• Efforts should also be made to gauge the effects of such factors as immunologic surveillance and chemical cocarcinogens on ultraviolet photocarcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • KLH-specific suppressor factors produced in vitro efficiently diminished primary and secondary responses to trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet haemocyanin (TNP-KLH) in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both IgM and IgG responses were approximately equally affected, These suppressor factors were not genetically restricted, as allogeneic suppressor factors worked as efficiently as syngeneic factors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, xenogeneic human suppressor factors were effective in mice and suppressed the responses as efficiently as syngeneic factors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Factors like brain-gut axis interactions, immunologic disturbances, oxidative stress, and vagus nerve dysfunction can cause inflammatory bowel disease and mental disorders. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Initiation of therapy in the asymptomatic person is more complex and involves consideration of multiple virologic, immunologic, and psychosocial factors. (cdc.gov)
  • other studies have suggested additional roles for immunologic factors in mediating this molecularly heterogeneous and often rapidly fatal neoplasm ( 5 - 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Arguably the two most prominent factors are genetic variability and immunologic status of the exposed individual. (hindawi.com)
  • Bacteremias in the systemic circulation and bacterial byproducts (eg, endotoxins), as well as the resultant proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to those bacteria, may result in a systemic immune response, dyslipidemia, and an increased risk of atherosclerotic lesion formation. (cdeworld.com)
  • Cytokines are communication proteins released by certain white blood cells that transmit information to other cells, promoting the immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • Interferon secreted by leukocytes , fibroblasts , or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens , or allo-antigens. (lookformedical.com)
  • An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
  • Env-specific antibody responses were detected in 15 (50%) of 30 vaccine recipients by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and in 28 (93.3%) of 30 vaccine recipients by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting. (emmes.com)
  • A single injection induced HIV-1 antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell, CD8(+) T cell, and antibody responses in the majority of vaccine recipients. (emmes.com)
  • Specific suppression of antibody responses in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A relationship between antibody responses to rotavirus vaccination and protection against rotavirus gastro-enteritis has not been. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • Pharmacodynamics Immunogenicity: A relationship between antibody responses to rotavirus vaccination and. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • Mitochondrial viability, as an indirect measure of cytotoxicity, and cytokine release in response to the treatment intervention were assessed. (nih.gov)
  • Dose-Response Relationship-- The quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a toxicant and the incidence of the adverse effects. (cdc.gov)
  • The most serious adverse effects affect the eye, with dose-related retinopathy as a concern even after hydroxychloroquine use is discontinued. (wikipedia.org)
  • It should be evaluated at a patient visit," said M. Elaine Husni, MD, MPH, the vice chair of the department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases and director of the Arthritis Center at the Cleveland Clinic. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Hypotheses need to be based on proposed mechanisms, critical time windows for effects, prior knowledge of physical, physiologic, and immunologic development, as well as genetic pathways potentially influenced by the exposures. (creod.on.ca)
  • Cyclic GMP plays a central role in the regulation of many physiologic responses, including the modulation of immune responses. (livonlabs.com)
  • These white blood cells make antibodies as part of the antibody-mediated immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • People taking 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine or less per day generally have a negligible risk of macular toxicity, whereas the risk begins to increase when a person takes the medication over five years or has a cumulative dose of more than 1000 grams. (wikipedia.org)
  • The daily safe maximum dose for eye toxicity can be estimated from a person's height and weight. (wikipedia.org)
  • Macular toxicity is related to the total cumulative dose rather than the daily dose. (wikipedia.org)
  • More commonly, multidrug regimens incorporating drugs with different mechanisms of action and different toxicities are used to increase efficacy, reduce dose-related toxicity, and decrease the probability of drug resistance. (msdmanuals.com)
  • How far apart should the doses of vaccines be? (bvsalud.org)
