• The aspect of this crisis that most concerns us and that we would like to raise with you is the situation that will be faced by the more than eight hundred clients of Crimean opiate substitution programmes should the region become subject to the current legislative framework of the Russian Federation which includes the outlawing of opiate substitution therapy. (idpc.net)
  • Indeed, on 20th March 2014, Mr. Ivanov, the head of the Russian Federal Drug Control Service, the ministry responsible for drug policy in the Russian Federation announced his intention to close the opiate substitution therapy programmes as his first priority. (idpc.net)
  • The provision of opiate substitution therapy is recognised by WHO, UNAIDS and UNODC as an essential part of an effective response to HIV amongst people who use opiates and is a key element of the package of internationally recognised harm reduction interventions. (idpc.net)
  • In spite of this international guidance, the provision of opiate substitution therapy is illegal in the Russian Federation. (idpc.net)
  • Denial of opiate substitution therapy has been described by the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Mr. Juan E. Méndez, as a 'particular form of illtreatment and possibly torture of drug users' (A/HRC/10/44 and Corr.1, para. (idpc.net)
  • Main outcome measures Averted deaths from cardiovascular disease, non-fatal events, and disability adjusted life years from a reduction in blood pressure were estimated after implementation of potassium enriched salt substitution. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Nationwide potassium enriched salt substitution in China was estimated to result in a substantial net benefit, preventing around one in nine deaths from cardiovascular disease overall. (bmj.com)
  • Three RCTs of community salt substitution report that potassium-enriched salt substitute modestly reduces blood pressure, although the effect was not statistically significant in one trial. (givewell.org)
  • Illicit use of opioid substitution drugs: prevalence, user characteristics, and the association with non-fatal overdoses. (arctichealth.org)
  • This study examined the prevalence, frequency, and predictors of illicit OSD use in a group of injecting drug users (IDUs) and assessed if such use was associated with non-fatal overdoses. (arctichealth.org)
  • In 2020, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that there are 950,000 people injecting drugs in Africa, among whom the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C is 11% and 19%, respectively. (aidsmap.com)
  • The prevalence of HIV amongst people who use drugs in Abidjan dropped from 9.8% in 2014 to 3.4% in 2019 , according to a study carried out by the firm CECAF for the national programme for the fight against AIDS. (medecinsdumonde.org)
  • Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine by patients in opioid substitution treatment in Sweden: Prevalence estimates and risk factors. (lu.se)
  • Diversion of opioid substitution drugs (OSD) is of public concern. (arctichealth.org)
  • Obviously, more research comparing supervised and take-home medication strategies is urgently needed to support decisions on the relative effectiveness of these strategies, as are studies assessing the risk for diversion and safety outcomes when using supervised opioid substitution treatment to manage patients with opioid dependence . (medscape.com)
  • Medical cannabis patients have been engaging in substitution by using cannabis as an alternative to alcohol, prescription and illicit drugs. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is the leading authority on illicit drugs in the European Union. (europa.eu)
  • The Policy Board centralizes oversight for all Federal drug control programs targeted at reducing the demand for, and supply of, illicit drugs. (cia.gov)
  • In a session at the 24th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2022) last week, priorities and lessons learnt from the harm reduction programmes for people who inject drugs in Africa were discussed by a community panel followed by three case studies from Mozambique, Kenya, and Nigeria. (aidsmap.com)
  • Differentiated service delivery for people who inject drugs must include harm reduction services in addition to other services that are available to people living with HIV, including but not limited to testing, treatment, and care services. (aidsmap.com)
  • People who inject drugs are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 9% of all new HIV infections in the world. (aidsmap.com)
  • By 2030, a 40% growth is expected in the number of people who inject drugs in the region. (aidsmap.com)
  • Local laws also prevent development and delivery of services to people who inject drugs in the region: in 2020, no countries in the region permitted drug possession and only two had anti-discrimination laws for people who use drugs. (aidsmap.com)
  • Ahmad Said from the African Network of People who Inject Drugs touched on the remaining challenges due to current regulations. (aidsmap.com)
  • 6 The most effective way for individuals who inject drugs to avoid infections related to unsafe injection drug use is to stop injecting. (cdc.gov)
  • 8, 11 SSPs reach people who inject drugs, an often hidden and marginalized population. (cdc.gov)
  • Decisions about use of SSPs to prevent disease transmission and support the health and engagement of people who inject drugs are made at the state and local level. (cdc.gov)
  • Notably, new HIV infections among people who inject drugs increased 12% from 2014 to 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • The Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are investigating a large outbreak of recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among persons who inject drugs (PWID). (cdc.gov)
