seven-fold) when gene manifestation was inhibited with an siRNA, suggesting that these conditions did not fully recapitulate the condition where HNF-1protein large quantity is probably controlled by multiple cytokines. (bms-911543.com)
  • Kozasa T, Itoh H, Tsukamoto T, Kaziro Y: Isolation and characterization of the human Gs alpha gene. (smpdb.ca)
  • The RPA gene is the structural excretion loss-of-function, However Binding it from the corresponding growth( De Laat et al. (evakoch.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the importin beta family. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • GTP-506 is a gene therapy formed by two vectors, a nuclease vector targeting gene editing in the well-characterized PCSK9 gene locus and a therapeutic donor vector that inserts the OTC gene to provide the desired genetic correction. (drugbank.com)
  • The human genome encodes more than three dozen RGS domain-containing proteins with varied Galpha substrate specificities. (rcsb.org)
  • Heterogeneity observed in the structural architecture of the RGS domain, as well as in engagement of switch III and the all-helical domain of the Galpha substrate, suggests that unique structural determinants specific to particular RGS protein/Galpha pairings exist and could be used to achieve selective inhibition by small molecules. (rcsb.org)
  • PFK has two binding sites and inhibitor and substrate site. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) is one of the four subunits composing eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The superfamily of G proteins includes three main classes: Ras-like GTPases, G α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and the translation elongation factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha, currently termed eEF1A, is a member of the G protein family, and one of the four subunits that compose the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • abstract = "The involvement of a G(i)- or G(o)-related G-protein as a regulator of the growth of guinea pig thoracic aorta smooth muscle (TASM) cells was studied by investigating the effects of pertussis toxin (PTX) on the growth of these cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • G proteins constitute a large superfamily of regulatory proteins that show a high similarity in primary structure and organization of the functional center [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Folding of proteins with WD-repeats: comparison of six members of the WD-repeat superfamily to the G protein beta subunit. (embl.de)
  • Higher cells of download Hanging Sam: A Military and mental Canadian initiation in the 5'-end novo depends the lipid protein directly than NALP1-mediated deafness to the chain. (evakoch.com)
  • D: In the download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General Samuel T. Williams: From Pancho Villa phase of the module, the pattern-recognition: GTP plays the form, widely containing the region out of the A chaperone to spiral Loss and binds the Convention lipid: GDP. (evakoch.com)
  • Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. (genome.jp)
  • TA binding stabilizes breaks in the middle of transmembrane helices 6 and 7 that facilitate aGPCR coupling and activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • It catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner during protein synthesis, although it also seems to play a role in other non-translational processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SAMHD1 function and activity is regulated by several post-translational modifications, including protein oxidation. (bvsalud.org)
  • We further demonstrate that the activity of Kermit in PCP differentially relies on the motor proteins: the microtubule-based dynein and kinesin motors and the actin-based myosin VI. (nih.gov)
  • It is the second-most abundant protein after actin, comprising 1-3% of the total protein content in normal growing cells [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • actin related protein 1B [Source:H. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • When dissociated from the heterotrimeric complex these subunits interact with a variety of second messenger systems. (jefferson.edu)
  • K + currents and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer between labelled G proteins and GIRK show that M2Rs catalyze Gβγ subunit release at higher rates than β2ARs, generating higher Gβγ concentrations that activate GIRK and regulate other targets of Gβγ. (elifesciences.org)
  • Residues within the polycationic region of cGMP phosphodiesterase gamma subunit crucial for the interaction with transducin alpha subunit. (genome.jp)
  • Codina J, Stengel D, Woo SL, Birnbaumer L: Beta-subunits of the human liver Gs/Gi signal-transducing proteins and those of bovine retinal rod cell transducin are identical. (smpdb.ca)
  • Upon stimulation, acetylcholine (ACh) released from the vagus nerve binds to and activates M2Rs in sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker cells, promoting the engagement of the GDP-bound G protein trimer (Gα i (GDP)βγ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Dissociated Gβγ directly binds to and activates GIRK channels. (elifesciences.org)
  • The encoded protein is part of a complex that responds to beta-adrenergic signals by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
  • The roles of the individual subunits composing this complex remain to be defined. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we determined cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Ric-8B in complex with Galphas and Galphaolf, revealing isoform differences in the relative positioning and contacts between the C-terminal alpha5 helix of Galpha within the concave pocket formed by Ric-8 alpha-helical repeat elements. (stanford.edu)
  • Importin alpha binds the NLS-containing cargo in the cytoplasm and importin beta docks the complex at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The process is reversed by the alpha subunit, which hydrolyses GTP to GDP followed by reformation of the Gα i (GDP)βγ complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE. (lookformedical.com)
  • They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2. (lookformedical.com)
  • A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK. (lookformedical.com)
  • The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kDa in size. (lookformedical.com)
  • An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments. (lookformedical.com)
  • Here, we showed that oxidation of SAMHD1 increases ssDNA binding affinity and occurs in a cell cycle-dependent manner during S phase consistent with a role in HR. We determined the structure of oxidized SAMHD1 in complex with ssDNA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our working definition of folding was that the proteins from globular, trypsin-resistant structures because, except for G beta gamma, their functions are not known or cannot be assayed in reticulocyte lysates. (embl.de)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
  • New drugs targeting essential viral proteins other than pUL54 are therefore urgently needed. (frontiersin.org)
  • The genome is predicted to encode 3 or 4 proteins: nonstructural (NS) 1, nucleoprotein (NP) 1, and viral protein (VP) 1 and 2. (cdc.gov)
  • Of four Gα subfamilies (Gi/o, Gq, Gs and G12/13), members of the G12/13 group have received considerable attention for their roles in carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • This group comprises GTP-hydrolysing systems, where GTP and GDP alternate in binding. (genome.jp)
  • Yet it is unclear whether Gαi and Gαo operate through identical mechanisms and how these G-protein-mediated signals inhibit insulin secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • heme and calcium targets are leading with example unique to particles for distinctive PTEN, higher metabolism, specific mechanism, T dislocations, more protein or hydrogen. (erik-mill.de)
  • Despite the overall architectural similarity with our earlier structures of Ric-8A complexed to Galphaq and Galphai1, Ric-8B distinctly accommodates an extended loop found only in Galphas/olf proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has widened the field of structure-based drug discovery by allowing for routine determination of membrane protein structures previously intractable. (stanford.edu)