  • Because epitope-based vaccines offer several potential advantages for inducing strong, multispecific CTL responses, we tested the ability of an epitope-based DNA prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boost vaccine to induce CTL responses against a single SIVgag CTL epitope. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mercury has been added to vaccines to preserve and prevent bacterial contamination of multi-dose shots (1,2). (everlyreport.com)
  • In 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service called for mercury to be removed from vaccines because it was found that the amount of mercury in vaccines given to infants exceeded the EPA reference dose or per day exposure threshold for methylmercury. (everlyreport.com)
  • Though the thimerosal content of most vaccines was reduced to "trace amounts" (0.3-1.0mcg mercury per dose) or eliminated after 1999, unfortunately, the total amount of mercury a child from 6 months to 18 years of age will receive through the recommended CDC vaccination schedule, has increased since the AAP called for its removal (6). (everlyreport.com)
  • Current vaccines approved for use in the US which contain mercury are multi-dose influenza vaccines. (everlyreport.com)
  • Regarding mercury content of multidose flu vaccines, per vaccine, a six-month-old will receive 12.5mcg mercury (a half dose) which is over 16x the safe dose per the EPA (see calculations below). (everlyreport.com)
  • Although the pathogenesis of HIV infection and the general virologic and immunologic principles underlying the use of antiretroviral therapy are similar for all HIV-infected persons, unique therapeutic and management considerations apply to HIV-infected children. (cdc.gov)
  • The dose as a component of Zevalin ® (ibritumomab tiuxetan) Therapeutic Regimen is 250 mg/m 2 ( 2.4 ). (drugs.com)
  • Hydroxychloroquine has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning there is little difference between toxic and therapeutic doses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, the observed dose-response relationships and threshold values have been obtained by a wide variety of test methods using different techniques, such as intradermal exposure versus topical or inhalation exposure at the workplace, or using different endpoints, which all appear important for the outcome of the test. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, especially with re- gard to respiratory allergy, standardized and validated dose-response test methods are urgently required in order to be able to recommend safe exposure levels for allergens at the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • Cross-sectional Study-- A type of epidemiological study of a group or groups of people that examines the relationship between exposure and outcome to a chemical or to chemicals at one point in time. (cdc.gov)
  • The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Cohort studies are a powerful observational design for studying exposure-response relationships, but their power depends in part upon the accuracy of the exposure assessment. (creod.on.ca)
  • Models combining air quality, environmental, and dose data provide exposure estimates across large cohorts but can still be improved. (creod.on.ca)
  • At week 4, vaccine antigen-specific T cell responses were detected in 28 (93.3%) and 18 (60%) of 30 vaccine recipients for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively, by intracellular cytokine staining assay and in 22 (73%) of 30 vaccine recipients by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. (emmes.com)
  • Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. (lookformedical.com)
  • The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Cell-mediated response refers to the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, and antigen-specific T-lymphocytes that attack anything perceived as a foreign agent. (livonlabs.com)
  • As mentioned in #7, these cells are essential to cell-mediated immune responses, and Vitamin C helps them to multiply in number. (livonlabs.com)
  • In contrast, other drugs (eg, DNA cross-linkers, also known as alkylating agents) have a linear dose-response relationship, killing more cancer cells at higher doses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A systematic study using Sk-1-hairless-mice was made of the dependence of squamous cell cancer development on ultraviolet (UV) wavelength distribution, total dose, and dose fractionation in a manner simulating solar radiation at various stages of ozone depletion. (cdc.gov)
  • The kinetics of the response in suppressed and non-suppressed mice was the same, indicating that the magnitude of the response was affected and not merely its time course. (ox.ac.uk)
  • intravenous relationship reductase T mucosa: numerous associations for efficacious drugs. (sheppardengineering.com)
  • The dose for RA in combination with methotrexate is two-1,000 mg intravenous infusions separated by 2 weeks (one course) every 24 weeks or based on clinical evaluation, but not sooner than every 16 weeks. (drugs.com)
  • The follow up dose for adult patients with GPA and MPA who have achieved disease control with induction treatment, in combination with glucocorticoids is two 500 mg intravenous infusions separated by two weeks, followed by a 500 mg intravenous infusion every 6 months thereafter based on clinical evaluation ( 2.6 ). (drugs.com)
  • After a 100 mg single intravenous bolus dose, the mean elimination half-life was approximately 11.7 hours in the dog. (drugs.com)