  • A new UCLA-led study published online in the Journal of General Internal Medicine points to a simple solution that could result in hundreds of dollars in savings per patient: Instead of brand-name drugs, substitute less expensive counterparts that have a similar therapeutic effect - a practice sometimes known as therapeutic interchange or therapeutic substitution. (uclahealth.org)
  • They found that 39 percent of Medicare patients receiving the low-income subsidy and 51 percent of patients not receiving the subsidy were eligible for a generic or therapeutic substitution. (uclahealth.org)
  • Each therapeutic substitution among subsidized patients would result in greater savings: The government would, on average, save $126 per year, and the health plan would save $305 per year. (uclahealth.org)
  • For each therapeutic substitution, each patients would save, on average, $113 per year, and the health plan would save $276 per year. (uclahealth.org)
  • In doing so, it essentially imposed a form of therapeutic substitution that assured prescribers that the answer to the question posed at the beginning of this article was affirmative - that all ACE inhibitors are equivalent. (cmaj.ca)
  • Five years later, the first evaluation of this policy of therapeutic substitution is being published (see page 737). (cmaj.ca)
  • Opioid substitution therapy has improved the survival of heroin users with and without HIV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The efficacy of detoxification as the main treatment intervention is limited, as compared to other therapeutic options such as opioid substitution therapy (OST) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such health and social interventions while in substitution therapy are common for Methadone Treatment Programs (MTP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The two essential harm reduction services are needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy (medication to reduce dependency and prevent withdrawal). (aidsmap.com)
  • Opioid substitution therapy is referred to as medication-assisted treatment in many countries whose laws don't allow for opioids to be mentioned. (aidsmap.com)
  • No effective cure for HIV exists at present but HIV can be suppressed by a combination of medicines called antiretroviral (ARV) therapy consisting of three or more ARV drugs. (who.int)
  • General health of opioid substitution therapy clients. (lu.se)
  • 16.8% methadone, 12.5% buprenorphine, and 2.9% both drugs. (arctichealth.org)
  • Providing users of an illegal drug (such as heroin) with a replacement drug (such as methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone) under medical supervision. (aidsmap.com)
  • Opioid dependence is a massive clinical and public health problem worldwide, and opioid substitution treatment such as methadone and buprenorphine is the usual guideline-recommended first-line medication treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Long-term self-treatment with methadone or buprenorphine as a response to barriers to opioid substitution treatment: The case of Sweden. (lu.se)
  • The researchers noted that not every substitution is appropriate for every patient, and they acknowledged that in some clinical scenarios, potential substitutions have already been tried unsuccessfully or may not be appropriate at all. (uclahealth.org)
  • These neurotransmitters act on their respective neuroreceptor sites to produce the clinical effects of the particular drug. (aafp.org)
  • It is important to understand the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) so that these agents can be used effectively in clinical practice, especially in multidrug regimens (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Obtain advice on selecting alternative treatments from clinical or drug information pharmacists. (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT This survey examined current patient awareness and understanding of generic substitution. (who.int)
  • ABSTRACT Concerns have been raised regarding the postmarketing quality of generic drugs. (who.int)
  • In 2016, WHO released the second edition of the Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. (who.int)
  • This holds true for individuals with Medicare Part D, also known as the prescription drug benefit, which subsidizes the cost of medications for about 28 million Medicare beneficiaries. (uclahealth.org)
  • Drug plan cost increases have levelled in recent years due to the large number of high-volume medications becoming available in generic form and provincial drug reforms driving down the price of generic drugs. (benefitscanada.com)
  • [1] Generic drugs have been identified as a cost-effective alternative to more expensive branded medications. (psychlinks.ca)
  • Generic medications undergo testing and must meet specific requirements set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can be used as substitutes for their branded counterparts. (psychlinks.ca)
  • OUD is characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress, while MAT provides Food and Drug Administration-approved medications in combination with counseling to manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms. (pewtrusts.org)
  • Routinely used medications have many potential interactions with drugs used during surgery, but few situations prohibit concurrent administration. (medscape.com)
  • Kluger et al showed that 44% of surgical patients took medications prior to surgery, with an average of 2.1 drugs per patient. (medscape.com)
  • Almost 50% of the drugs were omitted on the day of surgery, while on the first day after the operation, 33% of the medications were withheld. (medscape.com)
  • Medications are drugs used therapeutically (that is, to treat medical conditions). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The substitution of one psychoactive substance for another with the goal of reducing negative outcomes can be included within the framework of harm reduction. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • Opioid substitution treatment (OST) improves outcomes in opioid dependence. (karger.com)
