• In the present study, we report on the mapping of a second MKS locus (MKS2) to chromosome 11q13, by homozygosity mapping in seven families that do not show linkage to chromosome 17q21-q24 (maximum LOD score 4.41 at recombination fraction .01). (nih.gov)
  • We therefore performed linkage analysis with microsatellite markers of the X chromosome in three families. (nih.gov)
  • Linkage mapping of the porcine MC3R gene to chromosome 17. (muni.cz)
  • To identify the disease locus we carried out a genomewide linkage search using an early access version of the GeneChip Mapping 10K Xba Array. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Linkage mapping using different populations identified a major QTL in the genomic region that contains the gene Waxy ( Wx ) on chromosome 6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2. New linkage maps of all the chromosomes are presented. (caltech.edu)
  • Five of these lie in the X-chromosome, and a study of their linkage relations was shown to indicate that the sequence of the five loci concerned is the same in both species, and that the percentages of crossing over in comparable regions, while not indentical, is still not very different. (caltech.edu)
  • Background: Our previous genome-wide linkage scan mapped five loci for caries experience. (medipol.edu.tr)
  • Background: Chromosome 7 has shown consistent evidence of linkage with a variety of phenotypes related to alcohol dependence in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) project. (wustl.edu)
  • With these cell lines, it has been possible to establish the X-linkage of the genes for HPRT, G6PD, and PGKA in this marsupial and to localize these three genes to the terminal portion of the euchromatic arm of the red kangaroo X chromosome. (edu.au)
  • Significant linkage was found on chromosome 19p for a series of microsatellite markers, with a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.59 at θ = 0.0 for marker D19S878. (ucc.ie)
  • In this study, the researchers showed that in Cryptococcus amylolentus, the ancestral state, the P/R locus resided on chromosome 10 and the HD locus on chromosome 11. (phys.org)
  • Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a biparental complete hydatidiform mole locus on chromosome 19q13.4. (bmj.com)
  • In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y-chromosome (called Y-DNA). (unionpedia.org)
  • In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. (unionpedia.org)
  • A recent paper in this journal by Detlefsen(1) is introduced as follows: "There is a well intrenched concept of recent genetics that hereditary factors or genes may be given fairly definite loci on chromosome maps and that these maps correspond to or represent, roughly perhaps, the actual conditions in the chromosome. (caltech.edu)
  • Donald, JA & Hope, RM 1981, ' Mapping a marsupial X chromosome using kangaroo-mouse somatic cell hybrids ', Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics , vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 127-137. (edu.au)
  • However, there are no reliable tools to decipher the molecular composition of metaphase chromosomes. (monash.edu)
  • Here, we have applied infrared nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) to demonstrate molecular difference between eu- and heterochromatin and generate infrared maps of single metaphase chromosomes revealing detailed information on their molecular composition, with nanometric lateral spatial resolution. (monash.edu)
  • We demonstrate the ability of our methodology to locate spatially the presence of anticancer drug sites in metaphase chromosomes and cellular nuclei. (monash.edu)
  • Analysis of human metaphase chromosomes by in situ hybridization localizes this cytochrome P‐450 gene family further to the long arm of chromosome 19 in the region q13.1→qter. (elsevierpure.com)
  • [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study demonstrates segregation for the putative Ahl gene and mapping of such a gene to Chromosome 10, consistent with other independent mapping of Ahl for AHL in 10 strains of mice [Johnson et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers believe that having extra copies of genes on chromosome 21 disrupts the course of normal development, causing the characteristic features of Down syndrome and the increased risk of health problems associated with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for starch paste viscosity in rice were analyzed using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) developed from the two cultivars 9311 and Nipponbare, which have same Wx-b allele. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identification of the gene causing BBS on chromosome 16 could aid in the identification of the other BBS loci and could help in the understanding of RP and polygenic disorders such as obesity and hypertension. (bgu.ac.il)
  • The purpose of this study was to fine map one of these loci, the locus 13q31.1, in order to identify genetic contributors to caries. (medipol.edu.tr)
  • We have utilized 31 DNA probes which map to the WAGR deletion region, together with six reference loci and 13 WAGR-related deletions, to subdivide this area into 16 intervals. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Delineation, by specific probes, of multiple intervals above and below the critical region and of five intervals within the overlap area provides a framework map for molecular characterization of WAGR gene loci and of deletion boundary regions. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • A chromosome bin map of 2148 expressed sequence tag loci of wheat homoeologous group 7. (bvsalud.org)
  • We mapped 2148 loci from 919 EST clones onto group 7 chromosomes of wheat . (bvsalud.org)
