Excitatory amino acid transporter 1. Medical search. Frequent questions

Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SLC1A3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
EAAT1 is also often called the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter 1 (GLAST-1). (wikipedia.org)
EAAT1 mediates the transport of glutamic and aspartic acid with the cotransport of three Na+ and one H+ cations and counter transport of one K+ cation. (wikipedia.org)
Selective inhibitors for EAAT1 have recently been discovered based on 25 combinations of substitutions at the 4 and 7 positions of 2-amino-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitril. (wikipedia.org)
A monoclonal antibody to excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) has been generated which robustly stains paraffin-embedded, formaldehyde-fixed as well as snap-frozen human post-mortem brain tissue. (nih.gov)
EAAT1 was observed to be the most abundant transporter in more "caudal" brain regions such as the diencephalon and brainstem and its expression in other regions was frequently more uniform than that of EAAT2. (nih.gov)
The SLC1A3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1). (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers have determined that EAAT1 is one of several glutamate transporters that clear excess glutamate from these spaces. (medlineplus.gov)
The variants that cause episodic ataxia change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the EAAT1 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Transcriptional Regulation of the Astrocytic Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 (EAAT1) via NF-κB and Yin Yang 1 (YY1). (nih.gov)
Here, we report that NF-κB is a main positive transcription factor for EAAT1, supported by the following: 1) EAAT1 contains two consensus sites for NF-κB, 2) mutation of NF-κB binding sites decreased EAAT1 promoter activity, and 3) activation of NF-κB increased, whereas inhibition of NF-κB decreased EAAT1 promoter activity and mRNA/protein levels. (nih.gov)
The transcription factor yin yang 1 (YY1) plays a role as a critical negative regulator of EAAT1, supported by the following: 1) the EAAT1 promoter contains multiple consensus sites for YY1, 2) overexpression of YY1 decreased EAAT1 promoter activity and mRNA/protein levels, and 3) knockdown of YY1 increased EAAT1 promoter activity and mRNA/protein levels. (nih.gov)
Glial glutamate transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2, remove this transmitter from the synaptic cleft preventing an excitotoxic insult. (intechopen.com)

To maintain normal brain function, the extracellular concentration of glutamate is tightly regulated in the range of 1-10 μM by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of astrocytes [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) operate over wide time scales in the brain. (mmnp-journal.org)
To observe the influence of music-electroacupuncture (EA) and pulse EA on locomotor activity and hippocampal neuron numbers and excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) mRNA expression in depression rats, so as to explore their mechanisms underlying improvement of depression in acupuncture clinic. (qigonginstitute.org)
Glutamate transporters can be subdivided into two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). (sysy.com)
All glutamate transporters (EAATs and VGLUTs) are multispanning membrane proteins with up to 12 transmembrane domains. (sysy.com)

Association study of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) gene polymorphism with schizophrenia in a Polish population. (cdc.gov)

Astrocytic glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 1, also known as glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) in rodents, is one of two glial glutamate transporters that are responsible for removing excess glutamate from synaptic clefts to prevent excitotoxic neuronal death. (nih.gov)
(2018) Neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3: Emerging function in health and disease. (nih.gov)
(2017) Glial and Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Differ in the Na+ Requirements for Activation of the Substrate-Independent Anion Conductance. (nih.gov)
The glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1)/excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT-2) is the primary transporter responsible for removing glutamate from neuronal synapses and the extracellular environment, and it is expressed particularly by astrocytes (Williams et al. (springeropen.com)
In contrast, another K(2P) isoform TASK-1 was mainly colocalized with the neuronal marker NeuN in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and was expressed at a much lower level in astrocytes. (scienceopen.com)
Both pulse EA and music-EA can effectively improve the locomotor activity and hippocampal neuronal structure in depression rats which may be closely associated with their effects in upregulating hippocampal EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 mRNA expression. (qigonginstitute.org)

doi:10.1302/0301-620X.93BSUPP_I.0930069b (inactive 1 August 2023). (wikipedia.org)
D. Yang, Z, Zhao, E. Tajkhorshid, and E. Gouaux (2023) Structures and membrane interactions of native serotonin transporter in complexes with psychostimulants. (uiuc.edu)
Y. Li, A. Acharya, L. Yang, J. Liu, E. Tajkhorshid, H. I. Zgurskaya, M. Jackson, and J. Gumbart (2023) Insights into substrate transport and water permeation in the mycobacterial transporter MmpL3. (uiuc.edu)
2023;14(1):2571. (nih.gov)
15(1): 10-13, 2023. (bvsalud.org)

