Covalently closedChromosomesCccDNADichroismMoleculesMitochondrialGenomeReplicationExtrachromosomal circularGenesViralVirusesChromosomeDeoxyribonucleic acidGenomicMoleculePlasmidsDNAsSequences2021Codes for proteinsGeneDouble helixPolymeraseMutationsStrandsNucleic acidSingle strandedMitochondrionCellsMRNAEpigeneticTherapeuticTechniqueBacteriaTumorFragmentsEnzymesPerson'sParametersDuplexIsolationSmallRelevanceSpermAssayFoundOccurSequenceProcessesRelativesMake
Covalently closed6
- Viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a key factor to establish persistent infection in infected hepatocytes. (sciopen.com)
- The replication of HBV involves the production of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from the HBV genome through the repair of virion relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) in the virion. (biomedcentral.com)
- Following translocation to the nucleus, the gaps are repaired by the host repair system to generate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the template for the HBV pregenome and viral mRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
- The persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in infected hepatocytes is the major barrier preventing viral eradication with existing therapies in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Therapeutic agents that can eliminate cccDNA are urgently needed to achieve viral eradication and thus HBV cure. (nih.gov)
- Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) persistence in HBV-infected hepatocytes is the root cause of chronic hepatitis B. We discovered a novel small-molecule cccDNA inhibitor that can specifically reduce cccDNA levels in HBV-infected hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
- [ 5 ] yet they cannot clear the replication template of HBV ie covalently closed circular DNA. (medscape.com)
Chromosomes9
- NEW YORK - New research suggests circularized DNA falling outside of linear chromosomes may serve as a recurrent source of somatic rearrangements in neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer affecting immature cells in the sympathetic nervous system. (genomeweb.com)
- A recent report reveals that DAPI can be effectively used for constructing DNA density maps in the imaging of nuclei and chromosomes using single-molecule localization microscopy, which is promising to further understand DNA repair and DNA replication at the molecular scale. (e-science.se)
- The genetic abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosomal abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. (medicinenet.com)
- Chromosomes, distinct structures made up of DNA and protein, are located in the nucleus of each cell. (medicinenet.com)
- The 46 human chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes) between them house almost 3 billion base pairs of DNA that contain about 20,500 protein-coding genes. (medicinenet.com)
- While nuclear DNA is made up of much longer strands of DNA that are tightly coiled into chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA is found as a small, circular chromosome. (easydna.co.uk)
- DNA forms a long molecular coil in our chromosomes . (daviddarling.info)
- Within each cell of a person's body, the genetic instructions (DNA) are packaged into larger units called chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
- Figure 3 shows how children get their chromosomes and, therefore, their genes and DNA from their parents. (cdc.gov)
CccDNA5
- The impact of PCR recombination towards the amplification of this cccDNA specific target was explored by mixing three marked, yet overlapping HBV DNA fragments. (biomedcentral.com)
- The amplification HBV cccDNA is akin to DNA shuffling. (biomedcentral.com)
- The cccDNA stays within the host cell to integrate into the host cell DNA and continue replicating. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- More importantly, the level of cccDNA was specifically reduced by ccc_R08, while it did not obviously affect mitochondrial DNA. (nih.gov)
- The twice daily oral administration of ccc_R08 to HBVcircle model mice, which contained surrogate cccDNA molecules, significantly decreased the serum levels of HBV DNA and antigens, and these effects were sustained during the off-treatment follow-up period. (nih.gov)
Dichroism3
- Induced circular dichroism (ICD) of DNA-binding ligands is well known to be strongly influenced by the specific mode of binding, but the relative importance of the possible mechanisms has remained undetermined. (e-science.se)
- Learn all you need to know about a technique called Circular Dichroism. (diamond.ac.uk)
