• Although C. albicans is the predominant etiologic agent of candidiasis, other Candida species that tend to be less susceptible to the commonly used antifungal drugs such as C. krusei , C. glabrata , C. lusitaniae , and the newest Candida species, C. dubliniensis, have emerged as substantial opportunistic pathogens ( 10 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • If compensatory mutations are indeed widespread, pathogens can reach both high level of resistance and high fitness. (elifesciences.org)
  • One very important application of this work is investigating how pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) respond to antibiotics, as this helps inform how Mtb develops antimicrobial resistance or drug resistance. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • However, with continued use of antibiotics, pathogens have developed antibiotic resistance that has rendered some antibiotics ineffective. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • As antibiotic resistance in microbial pathogens embodies a global threat to public health, it demands the development of novel strategies for managing microbial infections. (nature.com)
  • Over the last decade, research on antimicrobials has shifted towards an alternative approach to combat pathogens using anti-infective drugs that selectively interrupt virulence pathways to help prevent or cure bacterial infections. (nature.com)
  • Anti-infective drugs that do not perturb survival or viability of bacterial pathogens should be less likely to promote resistance than conventional antibiotics 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Natural bioactive compounds derived from plant species show promising therapeutic properties to combat the emerging resistance in microbial pathogens, which can be exploited as next generation anti-infective drugs. (nature.com)
  • Once they are present in rivers, antibiotic resistance genes are capable of being transferred among bacteria, including pathogens, through horizontal gene transfer. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Microbial pathogens with resistance to conventional drugs are a problem of global proportions and in response, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been developed. (benthamscience.com)
  • The long-term goal of this program is to contribute to increase awareness among national policy makers about improving bacterial diagnosis, and controlling antibiotic resistance, by guiding healthcare policy, especially regarding the use and supply of antibiotics and establishing programs to combat resistance in healthcare systems. (hku.hk)
  • The clinical pipeline of the new antibiotics remains dry due to the production of AmpC beta-lactamases by the bacteria to develop resistance against antibiotics. (nih.gov)
  • 17). Resistance to most commonly available antibiotics was moderate to very high among Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. (who.int)
  • As a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective and infections become increasingly difficult or impossible to treat . (who.int)
  • Influence of Reactive Oxygen Species on De Novo Acquisition of Resistance to Bactericidal Antibiotics. (uva.nl)
  • Genome rearrangements in Escherichia coli during de novo acquisition of resistance to a single antibiotic or two antibiotics successively. (uva.nl)
  • Risk for the development of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to feeding of calves with milk containing residues of antibiotics. (uva.nl)
  • Dynamics of mutations during development of resistance by Pseudomonas aeruginosa against five antibiotics. (uva.nl)
  • The risk of low concentrations of antibiotics in agriculture for resistance in human health care. (uva.nl)
  • Fifteen isolates displayed resistance to one or more tested antibiotics, and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were present at a high level (29% [9/31] of S. aureus-positive participants). (cdc.gov)
  • Antibiotics are required to treat a wide variety of microbial infections. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Some bacteria can transfer their resistance to antibiotics to other bacteria, which can cause more problems. (bd.com)
  • The presence of antibiotics, even at sub-inhibitory concentrations, can stimulate bacterial metabolism and thus contribute to the selection and maintenance of antibiotic resistance genes," Pruden explains. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Pruden says reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance is a critical measure needed to prolong the effectiveness of currently available antibiotics. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But some bacterial infections have since developed resistance to antibiotics. (healthline.com)
  • Resistance happens when bacteria come in contact with antibiotics and survive. (healthline.com)
  • Description Microbial resistance to antibiotics is one of the most pressing health care concerns we are currently facing. (rutgers.edu)
  • This work further adds to the understanding of the role of RND efflux pumps in resistance to antibiotics, which is critical in understanding multi-drug resistance in Gram negative bacteria. (rutgers.edu)
  • In the absence of the development of new generations of antibiotic drugs, appropriate use of existing antibiotics is needed to ensure the long-term availability of effective treatment for bacterial infections. (hindawi.com)