  • Researchers from the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium on behalf of the National Human Genome Research Institute in the USA have completed the mapping of the Y sex chromosome , which is the only one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in a healthy individual . (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • They found that during evolution, a reshuffling of DNA known as translocation brought together separate chunks of sex-determining genes onto a single chromosome, essentially mimicking the human X or Y chromosome. (phys.org)
  • To determine the level of involvement of Y chromosome loss in bladder cancer growth, Abdel-Hafiz and colleagues first 1 determined its loss using the expression of genes located in it in bladder cancer cells before moving on to doing the same in human samples. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome, spanning about 48 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and representing 1.5 to 2 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 2000, researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced that they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosome 21 was the second human chromosome to be fully sequenced. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The full sequence of the Y chromosome is one of the few remaining pieces missing from the human genomic puzzle. (frontlinegenomics.com)
  • Researchers reported the first full assembly of human chromosome 8 in Nature last week. (frontlinegenomics.com)
  • From understanding the role of chromosomes in inheritance to unraveling the secrets of human evolution, chromosome mapping has revolutionized our comprehension of the genetic landscape. (facts.net)
  • We increased the sensitivity and accuracy of in situ nick translation using biotinylated dUTP and a specific detection and staining procedure instead of radioactive label and autoradiography and now show that in both human and CHO chromosomes, the DNAase I sensitive and insensitive chromosomal regions form a specific dark and light banding pattern. (huji.ac.il)
  • The Y chromosome is by far the most difficult human chromosome to sequence and assemble. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • In 2020, the National Human Genome Research Institute completed the mapping of the X sex chromosome , which was prioritized for its link to diseases such as hemophilia, chronic granulomatosis, and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) . (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • The gene for Machado-Joseph disease maps to human chromosome 14q. (bvsalud.org)
  • The small chromosome, made up of the left end of X attached to the spindle-fibre region of 4, may be obtained in individuals (of either sex) that are otherwise normal diploids. (caltech.edu)
  • In humans, biological sex is determined by the chromosomes X or Y. People having a Y chromosome are typically male, as this small chromosome -which evolution seems to be doing away with- contains a gene which determines the formation of male sexual organs in the embryo. (mappingignorance.org)
  • Most alien wheat lines carry whole chromosome arms, and it is notable that these lines showed intra-arm recombination within the 1BS arm. (nature.com)
  • We wish to call attention to the fact that in his last paper Castle ignores our proof of the linear order that is furnished by building up the whole chromosome (or even large sections of it) by "distances" so short that no double cross-over classes appear. (caltech.edu)
  • Surprisingly, they've shown that these crucial translocations occurred at the centromeres, the twisty ties that hold together chromosomes at the center of an x-shaped pair. (phys.org)
  • Genetic studies showed several years ago that the third chromosomes of wild strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura often carry suppressors of crossing-over. (caltech.edu)
  • Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of F. oxysporum , converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. (nature.com)
  • Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in F. oxysporum . (nature.com)
  • The C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred strains of mice exhibit an age-related hearing loss (AHL) due to a recessive gene (Ahl) that maps to Chromosome 10. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we provide a chromosome-specific view into the organization and evolution of the D genome of bread wheat, in comparison to one of its ancestors, revealing recent genome rearrangements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For Ashkenazic Jews, I would recommend a minimum of 10cM segments-and even that will likely be mapping segments incorrectly to specific common ancestors. (dnapainter.com)
  • I can use DNA Painter to see which ancestors we may have in common based on overlaps with known matches whose shared DNA I've already added to my map. (dnapainter.com)
  • By analyzing specific markers on the chromosomes, we can trace our genetic lineage back to our ancestors and discover our genetic heritage. (facts.net)
  • The end goal of chromosome mapping is to be able to identify which ancestors were the source of your DNA, with as much granularity as possible. (dnapainter.com)
  • Insulators have also been found to cluster at the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs) and may have a role in partitioning the genome into "chromosome neighborhoods" - genomic regions within which regulation occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our analysis revealed lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in F. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. (nature.com)