- Using liquid secondary ion and four sector tandem mass spectrometry, ultraviolet, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectrophotometry and 32P-postlabeling, two diastereomers of N2-(2-hydroxy-1- phenylethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate and the corresponding N- 1 substituted compounds were isolated and characterized. (cdc.gov)
Molecules9
- In an application of this method it is found that HeLa cells contain in addition to closed circular mitochondrial DNA of mean length 4.81 microns, a heterogeneous group of smaller DNA molecules which vary in size from 0.2 to 3.5 microns and a paucidisperse group of multiples of the mitochondrial length. (caltech.edu)
- Similarly "DNA shuffling" generates large recombinant DNA molecules from smaller DNA fragments through template switching [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here strand switching occurs by the second round of PCR and larger single stranded DNA molecules are built up extending from the outer primers until they overlap. (biomedcentral.com)
- Extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules are associated with genomic instability, and circles containing inverted repeats were suggested to be the early amplification products. (tau.ac.il)
- Here we present for the first time the use of neutral-neutral two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis as a technique for the identification, isolation, and characterization of heterogeneous populations of circular molecules. (tau.ac.il)
- Using this technique, we demonstrated that in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-treated simian virus 40-transformed Chinese hamster cells (CO60 cells), the viral sequences are amplified as circular molecules of various sizes. (tau.ac.il)
- The supercoiled circular fraction was isolated and was shown to contain molecules with inverted repeats. (tau.ac.il)
- 2D gel analysis of extrachromosomal DNA from CHO cells revealed circular molecules containing highly repetitive DNA which are similar in size to the simian virus 40-amplified molecules. (tau.ac.il)
- Usually, the NOE and NMRD in B-DNA is expected to be less ``integral'' than methods can only provide bounds on the residence water molecules buried inside proteins. (lu.se)
Mitochondrial17
- Since egg cells, but not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization , mitochondrial DNA is always inherited from the female parent. (medicinenet.com)
- What makes mitochondrial DNA special? (easydna.co.uk)
- Mitochondrial has several particular characteristics that distinguish it from the DNA found in the rest of your cells, called nuclear DNA. (easydna.co.uk)
- thus the father does not make any contribution to the mitochondrial DNA. (easydna.co.uk)
- Mitochondrial DNA codes for proteins that are involved in cellular respiration. (easydna.co.uk)
- The changes in an individual's mtDNA comprise his or her haplotype-the mitochondrial DNA profile - that allows scientists to assign a person to his or her haplogroup, a group of people with similar haplotypes. (easydna.co.uk)
- GENOMIC AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN FORENSIC DENTISTRY The genomic DNA is found in the nucleus of each cell in the human body and represents a DNA source for most forensic applications. (bartleby.com)
- Mitochondrial DNA is another type of material that can be used for body identification. (bartleby.com)
- Mitochondrial DNA is just a small part of the genome. (bartleby.com)
- Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome that is found inside mitochondria. (bartleby.com)
- Mitochondria and Mitochondrial DNA are only passed from mother to offspring through the egg. (bartleby.com)
- Mitochondrial DNA is a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. (bartleby.com)
- There are 16,569 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA which only code for 37 genes. (bartleby.com)
- With new technology scientists have come up with a way to insert mitochondrial DNA of a healthy egg to one that is genetically damaged or impaired. (bartleby.com)
- A visual of the mitochondrial DNA molecule shows where the DNA gets analyzed by forensic geneticists, the hypervariable regions 1 and 2. (bartleby.com)
- The DNA from the mitochondria is called the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), this DNA has over 16,000 base pairs (bps) that can be used to view the the lineage of a person's history. (bartleby.com)
- Certain mitochondrial DNA mutations have been found to result in mitochondrial dysfunction and have been found to be heavily implicated in the aging process as well as various age-related disorders and diseases. (bartleby.com)
Genome5
- With that in mind, Henssen and colleagues from Germany, the US, and Spain profiled matched tumor and normal blood samples from 93 neuroblastoma patients using whole-genome sequencing and an algorithm that uncovers circularized DNA based on paired read orientation, uncovering preliminary evidence for complex and relatively frequent ecDNAs in neuroblastoma. (genomeweb.com)