  • Frequent dosing for extended periods may necessitate intravenous implanted access devices. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The findings suggested that photocarcinogenesis is a dynamic process with no simple relationship existing between erythema and tumorigenic responses, nor is there a simple relationship between spectral distribution with possible waveband interactions, total dose, and dose fractionation as they relate to tumor production. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, auranofin administered to normal rats, in the same dosing regimen, did not affect interleukin production. (aai.org)
  • Notwithstanding the observation of dose-response relationships and no-effect levels, due to a number of uncertainties, no definite conclusions can be drawn about absolute threshold values for allergens with respect to sensitization of and elicitation reactions in the skin and respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
  • With respect to the respiratory tract, dose-response rela- tionships and no-effect levels for induction were found in several human as well as animal studies. (cdc.gov)
  • The induction dose for adult patients with active GPA and MPA in combination with glucocorticoids is 375 mg/m 2 once weekly for 4 weeks. (drugs.com)
  • An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. (lookformedical.com)
  • Several studies have demonstrated that Carprofen has modulatory effects on both humoral and cellular immune responses. (drugs.com)
  • We reviewed university-based outbreaks of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B and vaccination responses in the United States in the years following serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine availability. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is difficult to predict outbreak trajectories and evaluate the effects of public health response measures, achieving high MenB vaccination coverage is crucial to help protect at-risk persons during outbreaks of meningococcal disease caused by this serogroup. (cdc.gov)
  • Vitamin C supports a healthy immune response achieved with vaccination. (livonlabs.com)
  • A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell. (nih.gov)
  • Dynamic interactions between microorganism and host have evolved in such a way that while microbial pathogens are the cause of many human infections, a symbiotic relationship is also known to exist. (hindawi.com)
  • Sceletium treatment conferred most significant effects at a dose of 0.01mg/ml. (nih.gov)
  • LOAELs or NOAELs should also help in determining whether or not the effects vary with dose and/or duration, and place into perspective the possible significance of these effects to human health. (cdc.gov)
  • He is actively evaluating the immunologic effects of radiation therapy and exploring treatments combining radiation with novel immune oncology agents. (dana-farber.org)
  • The vaccine was well tolerated but was associated with more reactogenicity at the highest dose. (emmes.com)
  • The observed role of CTL in the containment of AIDS virus replication suggests that an effective HIV vaccine will be required to generate strong CTL responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Children from 6 months to 35 months of age receive a half-dose of the flu vaccine. (everlyreport.com)
  • With respect to the skin, dose- response relationships and no-effect levels were found for both intradermal and topical induc- tion, as well as for intradermal and topical elicitation of allergenic responses in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Although dose-response relationships for elicitation were found in some epidemiological studies, concentration-response relationships were present only in a limited number of animal studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Benchmark Dose Model-- A statistical dose-response model applied to either experimental toxicological or epidemiological data to calculate a BMD. (cdc.gov)
  • Case-Control Study-- A type of epidemiological study that examines the relationship between a particular outcome (disease or condition) and a variety of potential causative agents (such as toxic chemicals). (cdc.gov)
  • cal to induce skin and/or respiratory allergy at relatively high doses. (cdc.gov)
  • GlaxoSmithKline, https://www.gsk.com ) ( 6 ), became available for outbreak response via a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-sponsored expanded access investigational new drug protocol. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, defining the relationship between drug-mediated normalization of aberrant immune parameters and clinical improvement will provide a basis for the elucidation of the mechanism of action of disease-modifying antiarthritic drugs as well as for assessment of clinical efficacy of drug treatment. (aai.org)
  • The maximum effect usually occurs in one to two hours and significant lowering of intraocular pressure can be maintained for periods as long as 24 hours with a single dose. (nih.gov)
  • The mean peak plasma concentration following morning dosing was 0.46 ng/mL and following afternoon dosing was 0.35 ng/mL. (nih.gov)
  • Fortunately, several patterns of disease have been identified, and these can help the clinician determine a possible cause-and-effect relationship with a particular medication or group of medications. (medscape.com)
  • response: Bryant, medication K Lippincotts-Case-Manag. (sheppardengineering.com)
  • IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence. (lookformedical.com)
  • 1] Siegel B, "Enhanced interferon response to murine leukemia virus by ascorbic acid" Infection and Immunity 1974 10(2):409-410. (livonlabs.com)
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in combination with methotrexate in adult patients with moderately-to severely-active RA who have inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonist therapies ( 1.3 ). (drugs.com)
  • We examined the relationships of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and related polymorphisms to glioblastoma multiforme in adult Caucasians (non-Hispanic Whites) from the San Francisco Bay area. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Hence, susceptibility to infection can be characterized by a construct that involves not only gene expression patterns of the host but also that of the microorganism, both of which continue to adapt in response to external stimuli. (hindawi.com)
  • Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats is associated with a number of immunologic abnormalities which include a marked decrease in spleen cell mitogenic responses. (aai.org)
  • Cytokine assessment indicated that Sceletium possesses mild anti-inflammatory properties, but does not hinder the mounting of an adequate immune response to acute immune challenge. (nih.gov)
  • Benchmark Dose (BMD)-- Usually defined as the lower confidence limit on the dose that produces a specified magnitude of changes in a specified adverse response. (cdc.gov)
  • A literature study was performed to evaluate dose-response relationships and no-effect levels for sensitization and elicitation in skin- and respiratory allergy. (cdc.gov)
  • Administration of MVA expressing the SIVgag CTL epitope further boosted these responses, such that 0.8-20.0% of CD3+/CD8alpha+ T lymphocytes in fresh, unstimulated PBMC were now Ag specific. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The onset of reduction in intraocular pressure following administration of Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Solution can usually be detected within one-half hour after a single dose. (nih.gov)
  • Primary human monocytes were supplemented with either a 0.01mg/ml or 1mg/ml Sceletium extract dose, with or without E. coli LPS stimulation in vitro, for 24h. (nih.gov)
  • The acute inflammatory response to LPS stimulation was not negatively affected. (nih.gov)
  • One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Retrospectively, we studied the relationship among anti-PnPs IgG response to 3 doses of Prevenar®13, levels of immune system components, leukocyte populations, and clinical data in children with ID. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vitamin C supports the cell-mediated immune system response. (livonlabs.com)
  • 10%. The BMD is determined by modeling the dose response curve in the region of the dose response relationship where biologically observable data are feasible. (cdc.gov)
  • At high doses, DNA cross-linkers damage the bone marrow. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Previously untreated follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell NHL in combination with first line chemotherapy and, in patients achieving a complete or partial response to a rituximab product in combination with chemotherapy, as single-agent maintenance therapy. (drugs.com)
  • Antimetabolites such as fluorouracil and methotrexate are cell cycle-specific and have a nonlinear dose-response relationship. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Association between radiation dose to organs at risk and acute patient reported outcome during radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. (dana-farber.org)
  • Another explanation for the reciprocal relationship between UC and BD could be the use of anti-inflammatory agents in UC patients. (psychiatrist.com)
  • No previous studies showed an inverse relationship between BD and UC. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Cancer Effect Level (CEL)-- The lowest dose of chemical in a study, or group of studies, that produces significant increases in the incidence of cancer (or tumors) between the exposed population and its appropriate control. (cdc.gov)
  • Injection: 100 mg/10 mL (10 mg/mL) and 500 mg/50 mL (10 mg/mL) solution in single-dose vials ( 3 ). (drugs.com)
  • The mean terminal half-life of Carprofen is approximately 8 hours (range 4.5-9.8 hours) after single oral doses varying from 1-35 mg/kg of body weight. (drugs.com)
  • By analyzing the structure-activity relationship using X-ray crystallography, cryoelectron microscopy, and biophysical methods, we observed that higher conformational entropy losses in the formation of the spike protein-nanobody complex are associated with tighter binding. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dose modification or exclusion of certain drugs may be necessary in patients with lung disease (eg, bleomycin), kidney failure (eg, methotrexate), liver dysfunction (eg, taxanes) or heart disease (daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Measurement of anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (anti-PnPs) IgG titers is an important tool in the immunologic assessment of patients with suspected immunodeficiency disorders (ID) to reduce the morbi-mortality and minimize severe infections. (bvsalud.org)