In this study, we investigated the effects of ampicillin on the expression of xCT and GLT-1 isoforms (GLT-1a and GLT-1b) as well as on GLAST expression. (utoledo.edu)
Finally, an immunocytochemical study showed colocalization of TWIK-1 and TREK-1 proteins with the astrocytic markers GLAST and GFAP in rat hippocampal stratum radiatum. (scienceopen.com)

A glial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found predominately in ASTROCYTES . (nih.gov)
Evidence demonstrated that glial cells, mainly astrocytes, regulate glutamate uptake through several glutamate transporters. (utoledo.edu)
Reactive astrocytes also transform into a physical barrier-like structure which isolates the injured regions from surrounding healthy tissue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
First, both passive astrocytes and the cloned rat TWIK-1 and TREK-1 channels expressed in CHO cells conduct significant amounts of Cs(+) currents, but vary in their relative P(Cs)/P(K) permeability, 0.43, 0.10, and 0.05, respectively. (scienceopen.com)
These results support TWIK-1 and TREK-1 as being the major components of the long-sought K(+) channels underlying the passive conductance of mature hippocampal astrocytes. (scienceopen.com)

DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) is an inhibitor of the excitatory amino acid transporters. (wikipedia.org)
Structure-function analyses reveal key molecular determinants of HIV-1 CRF01_AE resistance to the entry inhibitor temsavir. (nih.gov)
This "chemical" form of LTE was prevented by the broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitor TBOA (300µM) suggesting that glutamate uptake was a critical factor. (aston.ac.uk)

Glutamate (Glu), the major excitatory neurotransmitter, elicits its action through the activation of membrane receptors and transporters expressed in neurons and glial cells. (intechopen.com)
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays a crucial role in fundamental processes like learning, cognition, and memory. (sysy.com)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from bacteria) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, e.g., nuclear or cytosolic proteins or nucleic acids from damaged neurons, extracellular ATP or parasite hemozoin) via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). (sysy-histosure.com)
They maintain low ambient concentrations of the primary excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate, but they also seem to play a significant role in clearing glutamate from the synaptic cleft in the millisecond time-scale process of chemical communication that occurs between neurons. (mmnp-journal.org)
In particular, it has revealed that the degree of glial coverage of neurons influences glutamate concentration at the vicinity of excitatory synapses and, as a consequence, affects the level of activation of presynaptic glutamate receptors. (hal.science)
Immunofluorescence staining was used to reveal phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2)-positive neurons in CA3 of hippocampus. (bvsalud.org)

(2016) The importance of the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3). (nih.gov)

its human homolog is excitatory amino acid transporter-2) is responsible for the majority of glutamate uptake. (utoledo.edu)
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. (bvsalud.org)

This study also found that Aβ could directly interact with the high-affinity choline transporter which may impair steady-state and on-demand ACh release. (nih.gov)

Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude prospective monocentrique en simple aveugle de 31 cas d'hystérectomie programmée sur une période de 6 mois (mai-octobre 2016) divisée en deux groupes soumis au même protocole anesthésique : un groupe recevant de la kétamine en bolus suivi d'une perfusion continue peropératoire et sur les premières 24 heures et un groupe contrôle sans kétamine. (bvsalud.org)

Second, quinine, which potently inhibited TWIK-1 (IC(50) = 85 microm) and TREK-1 (IC(50) = 41 microm) currents, also inhibited astrocytic passive conductance by 58% at a concentration of 200 microm. (scienceopen.com)

Polymorphisms in glycine transporter with schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
Association study of polymorphisms in the neutral amino acid transporter genes SLC1A4, SLC1A5 and the glycine transporter genes SLC6A5, SLC6A9 with schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
Do damaging variants of SLC6A9, the gene for the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT-1), protect against schizophrenia? (cdc.gov)

(2017) Gβγ subunit activation promotes dopamine efflux through the dopamine transporter. (nih.gov)
(2017) The sigma-1 receptor modulates dopamine transporter conformation and cocaine binding and may thereby potentiate cocaine self-administration in rats. (nih.gov)
(2015) Amphetamine activates Rho GTPase signaling to mediate dopamine transporter internalization and acute behavioral effects of amphetamine. (nih.gov)

Neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling protects against activity-induced fatty acid toxicity. (nih.gov)

Glutamate aspartate transporter labeled at bottom center. (wikipedia.org)
Background: Glutamate and glutamate transporters (GTs) (including glutamate/aspartate transporter, glutamate transporter-1, and excitatory amino acid carrier 1) have important roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic neurological injury. (tmu.edu.tw)

In brain, the protein content increased, the activity of acid protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease all decreased, amino acid content decreased significantly (p (bvsalud.org)

Step 1: After the appropriate stimulus, glutamate is released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft. (sysy.com)