- The circularized sequences were mapped back to their original sites in the genome using additional long-read and single-molecule real-time sequences, the investigators explained, and they validated candidate DNA circles with PCR and Sanger sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
- We demonstrate that the majority of genomic rearrangements in neuroblastoma involve circular DNA, challenging our current understanding about cancer genome remodeling," the authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
- To further evaluate their biosynthetic potential, we sequenced the 5,183,331-bp S. tropica CNB-440 circular genome and analyzed all identifiable secondary natural product gene clusters. (nih.gov)
- Companies that sell those products promise empowerment and control to their clients by disclosing the information stored in their unique genome, i.e., the entire set of DNA that makes a particular organism3. (bvsalud.org)
Replication1
Extrachromosomal circular2
- Together, these approaches uncovered almost 5,700 small extrachromosomal circular DNAs per tumor, on average, and an average of 0.82 large, copy number-amplified extrachromosomal circular DNA sequences, the authors reported, noting that "DNA circularization is not restricted to proto-oncogenes, but also affects various coding and non-coding regions with yet unknown functional consequences. (genomeweb.com)
- Even so, the team's follow-up analyses - including RNA sequencing experiments - indicated that rearrangements stemming from extrachromosomal circular DNA from MYCN and other genes may be a recurrent and ongoing source of new mutations through a multi-hit model in neuroblastoma. (genomeweb.com)
Genes2
- The region, which is 1.5 to 1.8 million DNA base pairs (Mb) in length, includes 25 to 27 genes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Genes are made up of a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
Viral3
- Incoming partly double stranded hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA genomes are completed by the viral polymerase generating relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA). (biomedcentral.com)
- [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
- HPVs are small non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses that encode two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7. (bvsalud.org)
Viruses2
- Herpesvirus family members are icosahedral DNA viruses. (medscape.com)
- Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses. (cdc.gov)
Chromosome3
- Chromosome 7 spans about 159 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents more than 5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- Genetic conditions can be described by the chromosome that contains the gene or DNA change. (cdc.gov)
- If the gene or DNA change is part of the X chromosome, the condition is called "X-linked" or "sex-linked. (cdc.gov)
Deoxyribonucleic acid1
- Woolen textiles manufactured in Yorkshire, England, are well on their way to being protected at every stage in the manufacturing process by SigNature® DNA - a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based security solution developed by Applied DNA Sciences Inc. (APDN), Stony Brook, N.Y. (textileworld.com)
Genomic1
- The teeth are an excellent source of genomic DNA because PCR analyses allow comparing the collected postmortem samples to known antemortem samples or parental DNA. (bartleby.com)
Molecule3
- The free energy of superhelix formation is calculated as a function of τ from a consideration of the effect of the superhelical turns upon the binding isotherm of ethidium bromide to SV 40 DNA I. The value of the free energy is about 100 kcal/mole DNA in the native molecule. (caltech.edu)
- The DAPI molecule is a popular fluorescent stain for DNA visualization and quantitation, and is extensively used for studying the cellular nuclei under different environments and stresses. (e-science.se)
- In nature, the DNA molecule is in the shape of a double helix. (daviddarling.info)
DNAs2
Sequences2
- While past research has pointed to a role for circularized, extrachromosomal MYCN oncogene sequences in neuroblastoma, the team explained, the full suite and the frequency of somatic mutations involving small or large stretches of circularized extrachromosomal DNA amplifications had not been fully explored. (genomeweb.com)
- That finding prompted the team to take a closer look at these sequences using a modified version of circle sequencing (Circle-seq) in 21 of the neuroblastoma tumors, making it possible to enrich for circularized DNA. (genomeweb.com)