  • However, controlled drugs used in treatment may be misused or diverted, resulting in negative treatment outcomes. (karger.com)
  • The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
  • Aromatic rings with strong electron withdrawal can undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution, which plays an important role in biochemistry. (yale.edu)
  • Insurers are protesting that specialty drug costs are forcing them to jack up premiums. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • During the meeting with Kikwete, Sidibe asked government officials to lead negotiations with international drug companies to improve access to low-cost antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in developing nations, the Guardian/IPP Media reports (4/6). (kff.org)
  • IPS writes that though "[d]octors on the programme … say its results show the benefit harm reduction treatment can have in tackling the spread of blood-borne diseases among injecting drug users and help often-ostracised addicts reintegrate into society" and "[t]he Afghan health ministry has backed the methadone trial … there are concerns over its future" (Stracansky, 4/5). (kff.org)
  • Approximately 90,000 patients receive methadone treatment in Spain, and this figure has remained constant since the early 1990's, when OST was focused to reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS and drug overdose [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic addiction substitution treatment (CAST) is a policy adopted by Vancouver City Council in 2007 to reduce the harms of drug prohibition by providing substitutes to those with addictions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vancouver has a long history of innovation in drug treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug substitution and maintenance treatment" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • A biopsychiatric model may assist family physicians in the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of drug abuse. (aafp.org)
  • 11,12 Research shows that new users of SSPs are five times more likely to enter drug treatment and about three times more likely to stop using drugs than those who don't use the programs. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1940, phenytoin (PHT) was found to be an effective drug for the treatment of epilepsy, and since then it has become a major first-line antiepileptic drug (AED) in the treatment of partial and secondarily generalized seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Ethosuximide has been used since 1958 as a first-choice drug for the treatment of absence seizures without generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (medscape.com)
  • It became the drug of choice in primary generalized epilepsies and in the mid 1990s was approved for treatment of partial seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Review the most recent sources of data on HIV diagnoses, HCV diagnoses (acute as well as past or present), overdose deaths, admissions for drug treatment, and drug arrests. (cdc.gov)
  • High rates of injection drug use and especially prescription-type opioid abuse, drug-related overdose, drug treatment admission, or drug arrests. (cdc.gov)
  • Now a team of investigators [ 1 ] from Lazio, Italy, have undertaken a Cochrane methodology systematic review to study the effectiveness of opioid substitution treatment with supervised dosing, compared with dispensing of medication for off-site consumption. (medscape.com)
  • The programme, which gives patients controlled doses of methadone to help them control their heroin addiction," is the country's "first major methadone drug substitution trial," according to the news service. (kff.org)
  • For each generic substitution among patients receiving a subsidy, the government would save an average of $156 per year, the researchers found. (uclahealth.org)
  • Patients not receiving the low-income subsidy would save $138 per year for each generic substitution. (uclahealth.org)
  • While generic substitution can help control drug plan costs, it does not always result in therapeutic equivalence in individual patients, and could lead to decreased efficacy and/or increased safety concerns. (benefitscanada.com)
  • A separate issue is the increasing number of drug therapies that are biologic in nature, or protein-based, making them more costly to manufacture and thus even more expensive for patients. (psychlinks.ca)
  • We found that 70% of patients were aware of the availability of generic medicines, 60% understood the terms "generic" and "branded" in relation to medicines and 64% were conscious of generic substitution practice. (who.int)
  • Nearly half (47%) the patients stated they would refuse generic substitution of ciclosporin when it became available if this was just to save the health authority money. (who.int)
  • In our opinion, random generic substitution should not be implemented because there is still uncertainty and lack of knowledge among patients. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a examiné les connaissances et la compréhension actuelles des patients en matière de substitution par des génériques. (who.int)
  • Nous avons trouvé que 70 % des patients connaissaient la disponibilité des médicaments génériques, 60 % comprenaient les termes « génériques » et « de marque » pour les médicaments et 64 % étaient conscients de la pratique de substitution par des génériques. (who.int)
  • Près de la moitié (47 %) des patients ont précisé qu'ils refuseraient une substitution par un générique de la ciclosporine quand ce dernier deviendra disponible, s'il s'agissait uniquement de permettre aux autorités de santé de faire des économies. (who.int)
  • À notre avis, la substitution par des génériques ne doit pas être mise en œuvre de manière aléatoire en raison de l'incertitude et des faibles connaissances des patients. (who.int)