L --Methylaminoalanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid that is produced by cyanobacteria, a blue-green algae that is common to many lakes, oceans, and soils, and is found in Cycas circinalis seeds. (nih.gov)
L --Methylaminoalanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid produced naturally by cyanobacteria found in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. (nih.gov)
The protein levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the transient receptor potential (TRP) protein family in DRGs were assayed by Western blot. (bvsalud.org)

Colucci E, Anshari ZR, Patino-Ruiz MF, Nemchinova M, Whittaker J, Slotboom DJ, Guskov A. Mutation in glutamate transporter homologue GltTk provides insights into pathologic mechanism of episodic ataxia 6. (medlineplus.gov)
(2015) A Mutation in Transmembrane Domain 7 (TM7) of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters Disrupts the Substrate-dependent Gating of the Intrinsic Anion Conductance and Drives the Channel into a Constitutively Open State. (nih.gov)
The underlying mutation in the vast majority of cases is a homozygous guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) trinucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene on chromosome 9q21.11. (biomedcentral.com)

Third, a moderate sensitivity of passive conductance to low extracellular pH (6.0) supports a combined expression of acid-insensitive TREK-1, and to a lesser extent, acid-sensitive TWIK-1. (scienceopen.com)
Fourth, the astrocyte passive conductance showed low sensitivity to extracellular Ba(2+), and extracellular Ba(2+) blocked TWIK-1 channels at an IC(50) of 960 microm and had no effect on TREK-1 channels. (scienceopen.com)

IHC optimization was performed for rabbit polyclonal (AMPA-2:ab52176, KA-1:ab67402, EAAT-1:ab416) and monoclonal (EAAT-3:ab124802) antibodies from Abcam. (boneandjoint.org.uk)

use DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS 1970-1979 MH - 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase UI - D051229 MN - D8.811.913.225.735 MS - An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. (nih.gov)

We found recently that β-lactam antibiotic, ampicillin, upregulated GLT-1 expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) and consequently reduced ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. (utoledo.edu)

Cheng MH, Torres-Salazar D, Gonzalez-Suarez AD, Amara SG and Bahar I. (2017) Substrate transport and anion permeation proceed through distinct pathways in glutamate transporters. (nih.gov)
Cryo-EM structures of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 visualize coupled substrate, sodium, and proton binding and transport. (nih.gov)
L-aspartic acid is a less rapidly metabolised substrate of mouse brain glutamic acid decarboxylase generating β-alanine [ 3 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) is a potassium channelopathy characterized by constant myokymia and dramatic episodes of spastic contractions of the skeletal muscles of the head, arms, and legs with loss of both motor coordination and balance. (nih.gov)
No consensus diagnostic criteria for episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) have been published. (nih.gov)
Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) should be suspected in individuals with the following clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings. (nih.gov)

A panel of antibodies was used to reveal the cytoplasm of satellite cells (glutamine synthetase, S100, metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 10, and cytosolic ferritin), gap junctions (connexin 43), basement membranes (laminin), mitochondria (ATP synthase subunit beta and frataxin), and monocytes (CD68 and IBA1). (biomedcentral.com)

Irrespective of patient age, choroid plexus papillomas outnumber choroid plexus carcinomas by a 5:1 ratio. (medscape.com)
1. The standard isoform of CD44 is preferentially expressed in atypical papillomas and carcinomas of the choroid plexus. (nih.gov)
5. Choroid plexus tumors differ from metastatic carcinomas by expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter-1. (nih.gov)

(2017) MAP Kinase Phosphatase 3 (MKP3) Preserves Norepinephrine Transporter Activity by Modulating ERK1/2 Kinase-Mediated Gene Expression. (nih.gov)
Several studies from our laboratory demonstrated that attenuation of ethanol intkae was associated in part with upregulation of xCT and GLT-1 expression suggesting the important role of these transporters in the treatment of ethanol dependence. (utoledo.edu)
Our findings provide significant role of ampicillin on upregulating xCT and GLT-1 isoforms expression, might be suggested as possible targets for the attenuation of ethanol consumption. (utoledo.edu)
HN - 2006(1998) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 1 UI - D051697 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.500 MS - An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2. (nih.gov)
Could ethanol-induced alterations in the expression of glutamate transporters in testes contribute to the effect of paternal drinking on the risk of abnormalities in the offspring? (edu.au)
GluR and transporters expression is altered in canine diseased CrCLs, implicating glutamate signalling in this pathology. (boneandjoint.org.uk)
Effect of electroacupuncture intervention on behavioral changes and hippocampal excitatory amino acid transporter mRNA expression in depression rats]. (qigonginstitute.org)
Hippocampal EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 mRNA expression levels were assayed by fluorescent quantitative real-time POR. (qigonginstitute.org)

