• In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tooth discoloration along the gumline, tartar and yellowish stains on the surface of the teeth are aesthetic imperfections that can be easily remedied with thorough dental cleaning, tooth polishing and sandblasting. (medical-dentistry.com)
  • What is dental plaque, tartar and calculus? (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Multiple Stain Remover - Our 5-speed electric dental scaler is specially designed to remove the toughest stains, plaque, calculus/tartar, bacteria, and debris from your teeth and gums. (snappyfinds.com)
  • Tartar, also called calculus, forms below and above the gum line. (snappyfinds.com)
  • This innovative tooth calculus remover and tooth stains tartar cleaner is designed to effortlessly remove stubborn stains and tartar buildup, leaving your teeth looking whiter and feeling cleaner. (optimalizator.eu)
  • The high-frequency vibrations gently break down calculus and tartar, eliminating the need for harsh scraping or painful dental procedures. (optimalizator.eu)
  • Some of these words that are familiar to us are bacterial plaque and dental calculus (vulgarly known as "tartar"), but they are probably used without having a full knowledge of what they exactly mean. (ortizvigon.com)
  • If plaque is not removed on a regular basis, it will harden and turn into tartar (calculus). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Equipped with 2-in-1 design of tartar removal tool and electric toothbrush, convenient and fast for oral cleaning, gums massaging and dental braces cleaning. (smileofstar.com)
  • InformationIf you complain about the dental tartar, don't worry, this teeth cleaning tool will help you solve such problems. (smileofstar.com)
  • 1.High frequency ultrasonic vibration and 4 replaceable brush heads can effectively remove the dental tartar, calculus, plaque, tea and smoke stains, mild and painless to avoid damaging your teeth. (quidmart.co.uk)
  • Calculus, more commonly known as tartar , is the result of plaque buildup that hardens (calcifies) on the teeth. (colgate.com)
  • A dental hygienist will use either hand-held instruments or an ultrasonic device to remove the tartar. (colgate.com)
  • If you think you might have a tartar problem, who better to consult with than your dentist and dental hygienist? (colgate.com)
  • He and his colleagues have been studying Neanderthal dental plaques - or rather, the hardened version of plaque, tartar, or what scientists call dental calculus. (kpbs.org)
  • As part of a study analyzing dental calculus - tooth tartar or dental plaque that fossilizes on the teeth during life - researchers examined the remains of individuals who were buried in a medieval cemetery associated with a women's monastery at the site of Dalheim in Germany. (mpg.de)
  • Dr. Chern told us bacteria is one of the leading causes of bad breath: "Halitosis or bad breath is caused by bacteria that live in dental plaque and tartar. (livescience.com)
  • Tartar, also scientifically known as calculus, is hardened plaque. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When bacteria stay on the teeth long enough, they form a film called plaque, which eventually hardens to tartar, also called calculus. (cdc.gov)
  • Then, only a dental health professional can remove the tartar and stop the periodontal disease process. (cdc.gov)
  • This spun off many modern words, including "calculate" (use stones for mathematical purposes), and "calculus", which came to be used, in the 18th century, for accidental or incidental mineral buildups in human and animal bodies, like kidney stones and minerals on teeth. (wikipedia.org)
  • This Dental Calculus Remover for teeth got you covered! (wrapango.com)
  • Take care of pet teeth with Pet Dental Calculus Removing Toothbrush The soft brush design is safe for pets. (cleopatrafashon.com)
  • Dental plaque is a soft, sticky film that builds up on your teeth every day. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Tarter or calculus is when this soft, sticky film hardens, typically this is in between your teeth in difficult to reach areas where it is not removed each day. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • When it hardens into calculus this is where bacteria can lurk and excrete more acid directly onto your teeth. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • This is the common term used to describe removing calculus (scale) from your teeth and then polishing them to make it more difficult for the calculus to adhere again. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Once the calculus has been removed the teeth will be polished and cleaned and flossed in between. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • This uses ultrasound waves which are conducted through to the calculus on your teeth at the end of probe connected to an ultrasound device. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • The high frequency ultrasound dislodges the calculus from your teeth in a comfortable, painless and rapid fashion. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • In this blog, Dr. Anitha Alageshan from Zen Dental and Health Care will explain why it is the most important treatment to be undertaken regularly in order to have healthy gums and healthy teeth. (zendental.in)