  • Acute renal failure: May occur in elderly patients (with or without reduced renal function), patients with underlying renal disease who receive higher-than-recommended doses of valacyclovir hydrochloride for their level of renal function, patients who receive concomitant nephrotoxic drugs, or inadequately hydrated patients. (nih.gov)
  • Patients are complaining their drugs are unaffordable. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • Yet the issue of how to make drugs more affordable for individual patients and society is so complex and sensitive-and drug industry opposition so formidable-that a comprehensive, politically viable approach to solving the problem has yet to emerge. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • Indeed, fierce criticism from doctors and patients has the CMS taking a second look at its recent proposed rule to reduce Medicare Part B payments to doctors who administer expensive drugs in their offices, the most common mode for cancer chemotherapy drugs. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • However, the pharmacokinetic properties of captopril differ from those of other ACE inhibitors, and thus there may have been systematic differences (in terms of blood pressure, coexisting illnesses or severity of illness) between patients who received this drug initially and those who received one of the other drugs. (cmaj.ca)
  • Because some patients are willing to pay out-of-pocket to cover the difference in cost between their existing ACE inhibitor (a cost-shared drug in the new reference-based pricing system) and the no-cost drugs ("referenced" drugs in the reference-based pricing system), there are economic implications of deciding not to switch. (cmaj.ca)
  • For this purpose, we genotyped exon2, exon5 ( C540T and C588T ), exon7 ( T813C ), exon8 ( K289M ), and exon9 of GABRG2 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism and Sanger's sequencing in 87 drug-responsive idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients, 55 drug-resistant epilepsy patients, and 83 healthy controls. (hindawi.com)
  • Switches occur when patients receive medicines formally designated as biosimilars, but may also occur after manufacturing process changes have occurred, if the process changes lead to structural modifications or changes in the impurity profile of the biologic drug [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • A reduction in heroin use further increases adherence to substitution therapies and facilitates the implementation of harm-reduction interventions aimed to improve quality of life and health [ 5 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of this case-control research is to determine if GABRG2 polymorphisms contribute to IGE susceptibility and antiepileptic drug resistance in Pakistani population. (hindawi.com)
  • Pearls of antiepileptic drug use and management. (medscape.com)
  • At responding stability, rats were exposed to sequential phases of MXE substitution at different dosages (starting from 0.5 and then decreasing to 0.25 and 0.125 mg/kg). (erowid.org)
  • The multiple signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal often are not consistent because of variable dosages and the adulteration of drugs. (aafp.org)
  • At the same time, some insurance carriers have automatically implemented mandatory generic substitution policies on the majority of their plans (giving plan sponsors the option to opt out if they choose). (benefitscanada.com)
  • Although the report raised concerns for some drug safety advocates, others noted that even if it was correct, it involved only a tiny segment of the generic drug market. (psychlinks.ca)
  • In most states, pharmacists can dispense generic substitutes for brand-name drugs unless the prescriber specifies otherwise. (psychlinks.ca)
  • Over the years, various laws and regulations have been developed to guide generic substitutions. (psychlinks.ca)
  • Laws regulating generic substitution have been very stringent as well. (psychlinks.ca)
  • In the 1950s, as many as 40 states had strict antisubstitution laws, prohibiting pharmacists from substituting generic equivalents for branded drugs prescribed by physicians. (psychlinks.ca)
  • In the United Kingdom Misuse of Drugs Act, most ring-substituted phenethylamines are either listed by name or are covered by generic definitions dating from 1977. (nih.gov)
  • Is an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor an ACE inhibitor regardless of which of the numerous drug manufacturers, generic or branded, makes and markets the drug? (cmaj.ca)
  • When one company develops a generic version of another company's brand-name drug, the new company's experts in drug formulation must figure out how to make the drug. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Manufacturers must conduct studies to determine whether their version is bioequivalent to the original drug-that is, that the generic version releases its active ingredient (the drug) into the bloodstream at virtually the same speed and in virtually the same amounts as the original drug. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because the active ingredient in the generic drug has already been shown in testing of the brand-name drug to be safe and effective, bioequivalence studies only have to show that the generic version produces virtually the same levels of drug in the blood over time and thus require only a relatively small number (24 to 36) of healthy volunteers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • New forms include new dosage forms or strengths of an existing brand-name drug product and any other modified form that is developed, as well as new generic drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The increase in prescription drug costs is not sustainable over time, and we need to consider alternative approaches that are more cost-conscious," he said. (uclahealth.org)