  • This review is conducted to evaluate the prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic utilization and resistance to antibiotics in Ethiopia. (hindawi.com)
  • It is well established that antibiotic use is a significant, and modifiable, driver of antibiotic resistance [ 4 , 5 ] and that antibiotics are often misused [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • JimO'Neil, Chairman of the review on Antimicrobial Resistance has said that drug-resistant infections already kill hundreds of thousands a year globally, and warned that by 2050 that figure could be more than 10 million. (hku.hk)
  • Fungal biofilm-associated infections are frequently refractory to conventional therapy because of resistance to antimicrobial agents. (cdc.gov)
  • Biofilm-associated Candida show uniform resistance to a wide spectrum of the currently available conventional antifungal agents, which implies that antimicrobial drugs that specifically target biofilm-associated infections are needed. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of drugs effective in combating biofilm-associated infections could lead to major developments in the treatment of fungal implant infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Antimicrobial resistance in intra-abdominal infections -- 19. (nshealth.ca)
  • According to the global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system, the rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin an antibiotic commonly used to treat urinary tract infections, varied from 8.4% to 92.9% for Escherichia coli and from 4.1% to 79.4% for Klebsiellapneumoniae in different countries. (nih.gov)
  • ICAP at Columbia University is being funded to develop a network of four hospitals in Kenya to improve their ability to detect bacterial infections, determine antibiotic resistance in the infections, assess antibiotic use and the prevalence of healthcare-acquired infections, and develop an antibiotic stewardship collaborative to improve the use of antimicrobials at the hospitals. (cdc.gov)
  • Microbial infections were observed in 30% (155/519) of all patients consecutively admitted in 1993 to the adult intensive care unit in the Jordan University Hospital in Amman. (who.int)
  • Des infections microbiennes ont été observées chez 30% (155/519) de l'ensemble des malades admis au service de soins intensifs pour adultes de l'Hôpital universitaire de Jordanie à Amman en 1993. (who.int)
  • This volume includes discussions about options for diagnosing and treating fungal infections, as well as challenges presented by emerging drug-resistant strains. (cshlpress.com)
  • In 2015, you're not supposed to confront infections that we can't fight," said Spellberg, the author of a book on the growing danger of drug-resistant disease that he titled Rising Plague . (rand.org)
  • As a result of drug resistance, infections become harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death. (bd.com)
  • We engage in advocacy with governments, funders and health agencies to advance innovations to address the world's leading public health needs, including drug-resistant infections. (bd.com)
  • BD is leveraging its extensive global capabilities to meaningfully engage around 5 key strategies to reduce the burden of drug-resistant infections. (bd.com)
  • The treatment of bacterial and fungal infections relies particularly on antimicrobial drugs, while the focus in treating viral infections is the alleviation of symptoms. (helsinki.fi)
  • This is important since "new drug discovery can no longer keep pace with emerging antibiotic-resistant infections," Pruden says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • i>Although they're necessary to eradicate lung infections, repeated use of these drugs can lead to antibiotic resistance, making it tougher to treat future infections. (biomerieux.com)
  • Genetic editing of multi-resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from meat during transfer. (uva.nl)
  • Transfer dynamics of multi-resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from meat. (uva.nl)
  • Antibiotic resistance plasmid composition and architecture in Escherichia coli isolates from meat. (uva.nl)
  • Effects of a previously selected antibiotic resistance on mutations acquired during development of a second resistance in Escherichia coli . (uva.nl)
  • Effects of Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, and the SOS Response on De Novo Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli. (uva.nl)
  • We present our study on the efficacy and phenotypic impact of compensatory evolution in Escherichia coli strains carrying multiple resistance mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • Daniel Tadesse, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, Laurel, MD) and colleagues from the FDA, Texas Tech University (Lubbock, TX), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA, Clay Center, NE) coauthored the article entitled "Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of CTX-M Containing Escherichia coli Isolates from Retail Meats and Cattle in the United States. (eurasiareview.com)
  • Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from market retail fruits in Guangzhou, China. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC supports innovative research to slow antimicrobial resistance through various funding mechanisms . (cdc.gov)