  • Set of material with brushes and glass jars to apply dental calculus to the teeth for scaling practice. (ncdsdental.com)
  • Not only does the Recharge Vibration Sonic Dental Scaler provide exceptional cleaning power, but it also helps to whiten your teeth. (optimalizator.eu)
  • Simply stated, dental calculus is the calcified bacterial plaque adhered to the teeth enamel and below the line of the gums which cannot be removed with a common toothbrush. (ortizvigon.com)
  • See your dentist or dental hygienist at least every 6 months for a thorough teeth cleaning and oral exam. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ion generator produces ions, a high-frequency vibration remover, which effectively helps to remove calculus, plaque and stains, and achieves a thorough cleaning of the teeth. (szboukin.com)
  • Here, we show that calcified dental plaque (dental calculus) on ancient teeth preserves a detailed genetic record throughout this period. (nature.com)
  • Bacteria of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children and young adults. (nature.com)
  • The sample exhibits high levels of carious lesions and calculus (24 % and 74 % of teeth respectively). (ljmu.ac.uk)
  • Researchers have recently explored using bulk samples of dental calculus as a substitute for bone and dentine collagen in dietary analyses, because calculus can be sampled without causing damage to the teeth, and may be useful in situations where more destructive analyses are not possible, or where collagen is poorly preserved. (uv.es)
  • Effective cleaning:This ultrasonic dental scaler uses high-frequency sound waves to clean your teeth and freshen your breath, which is an indispensable helper for oral care. (gluons.shop)
  • This system also deals with oral calculus removing very well, and therefore only tends to make its popularity improve every time a buyer purchases and attempts the product because whenever the merchandise is used, lots of people state that it modifications their day-to-day lives completely whenever they see that their teeth improve because they make use of the product or service. (ageracaociencia.com)
  • But there are a plethora of reasons why people hide their smiles: crooked or missing teeth, gum disease, or plaque and calculus buildup. (colgate.com)
  • Once calculus collects on your teeth in large quantities, it needs to be removed via a process known as debridement. (colgate.com)
  • The teeth are involved in all 3 roles, and dental diseases can be a source of multiple problems, including oral and systemic infections and difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or phonation. (medscape.com)
  • Cursory familiarity with basic dental anatomy and calcification and with the eruption sequence of teeth is helpful before physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • We examined many scenarios for how this mineral could have become embedded in the calculus on this woman's teeth,' explains Radini. (mpg.de)
  • Teeth should be examined to evaluate possible dental decays, fractures, mobility, defects in restorations, gingival recession and bone loss with inspection, palpation and percussion. (medscape.com)
  • The indicators used were DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) for dental caries, SOHI (simplified oral hygiene index) for oral hygiene, and the presence of mucositis, xerostomia, and candidiasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • This leads to calculus buildup, which compromises the health of the gingiva (gums). (wikipedia.org)
  • Calculus formation is associated with a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding gums and chronically inflamed gingiva. (wikipedia.org)
  • At Medical Dentistry , dental calculus removal is performed with the help of an ultrasonic scaler, which crushes dental plaque above the gums and below the gumline. (medical-dentistry.com)
  • If this calculus remains in place for too long the gums can become inflamed, read and puffy. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Furthermore, if the bacterial plaque and dental calculus are not correctly removed, they can irritate your gums and lead to a condition called gingivitis (swollen, bleeding and red gums). (ortizvigon.com)
  • According to the American Dental Association (ADA) , calculus buildup can cause gums to swell and bleed. (colgate.com)
  • Cell density within dental plaque and calculus is very high, consisting of an estimated 200,000,000 cells per milligram. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stained supragingival plaque and calculus deposits. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Extrinsic dental stains are caused by predisposing factors and other factors such as dental plaque and calculus, foods and beverages, tobacco, chromogenic bacteria, metallic compounds, and topical medications. (medscape.com)