1 Department of Neurology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. (nih.gov)

Up-regulated astroglial TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel-1 (TASK-1) in the hippocampus of seizure-sensitive gerbils: a target of anti-epileptic drugs. (scienceopen.com)

Neuropathological changes shared by aged dogs and humans: Changes in brain pathology that aged dogs share with aged humans with a diagnosis of one form of human dementia (Alzheimer's disease) include (1) thickening of the meninges and dilation of the ventricles, (2) age-related gliosis, (3) vascular changed, (4) diffuse plaques, and (5) amyloid deposition. (vin.com)
Introduction is a highly virulent intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes the human infectious disease tularemia [1 2 The most common route of infection is cutaneous although infection via the respiratory route is highly efficient and can cause a lethal infection in 30-60% of patients that do not receive treatment [3]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Protease Activated Receptor 1 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
We discovered that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the human catalytic subunit of pol ζ binds two AG-1024 (Tyrphostin) accessory subunits of pol δ p50/p66 and predicted that human pol ζ is a four-subunit complex (See Table 1 for nomenclature of human and yeast DNA polymerase subunits) [32]. (bio2009.org)
Table 1 Nomenclature for yeast and human Pol δ and Pol ζ. (bio2009.org)

Loss of excitatory amino acid transporter restraint following chronic intermittent hypoxia contributes to synaptic alterations in nucleus tractus solitarii. (missouri.edu)

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are highly vulnerable to frataxin deficiency in Friedreich ataxia (FA), an autosomal recessive disease due to pathogenic homozygous guanine-adenine-adenine trinucleotide repeat expansions in intron 1 of the FXN gene (chromosome 9q21.11). (biomedcentral.com)

9/3/2005) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 935 MH - 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase UI - D051103 MN - D8.811.913.50.173 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (nih.gov)
use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1973-1979, use COENZYME A & PHOSPHOLIPIDS 1973-1978 MH - 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase UI - D050842 MN - D8.811.682.662.693 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. (nih.gov)
HN - 2006(1981) MH - 2-Aminoadipate Transaminase UI - D051307 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.120 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE. (nih.gov)
use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. (nih.gov)
use ANTHRANILIC ACID 1974-1979 MH - 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase UI - D050539 MN - D8.811.682.47.500 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. (nih.gov)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Rat Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) in samples from Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)

Beart PM, O'Shea RD. Transporters for L-glutamate: an update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement. (medlineplus.gov)

A. Rasouli, Q. Yu, S. Dehghani-Ghahnaviyeh, and E. Tajkhorshid (2022) Differential dynamics and direct interaction of bound ligands with lipids in multidrug transporter ABCG2. (uiuc.edu)

[ 7 ] The subsequent identification of AQP4 as the target antigen of NMO-IgG, in parallel with the demonstration of a striking loss of AQP4 as a distinctive finding in acute spinal cord lesions, strengthened the case for involvement of this antibody in the pathogenesis of NMO (Figure 1). (medscape.com)
Polyclonal Antibody Branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKD)ab. (clonagen.com)
IHC was optimised over antibody dilutions from 1:100 to 1:5000 alongside equivalent IgG isotype controls (ab37415 and ab172730) and negative controls (TBS/Tween buffer without primary antibodies). (boneandjoint.org.uk)

M. P. Muller, J. H. Morrissey, and E. Tajkhorshid (2022) Molecular View into Preferential Binding of the Factor VII Gla Domain to Phosphatidic Acid. (uiuc.edu)

Results: Glutamate concentrations were significantly higher in SAH rats from day (D)1 to D7 after SAH compared with the sham rats, especially at D1. (tmu.edu.tw)

2002;109(1):27-44. (nih.gov)
2002 Aug 1;22(15):6537-6548. (korea.ac.kr)

Anatomy34

Organisms14

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

EAAT113

EAATs5

EAAT21

Neuronal6

20235

GLAST2

ASTROCYTES5

Inhibitor3

Major excitatory neurotransmitter2

Neurons4

EAAT31

Uptake2

High affinity choline transporter1

20161

Astrocytic1

Glycine transporter3

Dopamine transporter3

Neuron1

ASpartate Transporter2

Neutral1

Synaptic cleft1

Protein3

Mutation3

Extracellular2

Monoclonal1

Pathway1

Prefrontal cortex1

Substrate3

Episodic3

Metabotropic1

Carcinomas3

Expression8

Neurology1

Hippocampus1

Human5

Hypoxia1

Gene1

Enzyme7

Pharmacology1

Ligands1

Antibody3

Molecular1

Rats1

20022