  • Other mechanisms may be related to the fluoroquinolones resistance, highlighting the need for additional mutation screening. (scielo.br)
  • However, the efficacy of these antimicrobials and their mechanisms of resistance remain to be elucidated. (dtu.dk)
  • It can be used to reliably investigate the activity of microbial drug resistance mechanisms and other microbial mechanisms relevant to infection or its treatment. (helsinki.fi)
  • Co-selection occurs through two primary mechanisms: i) co-resistance, when genes encoding both are located together in the genome and ii), cross-resistance, when the same mechanism provides resistance to both (e.g. efflux pump proteins). (rutgers.edu)
  • Together, this work describes the abundance and inventory of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms in the mummichog gut microbiome and establishes the fish gut as a reservoir of such genes. (rutgers.edu)
  • Biofilms can be composed of a population that developed from a single species or a community derived from multiple microbial species ( 14 , 17 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Biofilms are an ensemble of microbial cells irreversibly associated with a surface and enclosed in an essentially self-produced matrix. (intechopen.com)
  • In response to the initial recommendations of the O'Neill review " Tackling a global health crisis: Initial steps " , the UK Government has launched the Fleming Fund to tackle the growing problem of drug-resistant infection. (hku.hk)
  • Dr Jeremy Farrar, Director of the Wellcome Trust, said: "In our interconnected world drug-resistant infection is a threat to us all, and increasingly driving a global health crisis. (hku.hk)
  • It is likely that patterns of microbial infection and antibiotic resistance in ICU patients differ widely from one hospital or country to another and are often facilitated by the increasing use of invasive techniques, immunosuppressive drugs and inappropriate antibiotic therapy [1,4-7]. (who.int)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of microbial infection in association with antibiotic resistance among patients consecutively admitted to the adult ICU in the Jordan University Hospital in Amman over a one-year period. (who.int)
  • Drug Resistance Mutations and Associated Phenotypes Detected in Clinical Trials of Maribavir for Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infection. (harvard.edu)
  • We offer a wide range of medical products, platforms and offerings that can be used to prevent the spread of infection in healthcare facilities, such as diagnostic systems to screen, test and diagnose infection, including drug-resistant strains, as well as state-of-the-art surveillance and reporting capabilities to monitor, track and predict AMR outbreaks. (bd.com)
  • PACT involves the delivery of a non-toxic photo-sensitiser (PS) to the site of a microbial infection, which is then taken up by the pathogen. (benthamscience.com)
  • But antibiotic overuse has given bacteria the advantage in recent years, while economic reality has shifted the focus of drug companies and researchers to more profitable therapies. (rand.org)
  • In theory, the extent of fitness costs determines the long-term stability of resistance, and consequently, the rate by which the frequency of resistant bacteria decreases in an antibiotic-free environment. (elifesciences.org)
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of miroorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) to nullify the effects of antimicrobial drugs, resulting in these drugs becoming ineffective. (bd.com)
  • Abby has worked on comparative genomics projects of many different bacteria, including analyses of whole genome sequences of M. tuberculosis , Enterococcus , Fusobacterium , E. coli , and other microbes, with particular emphasis on the evolution of drug resistance and virulence factors. (broadinstitute.org)
  • She is doing her PhD thesis at Delft University of Technology in Thomas Abeel's group, exploring antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria. (broadinstitute.org)
  • i>The presence of multidrug resistant bacteria in the airways of patients with CF is associated with decreased microbial diversity and decreased pulmonary function. (biomerieux.com)
  • But some studies have shown that bacteria can begin to develop antibiotic resistance as early as 11 days. (healthline.com)
  • Although antibiotic resistance refers to bacteria and to your body, there are still steps you can take to avoid contributing to it. (healthline.com)
  • It allows the comprehensive determination of microbial gene activity. (helsinki.fi)
  • However, the cost of resistance can be mitigated by compensatory mutations elsewhere in the genome, and therefore the loss of resistance may proceed too slowly to be of practical importance. (elifesciences.org)
  • The most frequent target of resistance mutations was the plasmid-encoded SpCas9 that was inactivated by bacterial genome rearrangements involving translocation of mobile genetic elements such as insertion elements. (dtu.dk)
  • Genome analyses revealed few instance of co-resistance, and instead, presented various chromosomally-encoded resistance genes, including some of public health concern, (i.e. a blaOXA carbapenemase), and contributions from cross-resistance. (rutgers.edu)