  • The research focused on documenting and analysing various types of dental pathology and tooth wear, such as dental caries, calculus, and tooth chipping. (ljmu.ac.uk)
  • However, remains from the same area, but the earlier Roman period, also shows high rates of caries and calculus, suggesting a continuation of consuming certain cariogenic foods, or certain behavioural/environmental factors, may instead be responsible for these pathology and wear patterns. (ljmu.ac.uk)
  • Using WHO criteria, dental caries and uorosis were recorded in 2651 schoolchildren aged 12 and 15 years, and periodontal disease in those aged 15 years. (who.int)
  • En se basant sur les critères de l'OMS, on a enregistré les caries dentaires et la uorose chez 2 651 enfants scolarisés âgés de 12 et 15 ans, et les parodonpathies chez ceux âgés de 15 ans. (who.int)
  • Dental caries and fluorosis was re- dental decay in young schoolchildren in the corded in both age groups, 12 and 15 years, Emirates. (who.int)
  • As for dental caries, 66.7% of patients showed a DMFT from 4 to 16, which is considered high, and 38.1% of patients showed the presence of bacterial plaque and dental calculus. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was observed a high rate of dental caries as a consequence of an inadequated oral hygiene. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ten samples of dental calculus from five Neanderthals were selected for this study. (york.ac.uk)
  • Subgingival calculus forms below the gumline and is typically darkened in color by the presence of black-pigmented bacteria, whose cells are coated in a layer of iron obtained from heme during gingival bleeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • This bacteria can be extremely difficult to remove, even with a toothbrush, dental floss, and dental tape. (snappyfinds.com)
  • The study also provides evidence that the starch granules reported from El Sidrón represent the oldest granules ever to be confirmed using a biochemical test, while ancient bacteria found embedded in the calculus offers the potential for future studies in oral health. (york.ac.uk)
  • Supragingival calculus formation is most abundant on the buccal (cheek) surfaces of the maxillary (upper jaw) molars and on the lingual (tongue) surfaces of the mandibular (lower jaw) incisors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial plaque and dental calculus, do they have the same meaning? (ortizvigon.com)
  • Calculus, in contrast to the bacterial plaque, is yellow-colored, making it more visible. (ortizvigon.com)
  • This study was aimed at knowing the availability of Klungsu (Tamarind seed) as remover and cleaner for dental calculus. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) is prevalent in archaeological skeletal collections and is a rich source of oral microbiome and host-derived ancient biomolecules. (altmetric.com)
  • Whether you're a dental professional or simply looking to improve your oral hygiene routine, this tool is a must-have for anyone seeking a professional-grade cleaning experience. (optimalizator.eu)
  • A total of 193 adults who smoked cigarettes volunteered with informed consent, were given routine dental prophylaxes, and were examined for the presence of plaque, stained pellicle, gingivitis, calculus, and general oral pathosis. (nih.gov)
  • While each condition requires its own specific treatment, calculus removal is especially important for good oral health. (colgate.com)
  • More plaque can mean more cavities and even periodontal disease, so removing calculus is an important step to long-term oral health. (colgate.com)
  • Microbial Differences Between Dental Plaque and Historic Dental Calculus Are Related to Oral Biofilm Maturation Stage. (york.ac.uk)
  • The oral examination comprises a uniform and consistent inspection of the head and neck and an intraoral evaluation of the hard and soft tissues (see the images below) in conjunction with a thorough medical and dental history. (medscape.com)
  • Now in their fifth year, we assessed the effect of dental studies on students' oral health practices and dental health. (who.int)
  • Reports on the impact of education on the oral hygiene of dental students differ. (who.int)
  • The study aimed to assess the changes in oral health indicators and analyse the effect of dental studies on the students' oral hygiene practices. (who.int)
  • Good oral hygiene and regular dental care plus a healthy diet can help prevent cavities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Educate patients about the necessity of daily oral hygiene and about the medications implicated in dental discoloration. (medscape.com)