20211
- 2021) DNA binding to TLR9 expressed by red blood cells promotes innate immune activation and anemia. (news-medical.net)
Codes for proteins1
- Novel circular DNA virus identified in Opuntia discolor ( Cactaceae ) that codes for proteins with similarity to those of geminiviruses. (bvsalud.org)
Gene5
- Changes or mutations that occur in the DNA sequence of a single gene cause this type of inheritance. (medicinenet.com)
- The specific order, or sequence, of all the As, Cs, Ts, and Gs in DNA determines the exact information carried in each gene, like the way that a specific pattern of letters makes up the words in a sentence. (cdc.gov)
- When DNA bases are missing, changed, or out of order, instructions for gene are changed so that they can't provide the information that cells need. (cdc.gov)
- This change can alter the way that the gene works so that people with this DNA change will have a particular condition. (cdc.gov)
- I address these questions in two steps: firstly, I discuss epistemological implications of the development of Genomics, understood as a data-intensive science, by delving into the theoretical commitments of the concept of gene and the notion of circular causality. (bvsalud.org)
Double helix3
- DNA double helix. (daviddarling.info)
- A double helix is the structural arrangement of DNA, which looks something like an immensely long ladder twisted into a helix, or coil. (daviddarling.info)
- A model of the DNA strand (Fig 2) shows the characteristic winding of the double helix. (daviddarling.info)
Polymerase1
Mutations2
- Primers incorporated mutations (underlined) to distinguish PCR fragments from input HBVayw DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
- This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the non-nuclear DNA of mitochondria. (medicinenet.com)
Strands2
- During these later cycles, incomplete DNA strands can switch templates resulting in the formation of recombinant DNA strands, a phenomenon referred to as PCR mediated recombination [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- is a DNA fragment composed of fused primary and complementary strands that would be found floating in solution after a full sequence is digested by one or more RestrictionEnzymes. (bioruby.org)
Nucleic acid1
- New research has revealed that red blood cells function as critical immune sensors by binding cell-free DNA, called nucleic acid , present in the body's circulation during sepsis and COVID-19, and that this DNA-binding capability triggers their removal from circulation, driving inflammation and anemia during severe illness and playing a much larger role in the immune system than previously thought. (news-medical.net)
Single stranded2
- You have a restriction site, your restriction enzyme comes in, cuts your DNA, say it either be a PCR product, or a vector, leaving single-stranded overhangs that can anneal to another fragment that you'd like to put together. (neb.com)
- And so it uses the 3' to 5' exo to open up regions of single-stranded DNA that can anneal to the fragments that you want to assemble. (neb.com)
Mitochondrion1
- Each mitochondrion may contain 5 to 10 circular pieces of DNA. (medicinenet.com)
Cells7
- Lukas Chavez, Ph.D. , has received $3.2 million from the National Institutes of Health to study how unique DNA circles found in cancer cells drive deadly pediatric brain tumors. (sbpdiscovery.org)
- Moreover, enhancement of the amount of circular DNA was observed upon N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of CHO cells. (tau.ac.il)
- Using a CRISPR Cas9-guided immunoprecipitation assay, we identify a circular RNA in the FLI1 promoter chromatin complex, consisting of FLI1 exons 4-2-3, referred to as FECR1.Overexpression of FECR1 enhances invasiveness of MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using this CasIP assay, we identified FECR1, a FLI1 exonic circular RNA that binds to the FLI1 promoter and epigenetically activates FLI1 in breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mangalmurti says that this DNA-binding discovery could also have implications for research into using red blood cells in diagnostics. (news-medical.net)
- Mangalmurti and fellow researchers are studying whether this is a valid option in diagnosing infection in critically ill patients and if this DNA-binding mechanism by red blood cells is a universal mechanism of anemia in parasitic infections. (news-medical.net)
- The chemical structure in the coiled DNA ladder encodes genetic instructions in the cells of every living organism. (daviddarling.info)
MRNA1
- Concordance of p16(INK4a) and E6*I mRNA among HPV-DNA-Positive Oropharyngeal, Laryngeal, and Oral Cavity Carcinomas from the ICO International Study. (who.int)
Epigenetic1