  • Multiple bacterial isolates from a single patient with the same resistance patterns were considered as one isolate for studying minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using Micro Scan, Type TN dried panel (Baxter Health Care Corporation, West Sacramento, California, USA). (who.int)
  • Nasal and throat swabs were collected and plated onto selective media to isolate methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), followed by antibiotic resistance testing and molecular analysis of the isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • The sensitivity of ODELAM allows us to detect different resistance states in individual clinical isolates. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • The ESBL E. coli isolates from meat samples, including chicken breast, ground turkey, ground beef, and pork chops, were collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). (eurasiareview.com)
  • Any drug impairing crucial processes for bacterial life will inevitably lead to the development of drug-resistant strains, whereas the inhibition of biofilm formation might prevent the onset of bacterial resistance. (intechopen.com)
  • In this section, we will focus on proteins involved in biofilm formation as useful targets for the development of new drugs that can effectively and specifically impair biofilm formation with slight effects on cell survival, thus avoiding the generation of drug-resistant strains. (intechopen.com)
  • The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. (scielo.br)
  • However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. (scielo.br)
  • Factors that affect transfer of the IncI1 β-lactam resistance plasmid pESBL-283 between E. coli strains. (uva.nl)
  • But drug-resistant strains of disease-"superbugs" in the headlines-have spread in recent years through hospitals, nursing homes, even locker rooms. (rand.org)
  • Testing of the strains shows that RND efflux pumps may be involved in resistance to several classes of drugs. (rutgers.edu)
  • To date, there is no single and clinically active drug available that inhibits the AmpC enzyme and combats multidrug resistance and its transmission in individuals. (nih.gov)
  • Data were extracted on important variables like the sample size, region of the study, the inappropriate antibiotic use, bacterial detection rate, multidrug resistance pattern, and more other variables. (hindawi.com)
  • The random-effects model was used to provide point estimates (with 95% confidence interval (CI)) of bacterial detection rate, inappropriate antibiotic use, and multidrug resistance rate to account for heterogeneity. (hindawi.com)
  • 2012 - Published final Guidance for Industry #209 , which established a framework for ending production uses (e.g., increased rate of weight gain and improved feed efficiency) of medically important antimicrobials and brought the remaining therapeutic uses of such drugs in food-producing animals under veterinary oversight. (fda.gov)
  • Emergence of new infectious organisms, microbial resistance to therapeutic drugs, and increased emphasis on prevention have expanded the role of communication as a vital component of public health practice. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past 15 to 20 years, clinicians have had to use second-line drugs more and more because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • While the number of targets did not significantly affect efficiency of killing, it did reduce the emergence of chromosomal mutations conferring resistance. (dtu.dk)
  • Archived rilpivirine-associated resistance mutations among ART-naive and virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 subtype C in Botswana: implications for cabotegravir/rilpivirine use. (harvard.edu)
  • Emerging integrase strand transfer inhibitor drug resistance mutations among children and adults on ART in Tanzania: findings from a national representative HIV drug resistance survey. (harvard.edu)
  • HIV virologic response, patterns of drug resistance mutations and correlates among adolescents and young adults: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania. (harvard.edu)
  • High concordance in plasma and CSF HIV-1 drug resistance mutations despite high cases of CSF viral escape in individuals with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana. (harvard.edu)
  • The extent of resistance loss was found to be generally antibiotic-specific, driven by mutations that reduce both resistance level and fitness costs of antibiotic-resistance mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • We conclude that phenotypic reversion to the antibiotic-sensitive state can be mediated by the acquisition of additional mutations, while maintaining the original resistance mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, in other cases, such deleterious side effects of resistance mutations are undetectable, and resistance can even confer benefits in specific, antibiotic-free environmental settings ( Maharjan and Ferenci, 2017 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • It is frequently assumed that such compensatory mutations mitigate the fitness costs of resistance mutations without affecting the level of resistance. (elifesciences.org)