  • however, once formed, calculus is too hard (firmly attached) to be removed with a toothbrush. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human DNA in dental calculus is highly fragmented, and is consistently shorter than both microbial DNA in dental calculus and human DNA in paired dentin samples. (altmetric.com)
  • Figure 1: Phylum-level microbial composition of ancient dental calculus deposits. (nature.com)
  • Calculus buildup can be removed with ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments (such as a periodontal scaler). (wikipedia.org)
  • Once you feel the difference, you will find yourself using our dental scaler less often because you have achieved that perfect plaque-free look. (snappyfinds.com)
  • Introducing the Recharge Vibration Sonic Dental Scaler, the ultimate tool for achieving a brighter and healthier smile. (optimalizator.eu)
  • Equipped with advanced sonic vibration technology, this dental scaler ensures a thorough and effective cleaning process. (optimalizator.eu)
  • With its dropshipping option, you can easily have this dental scaler delivered right to your doorstep, ensuring a hassle-free shopping experience. (optimalizator.eu)
  • Upgrade your dental care routine today with the Recharge Vibration Sonic Dental Scaler and achieve a radiant smile that will leave you feeling confident and refreshed. (optimalizator.eu)
  • Kleter GA. Discoloration of dental carious lesions (a review). (medscape.com)
  • Dental treatment of tooth discoloration involves identifying the etiology and implementing therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The prognosis is excellent if an etiology is identified and if the appropriate dental and medical care providers are involved in the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of the condition. (medscape.com)
  • Scott, G.R. & Poulson, S.R. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human dental calculus: a potentially new non-destructive proxy for paleodietary analysis. (nature.com)
  • Dental calculus is not equivalent to bone collagen for isotope analysis: a comparison between carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bulk dental calculus, bone and dentine collagen from same individuals from the Medieval site of El Raval (Alicante, Spain). (uv.es)
  • Several questions remain about the use of bulk calculus as a source of carbon and nitrogen isotope data, however. (uv.es)
  • It is not yet clear how much of an individual¿s life span dental calculus represents, what portions of the diet it records, and how diagenesis effects the carbon and nitrogen isotope values of this material. (uv.es)
  • Here we report the comparison of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bulk calculus to those from bone and dentine collagen. (uv.es)
  • As a result, we recommend that carbon and nitrogen analysis on bulk dental calculus should only be used as a last resource archaeological dietary marker, if at all. (uv.es)
  • Salazar García, Domingo Carlos Richards, M.P. Nehlich, O. Henry, A.G. 2014 Dental calculus is not equivalent to bone collagen for isotope analysis: a comparison between carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bulk dental calculus, bone and dentine collagen from same individuals from the Medieval site of El Raval (Alicante, Spain). (uv.es)
  • 2018. "Proteomic Evidence of Dietary Sources in Ancient Dental Calculus. (york.ac.uk)
  • This product uses a cleaning head with the same structure as the dentist, which can effectively remove obvious calculus. (shakefav.com)
  • It is the main cause of tooth decay and it case it is not removed, it can produce other type of problems to our dental health. (ortizvigon.com)
  • There are several reasons for this change: improved nutrition, better access to dental care, and better treatment for tooth decay and periodontal disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Periodontal disease and tooth decay are the two biggest threats to dental health. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients who undergo dental procedures (eg, bleaching, restorations) for tooth discoloration should be monitored periodically. (medscape.com)
  • Educate patients who are treated for medical disorders associated with dental discoloration about the risks of tooth-related disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Dental discoloration: an overview. (medscape.com)
  • Removal of dental calculus is not only an aesthetic procedure, but also an extremely important part of preventive dental care, since it helps prevent inflammation of periodontal tissues (periodontal disease). (medical-dentistry.com)
  • The removal of dental calculus is always followed by tooth polishing . (medical-dentistry.com)
  • Calculus removal is crucial to prevent several serious health issues. (colgate.com)
  • Recently, it has been proposed that dental calculus may provide a more robust environment for DNA preservation than other skeletal remains, but this has not been systematically tested. (altmetric.com)
  • ABSTRACT This study is a follow-up of one made in 1998-99 on first-year dental students in Monastir. (who.int)