- Thus, FLI1 drives tumor metastasis not only through the canonical oncoprotein pathway, but also by using epigenetic mechanisms mediated by its exonic circular RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Therapeutic1
- The research aims to expose how the circular pieces of DNA contribute to therapy resistance and open new therapeutic avenues to improve the lives of people affected by these devastating diseases. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Bacteria1
- Bacteria are microorganisms that have circular double-stranded DNA and (except for mycoplasmas) cell walls. (msdmanuals.com)
Tumor1
- These data suggest that FECR1 circular RNA acts as an upstream regulator to control breast cancer tumor growth by coordinating the regulation of DNA methylating and demethylating enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Fragments2
- There is however, a potentially confounding issue in that PCR can generate larger targets from collections of small DNA fragments, a phenomenon known as PCR recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
- By sampling water, soil or other environmental materials for DNA fragments, researchers can tell that thousands of different species have been in an area without having to observe the actual species passing through. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Enzymes2
- Today, we have Tom Evans, who is the scientific director of our DNA Enzymes division. (neb.com)
- allows you to fragment a DNA strand using one or more restriction enzymes. (bioruby.org)
Person's1
- In some samples, the human DNA quality was high enough that the researchers could identify things like the person's ancestry and disease susceptibility. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Parameters2
Duplex2
- I. The structure and properties of closed circular duplex DNA. (caltech.edu)
- I. The binding of the intercalating dye ethidium bromide to closed circular SV 40 DNA causes an unwinding of the duplex structure and a simultaneous and quantitatively equivalent unwinding of the superhelices. (caltech.edu)
Isolation1
- A buoyant density method for the isolation and detection of closed circular DNA is described. (caltech.edu)
Small2
- The HBV is a small DNA virus with a complex structure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Small and circular. (easydna.co.uk)
Relevance2
- Our goal for this project is to understand more about the functional relevance of circular extrachromosomal DNA in medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain cancer," says Chavez, assistant professor at Sanford Burnham Prebys. (sbpdiscovery.org)
- We see the importance and relevance of using DNA to safeguard our brands and our industry here in Yorkshire," said Bill Macbeth, managing director, Textile Centre of Excellence. (textileworld.com)
Sperm1
Assay2
- It is used as an assay for the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
- Detection of Circulating HPV16 DNA as a Biomarker for Cervical Cancer by a Bead-Based HPV Genotyping Assay. (who.int)
Found1
Occur1
- The virus moves to the nucleus of the liver cell, which is where DNA processes occur in a cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Sequence2
- With a combination of molecular dynamics simulation, CD response calculations, and experiments on an AT-sequence, we show that the ICD originates from an intricate interplay between the chiral imprint of DNA, off-resonant excitonic coupling to nucleobases, charge-transfer, and resonant excitonic coupling between DAPIs. (e-science.se)
- Extrachromosomal DNA-or ecDNA-was discovered decades ago, but it's only now, with advanced technology, that researchers can investigate their sequence, structure and regulation. (sbpdiscovery.org)
Processes2
- The company worked with weavers, finishers and tailors in Yorkshire to show them how to apply SigNature DNA at each stage of the production process, demonstrating the ability of the product to withstand dyeing, scouring, washing and dry cleaning processes. (textileworld.com)
- 4] Failure of DNA to properly separate during these processes results in a bacterium not being able to divide normally or produce functional proteins. (icr.org)
Relatives1
- 2014). Also, it can be hard to decipher between ancient genetic material and a modern human's genetic material, when the antiquated DNA arises from close relatives (Perry & Orlando, 2015). (bartleby.com)
Make2
- I very much hope that with your years of DNA geometry experience you could provide some insight on how to make the ring perfectly planar. (x3dna.org)
- You will notice that either the primary or complement strand will be padded with spaces to make them line up according to the original DNA configuration before they were cut. (bioruby.org)