  • As the range of targets for compensation is much broader, compensatory mutations are more likely than the reversion of resistance mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • This so-called antibiotic-induced population heterogeneity is key to how organisms like Mtb develop antibiotic resistance. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Now, decades of misuse and outdated guidelines have driven a rise in the organisms that are resistant to these lifesaving drugs. (bd.com)
  • Malaria epidemiology, drug protection and drug susceptibility in a holendemic area of Liberia / by Anders Björkman. (who.int)
  • The resistance to these drugs has also led to the reemergence of old infectious diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • In the first reports on XDR TB, including the manuscript in Emerging Infectious Diseases, XDR TB was defined as TB that's resistant not only to the 2 main first-line drugs, but also to at least 3 of the 6 main classes of second-line drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • In the age of antibiotic resistance and precise microbiome engineering, CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials promise to have a substantial impact on the way we treat diseases in the future. (dtu.dk)
  • Pruden who has developed the concept of antibiotic resistance genes as environmental pollutants has an international reputation in applied microbial ecology, environmental remediation, and environmental reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. (sciencedaily.com)
  • He is currently exploring the impact of antibiotic use on the human gut resistome and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance elements during international travel. (broadinstitute.org)
  • In fiscal years 2016 through 2021, more than $52 million was awarded through the BAA to fight antimicrobial resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • 2012. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression by nutrients and by-products of microbial metabolism. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • This resistance is acquired through gene mutation. (harvard.edu)
  • In her work outlined in the Environmental Science and Technology article, she and her co-authors, H. Storteboom, M. Arabi and J.G. Davis, all of Colorado State University, and B. Crimi of Delft University in The Netherlands, identified specific patterns of antibiotic resistance gene occurrence in a Colorado watershed. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They assert that such unique patterns of antibiotic resistance gene occurrence represent promising molecular signatures that may then be used as tracers of specific manmade sources. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Their findings showed detection of one particular antibiotic resistance gene in 100 percent of the treatment plant and animal feeding operations, but only once in the clean section of the Poudre River. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Using Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) we studied the killing efficiency and resistance mutation rate towards CRISPR-Cas9 antimicrobials and elucidated the underlying genetic alterations. (dtu.dk)
  • The work presented here provides a guide to design strategies that reduce resistance and improve the activity of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials. (dtu.dk)
  • 2010 - Published the first annual summary report of antimicrobials sold or distributed for use in food-producing animals in accordance with section 105 of the Animal Drug User Fee Amendments of 2008 ( ADUFA Reports ). (fda.gov)
  • The long-term effectiveness of most antibiotic treatments is restricted by both pathogen drug resistance and non-target effects on the host's commensal microbial community. (nature.com)
  • Next, the microbial RNA is enriched to magnify pathogen information. (helsinki.fi)
  • Illumination of the PS by light at an appropriate wavelength can lead to inactivation of the pathogen through the production of highly reactive free radical species, which induce oxidative damage to microbial targets such as lipid, proteins and DNA. (benthamscience.com)
  • Multi-drug resistance and its transmission is a ubiquitous health issue worldwide. (nih.gov)
  • Since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in Shigella dysenteriae, Sh. (nih.gov)
  • This species, however, unlike C. albicans, has been shown to readily develop stable resistance to fluconazole in vitro and in infected patients, strongly suggesting that C. dubliniensis possesses a readily inducible fluconazole resistance mechanism ( 11 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Working with colleagues at Harvard, WHO, and many others, we negotiated a pooled procurement mechanism through which the drug companies gave us massive discounts on the price of second-line drugs, anywhere from 60% to 95% discounts. (cdc.gov)
  • This resistance mechanism can be overcome by re-introduction of an intact copy of SpCas9. (dtu.dk)
  • This paper brings 'home' the seriousness of the issue of antimicrobial drug resistance. (eurasiareview.com)
  • 2012 - Published draft Guidance #213 ( Docket ID: FDA-2011-D-0889 ), in which CVM provided more detailed guidance to sponsors regarding how to align their antimicrobial drug products with GFI #209 recommendations. (fda.gov)
