- Eukaryotic genomes are even more difficult to define because almost all eukaryotic species contain nuclear chromosomes plus extra DNA molecules in the mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
- A genome sequence is the complete list of the nucleotides (A, C, G, and T for DNA genomes) that make up all the chromosomes of an individual or a species. (wikipedia.org)
- In the present study, we report the analysis of 1,167 nonredundant archaeal genomes (608 high-quality genomes) recovered from human gastrointestinal tract, sampled across 24 countries and rural and urban populations. (uibk.ac.at)
- R-M systems are widely spread among prokaryotes: they have been found or predicted with computational methods in the vast majority of bacterial and archaeal genomes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
- The odd dsRNA phages have segmented genomes, whereby multiple 'chromosomes' exist in each virion and are often re-assorted during co-infection of the same host [28], where phages can exist in a 'carrier state', reproducing without killing their host [29]. (bcl-2protein.com)
- Many computational methods have been developed for predicting their locations in archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- A number of computational methods have been developed for predicting replication origins in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- 4 ] predict the replication origins for a number of bacterial and archaeal genomes by identifying some 7-mers and/or 8-mers whose orientation is preferentially skewed around the replication origins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Zhang and Zhang [ 5 ] use the Z-curve method successfully to identify several replication origins in bacterial and archaeal genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most eukaryotes are diploid, meaning that there are two copies of each chromosome in the nucleus but the 'genome' refers to only one copy of each chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- Some eukaryotes have distinctive sex chromosomes such as the X and Y chromosomes of mammals so the technical definition of the genome must include both copies of the sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- AbstractAsgard archaea have recently been identified as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. (uibk.ac.at)
- It also covers mitochondrial DNA replication, and includes archaeal paradigms, which are proving increasingly relevant to the study of replication in higher eukaryotes. (rsc.org)
- Archaeal information processing pathways resemble those in eukaryotes, but archaeal damage response pathways remain poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
- The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)
- This is called DNA replication and begins at specific sites on the chromosome called origins. (ukri.org)
- Bacteria have a single replication origin but organisms with large chromosomes, such as humans, need many origins. (ukri.org)
- We found that recombination starts DNA replication at random locations on the chromosome, instead of at specific origins. (ukri.org)
- We will test if there is a minimum size of chromosome for this alternative mode of DNA replication. (ukri.org)
- Haloferax has many copies of its chromosome, this is called polyploidy and helps it to survive when replication and cell division are not coordinated. (ukri.org)
- The book highlights new insights into the replication process, from the assembly of pre-replication complexes, through polymerisation mechanisms, to considering replication in the context of chromatin and chromosomes. (rsc.org)
- Whilst archaea have eukaryal-type informational pathways such as DNA replication and transcription, archaeal DNA repair pathways are still poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
- We also identified a novel staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec V subtype harboring clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated genes ( cas ). (cdc.gov)
- In "Archaeal lipids", it appears to play a functional role that we have not associated with any other gene, and it occurs in close proximity on the chromosome with 2 other genes from the same subsystem. (theseed.org)
- The genome has not yet been sequenced, but using relationships between various hyperthermophiles with respect to their size, their structural organization and their phylogenetic relationship based on the content of the respectetive 16rDNA genes it is determined the entire genome of pyrodictium abyssi is a single circular chromosome and approximately 1.6Mb. (kenyon.edu)
- There are no clear archaeal homologues of either bacterial LexA or of eukaryal proteins involved in the transcriptional response to DNA damage, such as p53. (biomedcentral.com)
- A domain found in a protein subunit of human RNase MRP and RNase P ribonucleoprotein complexes and archaeal proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- 2017 ). Among them, only 15 GEMs are for 10 archaeal organisms, and most of them are methanogenic species. (springeropen.com)
- RAD-seq linkage mapping and patterns of segregation distortion in sedges: meiosis as a driver of karyotypic evolution in organisms with holocentric chromosomes. (uchicago.edu)
- Recombination is a form of DNA repair that is used to mend breaks in the chromosome. (ukri.org)
- We will test whether it leads to mutations or chromosome rearrangements, and whether there are alternatives that avoid recombination. (ukri.org)
- Unlike origins, recombination can take place anywhere on the chromosome, but how often this happens depends on the length of DNA. (ukri.org)
- Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
- During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
- The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (uchicago.edu)
- Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
- claiming that two homologous chromosomes paired between complementary sequences lead to the formation of a cross-stranded structure that physically links the two component helices. (iucr.org)
- For integration into the host chromosome , casposons employ an endonuclease that is homologous to the Cas1 protein involved in proto-spacer integration by the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system. (hal.science)
- Further molecular characterization determined that these isolates all contained staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec V, were negative for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and were closely related by macrorestriction analysis with the restriction enzyme Cfr91 . (cdc.gov)
- A 3,011-bp arsenite resistance ars cluster arsHRNBC and a 5649-bp methionine biosynthesis met operon were found on the 3.315-Mb chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Chromosomes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
- Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Structures with the catalytic domain of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (archaeal PylS or perhaps bacterial PylSc) revealed holding websites for tRNA(PYl) and also pyrrolysine. (novobiocininhibitor.com)
- Here, we determine the prevalence and abundance of archaeal species in the guts of a multi-ethnic cohort of healthy Singapore residents. (uibk.ac.at)
- AbstractThe human gut microbiome plays an important role in health, but its archaeal diversity remains largely unexplored. (uibk.ac.at)
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
- When referring to the standard reference genome of humans, for example, it consists of one copy of each of the 22 autosomes plus one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- for example, bacteria usually have one or two large DNA molecules (chromosomes) that contain all of the essential genetic material but they also contain smaller extrachromosomal plasmid molecules that carry important genetic information. (wikipedia.org)
- Amino-acid sequence and structure comparison suggested that the enzyme belongs to a group of enzymes classified as archaeal Holliday junction-resolving enzymes, which are typically divalent metal ion-binding dimers that are able to cleave X-shaped dsDNA-Holliday junctions (Hjs). (iucr.org)
- [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
- In Archaeal lipids its role is Diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.33) . (theseed.org)
- To our knowledge, this is the first crystal structure of an Hj-resolving enzyme originating from a bacteriophage that can be classified as an archaeal type of Hj-resolving enzyme. (iucr.org)
- Archaeal ATPase/synthases are classified as A-type ATPases. (kenyon.edu)