  • The researchers say evidence for cooked carbohydrates is confirmed by both the cracked/roasted starch granules observed microscopically and the molecular evidence for cooking and exposure to wood smoke or smoked food in the form of a range of chemical markers including methyl esters, phenols, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons found in dental calculus. (york.ac.uk)
  • Microscopically visible material entrapped in dental calculus samples - a group of starch granules still embedded in dental calculus matrix. (york.ac.uk)
  • Dr. Chern earned her dental degree at the Stony Brook University of Dentistry and now practices in New York City. (livescience.com)
  • Sociodemographic and diagnosis variables (presence of dental calculus and periodontal status) were considered to measure salivary concentrations of glucose (by the glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, amylase (by the colorimetric test), urea (by the amount of indophenol), total protein (by the Bradford method) and albumin (by the nephelometric method). (bvsalud.org)
  • Results: Significant relationships were observed between the concentration of salivary urea and periodontal status (p = 0.03) and the presence of dental calculus and urea (p = 0.04) was demonstrated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: A relationship between the salivary urea concentration and the presence of periodontal disease and dental calculus is suggested. (bvsalud.org)
  • She explains how studies of ancient dental calculus will help us understand how our microbiome has evolved and why understanding the human ancestral microbiome may shed light on current chronic health problems. (mpg.de)
  • These layers form during periodic calcification events of the dental plaque, but the timing and triggers of these events are poorly understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within two to three days, the plaque begins the calcification process, morphing into calculus. (colgate.com)
  • Researchers from Spain, the UK and Australia combined pyrolysis gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry with morphological analysis of plant microfossils to identify material trapped in dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) from five Neanderthals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. (york.ac.uk)
  • A new study of the dental plaques of three Neanderthals reveals surprising facts about their lives, including what they ate, the diseases that ailed them and how they self-medicated (and smooched). (kpbs.org)
  • They scraped off some of the calculus and analyzed the DNA that was preserved in it for clues to what the Neanderthals ate. (kpbs.org)
  • According to the DNA in dental plaques, the Neanderthals in Spain ate no meat at all. (kpbs.org)
  • La periodontitis crónica ocurre sobre todo en adultos y es llamada periodontitis del adulto, pero esta enfermedad puede aparecer también en jóvenes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The continuation of smoking, however, was associated with significant increases in gingivitis and calculus rates. (nih.gov)
  • Dental calculus is the richest known source of ancient DNA in the archaeological record, and it is the only part of the body that fossilizes during life. (mpg.de)
  • The availability was studied by soaking the calculus and enamel at two concentrations (0 and 25%) of Klungsu and one group without soaking (dry group). (ugm.ac.id)
  • The conclusion could be drawn from this study was klungsu could be used as an alternative cleaning material for removing dental calculus and safe for dental enamel. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Dental calculus typically forms in incremental layers that are easily visible using both electron microscopy and light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • It came as a complete surprise - as the calculus dissolved, it released hundreds of tiny blue particles," recalls co-first author Anita Radini of the University of York. (mpg.de)
  • Magnified view of lapis lazuli particles embedded within the dental calculus of a woman from the Middle Ages. (mpg.de)
  • Overall, we find DNA from dental calculus is consistently more abundant and less contaminated than DNA from dentin. (altmetric.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the presence of dietary continuity by examining different types of dental pathology and tooth wear in a medieval sample from the United Kingdom, comparing them to earlier and later samples from the same location. (ljmu.ac.uk)
  • The researchers also analyzed the dental calculus of nine individuals using proteomics. (phys.org)
  • Now trapped within dental calculus researchers found molecular evidence that one individual had eaten bitter tasting plants. (york.ac.uk)
  • The researchers used thermal desorption and pyrolysis gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify both free/unbound and bound/polymeric organic components in the dental calculus. (york.ac.uk)