  • The revised regulation improves the efficiency of the VFD process, a critical step to facilitate implementation of GFI #213 to transition the marketing status of antimicrobial drug products from OTC use to VFD use under the direction of a licensed veterinarian (veterinary oversight). (fda.gov)
  • A transcriptomic study is in progress to understand the regulation of arsenate resistance and the potential involvement of RND efflux pumps under metal stress. (rutgers.edu)
  • There are alternatives to full NADAs, including Conditional New Animal Drug Approval (CNADA ) and Indexing . (fda.gov)
  • N. gonorrhoeae has quickly developed resistance to each recommended treatment over time and gonorrhea is classified as an Urgent Threat in CDC's 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. (cdc.gov)
  • A 4-mo regimen of isoniazid and rifampin is acceptable therapy for adults who have active tuberculosis and who are sputum-smear and culture negative, if there is little possibility of drug resistance (see Section 1 above). (cdc.gov)
  • When TB is resistant to the 2 main, first-line drugs - isoniazid and rifampin - we call that multidrug-resistant TB or MDR TB. (cdc.gov)
  • So, the new definition of XDR TB is TB that's resistant to the 2 main first-line drugs - isoniazid and rifampin - and, in addition, is resistant to the two most important groups of second-line drugs - fluoroquinolones and injectable agents. (cdc.gov)
  • This resistance could be in part due to the surface-induced upregulation of drug efflux pumps. (cdc.gov)
  • Lucas focusses mainly on designing mathematical models, algorithms and data structures to analyse bacterial genomic data, to support our projects like understanding Enterococcus antibiotic resistance. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Therefore, three microbial groups were used: Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Studies on resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium falciparum with potential application to the development of a modified in vitro susceptibility test / by Michael Davis Rogers. (who.int)
  • Campylobacter jejuni response when inoculated in bovine in vitro fecal microbial consortia incubations in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. (usda.gov)
  • As a first step, we strongly encourage aquaculture new animal drug sponsors to review CVM GFI #61: Special Considerations, Incentives, and Programs to Support the Approval of New Animal Drugs for Minor Uses and for Minor Species . (fda.gov)
  • CVM GFI #61: Special Considerations, Incentives, and Programs to Support the Approval of New Animal Drugs for Minor Uses and for Minor Species provides additional information for developing the Target Animal Safety and Effectiveness technical sections for aquaculture sponsors. (fda.gov)
  • Drug Resistance, Viral" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • Ethambutol (or streptomycin in children too young to be monitored for visual acuity) should also be included until the results of drug susceptibility studies are available, unless there is little possibility of drug resistance (see Section 1 above). (cdc.gov)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Drug resistance, Microbial. (who.int)
  • Extrapulmonary tuberculosis should be managed according to the principles and with the drug regimens outlined for pulmonary tuberculosis, except for children who have miliary tuberculosis, bone/joint tuberculosis, or tuberculous meningitis who should receive a minimum of 12 mo of therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • p>But exactly how antibiotic resistance impacts the relationship between lung bacterial diversity and CF patients' pulmonary function is not fully understood. (biomerieux.com)
  • That decreases the diversity of the microbial community that resides in the lungs, a factor associated with disease progression. (biomerieux.com)
  • Remarkably, although cells are genetically identical, individual cells in a population respond differently to antibiotic drugs. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Within the last few months we've heard a lot about extensively drug-resistant TB - or XDR TB - and there has been a big outbreak in South Africa that has received a lot of media coverage. (cdc.gov)
  • But the 'X' stands for 'Extensively' and the correct name is 'Extensively Drug-Resistant TB. (cdc.gov)
  • Now this is where XDR - or extensively drug-resistant - TB comes into the picture. (cdc.gov)
  • Advanced Pharmacological Uses of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of drug discovery from natural sources that allow for the effective treatment of human health problems without any side effects, toxicity, or drug resistance. (credoreference.com)
  • Table 1 Effects on drug resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two goals of a standard target animal safety study are to identify any harmful side effects of the drug and to establish a margin of safety for the drug. (fda.gov)
  • Resistance to the lytic effects of serum complement confers virulence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the Effectiveness technical section, the sponsor must show that the new animal drug works in the target animal(s) when it is used according to the label. (fda.gov)
  • The goal of a standard effectiveness study is to make sure the drug will do what it is expected to do when it is used under the conditions of use proposed by the sponsor. (fda.gov)