  • A Kaiser Family Foundation survey last month found 77% of Americans say prescription drug costs are unreasonable, with 82% backing giving Medicare the power to negotiate drug prices. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • One way to try to assess such effects is to use population-based data available from government prescription drug programs. (cmaj.ca)
  • 9 In 2019, 14.3% of high school students reported using opioids without a prescription and 1.6% reported having ever injected drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • all reported dissolving and injecting tablets of the prescription-type opioid oxymorphone (OPANA® ER) using shared drug preparation and injection equipment. (cdc.gov)
  • Our Valtrex Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • Antiepileptic drugs should be used carefully, with consideration of medication interactions and potential side effects. (medscape.com)
  • This trial has several features that we believe limit its value for evaluating the effectiveness of community salt substitution. (givewell.org)
  • Our best guess is that community salt substitution is below the range of cost effectiveness of programs we would consider directing funding to. (givewell.org)
  • Salt substitution is inexpensive and likely reduces the risk of high-burden cardiovascular diseases, yet its ongoing cost constrains its cost-effectiveness. (givewell.org)
  • Socio-demographic and drug use characteristics, and markers of viral infections were assessed at entry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nearly 30 years of research has shown that comprehensive SSPs are safe, effective, and cost-saving, do not increase illegal drug use or crime, and play an important role in reducing the transmission of viral hepatitis, HIV and other infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral hepatitis, HIV, and other blood-borne pathogens can spread through injection drug use if people use needles, syringes, or other injection materials that were previously used by someone who had one of these infections. (cdc.gov)
  • 16,17 The majority of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are due to injection drug use, and the nation has seen a 4.9-fold increase in reported cases of HCV from 2010 to 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this report is to present results of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Model Performance Evaluation Program (MPEP) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) drug susceptibility testing survey sent to participants in March 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • The number of participating laboratories that reported testing each antituberculosis drug in the March 2021 survey is presented in Figure 5. (cdc.gov)
  • In late 2014, interviews conducted with three persons newly diagnosed with HIV infections in three separate venues (i.e., an outpatient clinic, a drug rehabilitation program, during a hospitalization) indicated that two of these persons had recently injected drugs and had numerous syringe-sharing and sexual partners. (cdc.gov)
  • What Drugs, Substances, or Supplements Interact with Valtrex? (rxlist.com)
  • On this page, the EMCDDA has compiled examples of advice being issued to people who use drugs (PWUD) and service providers by some national bodies and different associations, networks and NGOs in the early phase of the pandemic. (europa.eu)
  • The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is the reference point on drugs and drug addiction information in Europe. (europa.eu)
  • Of these, nine (MBDB, 4-MTA, PMMA, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, TMA-2, 5-IT and 4-MA) were submitted for risk assessment by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (nih.gov)
  • The symptoms of drug abuse are frequently misdiagnosed. (aafp.org)
  • In this model, the signs and symptoms of drugs of abuse ( Figure 1 ) are organized around the activity of six neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
  • No known drug of abuse interacts singularly with the brain to produce unique symptom clusters. (aafp.org)
  • A knowledge of the symptoms associated with each neurotransmitter can facilitate diagnostic evaluation in drug abuse and withdrawal states ( Table 2 ) . (aafp.org)
  • As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
  • Each drug of abuse causes the release of one or more neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
  • Hence the relative price of the cost-shared drug increases and its consumption can be expected to fall. (cmaj.ca)
  • 1,2 The increase in substance use, including stimulant use, has resulted in concomitant increases in injection drug use across the country. (cdc.gov)
  • 14 State, local, tribal, or territorial health departments must first consult with CDC and provide evidence that their jurisdiction is experiencing or at risk for significant increases in hepatitis infections or an HIV outbreak due to injection drug use. (cdc.gov)
  • All participants reported results for three of the first-line drugs (RMP, INH and EMB) and 66 (94%) also reported results for PZA by growth-based DST methods. (cdc.gov)
  • As networks of people who use drugs, harm reduction, drug law reform, HIV professionals, and human rights organisations we wish to call your attention to a largely overlooked aspect of the catastrophic situation currently unfolding in Crimea. (idpc.net)
  • Harm reduction is a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use (including safer use, managed use and abstinence). (aidsmap.com)
  • Inter Press Service reports on efforts to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS and other diseases among Afghanistan's injection drug users through a drug substitution program. (kff.org)
  • The best way to reduce the risk of acquiring and transmitting disease through injection drug use is to stop injecting drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • During the last decade, the United States has seen an increase in injection drug use - primarily the injection of opioids. (cdc.gov)