  • At the same time, however, mass spectrometry analysis of dental calculus provides direct protein evidence of bovine, sheep, and goat milk consumption in seven of nine individuals. (cdc.gov)
  • By using this method in conjunction with the extraction and analysis of plant microfossils, they found chemical evidence consistent with wood-fire smoke, a range of cooked starchy foods, two plants known today for their medicinal qualities, and bitumen or oil shale trapped in the dental calculus. (york.ac.uk)
  • Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus. (bvsalud.org)
  • What does a dental hygienist do and do I really need to go? (bluecourtdental.com)
  • We get asked this question all the time at our dental practice in Harrow , Middlesex, people often wonder if a dental hygienist is just an excuse to get a little more money out of people… Some people wonder why the dentist can't do the same job as the hygienist and have everything done in one appointment. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • What is the difference between a dentist and a dental hygienist? (bluecourtdental.com)
  • A dental hygienist is uniquely trained to look after your dental health only. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • In an allocated appointment time your dentist will be hard pushed to do the role of the hygienist as well, doubling the appointment time to give the dentist time would increase the cost to you, so seeing a hygienist not only ensures you see someone uniquely trained to help you with your dental health but also keeps costs down as the dentist is not doing it themselves. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Your hygienist will check the dental health of each individual tooth and surrounding gum area, they will assess your cleaning and diet habits to work out why calculus has built up in particular areas, they will then give you advice on how you can reduce this in future. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Once your dental health is in a satisfactory condition routine appointments at the dentist and hygienist are then recommended every 6 months. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • Compared with the previous study, students had achieved a better dental health status - tooth brushing rate was much higher, prevalence of dental decay and periodontal pockets had decreased, and DMF index had improved. (who.int)
  • However, the prevalence of smoking, bleeding and calculus had not changed, and the frequency of malocclusion had increased. (who.int)
  • Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. (bvsalud.org)
  • The organic extracellular matrix in calculus consists primarily of proteins and lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, glycolipids, and phospholipids), as well as extracellular DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Milk proteins were found in the calculus of seven individuals, confirming that dairy products were consumed as early as 1300 BC. (phys.org)
  • What Does Dental Calculus Reveal About the Human Evolution? (mpg.de)
  • A typical routine dental health check appointment with your dentist will last around 30 min, a typical routine dental hygiene appointment will also last about 30 min. (bluecourtdental.com)
  • The Health Resources and Services Administration external icon supports a network of "safety net" clinics for people who qualify for reduced-cost care, and many have a dental clinic (toll free: 1-888-275-4772). (cdc.gov)
  • Dental health of Louisiana residents based on the ten-state nutrition survey. (cdc.gov)
  • The analysis of ancient calcified dental plaque is a powerful archaeobotanical method to elucidate the key role of the plants in human history. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Combined with the microscopic analysis it also demonstrates how dental calculus can provide a rich source of information. (york.ac.uk)
  • Analysis of the fossilized dental plaque of a Medieval woman reveals lapis lazuli, suggesting she was an accomplished painter of illuminated manuscripts. (mpg.de)
  • Aim: To determine the relationship between the chemical composition of saliva, periodontal disease and dental calculus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Surgical interventions include dental restorations, extractions, and implantations. (medscape.com)
  • Professor Matthew Collins, who heads the BioArCh research facility at York, said: "Using mass spectrometry, we were able to identify the building blocks of carbohydrates in the calculus of two adults, one individual in particular having apparently eaten several different carbohydrate-rich foods. (york.ac.uk)
  • In addition to routine dental and periodontal evaluation, some patients may require additional bleaching treatments to maintain aesthetic results. (medscape.com)
  • Calculus is composed of both inorganic (mineral) and organic (cellular and extracellular matrix) components. (wikipedia.org)