  • Until recently, CDC had observed a steady decline since the mid-1990s in HIV diagnoses attributable to injection drug use. (cdc.gov)
  • Injection drug use accounts for an estimated 8% 2 of the approximate 50,000 annual new HIV infections in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)
  • Skyrocketing healthcare costs have become a national issue, and drug expenditures account for 11% of those costs in the United States. (psychlinks.ca)
  • The intention of salt substitution is to reduce the risk of diseases related to high blood pressure. (givewell.org)
  • Additional monitoring of the patient or plasma drug concentrations may be required when different treatments or formulations are used perioperatively. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of infection is made more arduous since SOT recipients may present with more than one infection or at later stages in the disease process or may experience drug toxicity from immunosuppressive agents, as well as from antibiotics. (medscape.com)
  • Spanish drug users were heavily impacted by HIV infection to a point that there was a reduction in life expectancy for the general population during the early 1990's [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For people who do not stop injecting drugs, using sterile injection equipment for each injection can reduce the risk of infection and prevent outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • 3 HCV infection is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States and percutaneous exposure via drug-injecting equipment contaminated with HCV-infected blood is the most frequent mode of transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • These factors are further complicated by interactions related to multiple drug use, mixed intoxication-withdrawal states and idiosyncratic reactions. (aafp.org)
  • Community salt substitution is the replacement of normal table salt with a salt substitute, in which potassium chloride replaces a portion of the sodium chloride, for all members of a community. (givewell.org)
  • The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Together with evidence from a meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrating that blood pressure-lowering drugs reduce the risk of high-burden cardiovascular diseases, we believe this constitutes moderately strong evidence that the intervention reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and deaths. (givewell.org)
  • Opioid-related deaths and previous care for drug use and pain relief in Sweden. (lu.se)
  • it also required that drugs be manufactured in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practice. (psychlinks.ca)
  • Among ligand-gated channel genes, the genes encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are considered a hotspot for susceptibility of IGE because of the extensive distribution of GABA receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), their potential for postsynaptic inhibition, and regulation by therapeutically important antiepileptic drugs [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The number of MTBC isolates tested for drug susceptibility by the 70 participants in 2020 (excluding isolates used for quality control) is shown in Figure 2. (cdc.gov)
  • The overall impact of copayments is to reduce consumption of the item of interest, because something that was previously available free of charge (in this case, the cost-shared drug) now involves a cost to the patient, although the reference drug (or drugs) is still free to the patient. (cmaj.ca)
  • The study shows that people who use drugs are vulnerable to infectious diseases due to risky sexual behaviour, their consumption of drugs and precarious living conditions. (medecinsdumonde.org)
  • Participants free from the domestic consumption of drugs is terparts [16-19]. (who.int)
  • Furthermore, people who use drugs are extremely vulnerable to infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis C or tuberculosis and they need to be taken care of and given the appropriate care. (medecinsdumonde.org)
  • We did not identify direct evidence that community salt substitution reduces cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. (givewell.org)
  • However, it is possible there are opportunities to promote community salt substitution through public health regulation or other approaches , which we have not modeled yet and that may be more cost-effective. (givewell.org)
  • This affects families and children, and it's a potentially life-threatening situation," said John Rother, CEO of the National Coalition on Health Care and head of the Campaign for Sustainable Rx Pricing, a broad coalition of groups advocating market-based approaches to curbing drug costs. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • Other drug companies are shifting the blame to insurers, arguing that health plans are pushing excessive costs on members through high deductibles and copayments. (modernhealthcare.com)
  • When the employees at a police department in Kentucky expressed concern about potential exposures and health effects when working in the vault used to store drug evidence, their agency contacted the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to request a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE). (cdc.gov)
  • One randomized controlled trial (RCT) of salt substitution, conducted in elderly men rather than all members of a community, reports a 41% reduction in cardiovascular mortality. (givewell.org)
  • A SA substitution study was performed in male rats trained to intravenously (IV) self-administer ketamine. (erowid.org)
  • This Case Study involves an accident DUI case which was not only initially charged as a felony DUI but involved a client which was also charged with both a DUI involving alcohol and a driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) charge . (expertlawfirm.com)