  • A genetic rearrangement (translocation) involving chromosome 21 is associated with a type of blood cancer known as core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The translocation, written as t(8;21), fuses part of the RUNX1 gene from chromosome 21 with part of the RUNX1T1 gene (also known as ETO ) from chromosome 8. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A region of homozygosity harboring the neonatal diabetes disease gene on chromosome 10p12.1-p13 was identified (multipoint logarithm of odds score 3.25). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A region of shared homozygosity on chromosome 10p13-p12.1 was identified in the three affected individuals. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • For example, chromosome 1 of C. neoformans contained pieces of four different chromosomes from C. amylolentus , providing evidence of multiple translocations, some within the centromere. (phys.org)
  • According to their model, multiple translocations deposited the two sex determinants on the same chromosome, with a centromere in between. (phys.org)
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Minor QTLs controlling starch viscosity traits were identified by using the chromosome segment substitution strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Changes involving chromosome 21 can include a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 21) and a circular structure called ring chromosome 21. (medlineplus.gov)
  • if you've been able to attribute a segment of one of your chromosomes to a particular ancestor and a new match shares that segment as well, then they should be related on that branch. (dnapainter.com)
  • DNA Painter's default segment size to add to a map is 7cM. (dnapainter.com)
  • The idea is that you have identified whom the DNA segment you wish to map comes from, so you need to add the columns "side" and "MRCA" to your CSV. (kittycooper.com)
  • Notable is the huge 90 cM segment on Chromosome 2. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
  • I have a much smaller segment in common with Cousin #1 on that chromosome, so this new comparison will help to extend that segment to cover a significant amount of my paternal chromosome 2 in addition to adding a smaller segment toward the end of the chromosome. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
  • An additional 49 probes that mapped to 7AS, 7DS, and the ancestral translocated segment involving 7BS also were designated landmarks. (bvsalud.org)
  • It seems probable that the scheme outlined in this paper will apply for the case of inversions that do not include the locus of the spindle attachment and for other chromosome aberrations in which crossing-over gives rise to chromatids with two spindle attachments, and where the conditions of meiosis are such that (a) the meiotic spindles are oriented so that the reduced nuclei lie approximately on a single straight line, and (b) only one of the terminal nuclei functions in further development. (caltech.edu)
  • We then performed genome-wide mapping of the IL1beta results and found a significant marker (quantitative trait locus) on distal chromosome 7. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists have been studying the evolution of sex chromosomes for more than a century. (phys.org)
  • Mapping these chromosomes has allowed scientists to unlock numerous mysteries and gain valuable insights into various biological processes. (facts.net)
  • Through chromosome mapping, scientists can pinpoint the exact locations of genes associated with genetic disorders, enabling early detection and treatment. (facts.net)
  • Forensic scientists use chromosome mapping techniques to analyze DNA evidence and match it to potential suspects, helping solve crimes. (facts.net)
  • By mapping the chromosomes of plants, scientists can identify desirable genetic traits and breed crops with improved yield, resistance to diseases, and nutritional content. (facts.net)
  • By comparing the chromosome maps of different species, scientists can gain insights into evolutionary relationships and understand how organisms have diverged over time. (facts.net)
  • By analyzing an individual's chromosome map, scientists can provide personalized dietary recommendations based on genetic factors that affect nutrient metabolism. (facts.net)
  • By analyzing the genetic markers on chromosomes, scientists can reconstruct ancient migration routes and understand the movements of different populations. (facts.net)
  • In this context, scientists, who mapped 50 percent of the Y chromosome in 2003 , mapped a total of 62 million DNA base pairs , marking 30 million new base pairs , and discovered 41 new genes responsible for protein production, Daily Mail reported. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • Ever since the invention of the first light microscopes more than 100 years ago, scientists have puzzled over how chromosomes receive their X-shape during cell division. (le.ac.uk)
  • Only 61 (0.06%) of the markers displayed identifiable non-Mendelian transmission and neither of the two males typed were assigned a heterozygous state for any of the 178 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping to the X chromosome. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • PCR-based markers and cytogenetic analysis with genomic in situ hybridisation were applied to identify alien chromatin in four genetically diverse populations of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) lines incorporating chromosome segments from Thinopyrum intermedium and Secale cereale (rye). (nature.com)
  • Landmark probe orders and comparative maps of wheat , rice , and barley were produced on the basis of corresponding rice BAC/PAC and genetic markers that mapped on chromosomes 6 and 8 of rice . (bvsalud.org)
  • In a study appearing early online Aug. 11 in PLOS Biology , Duke researchers have mapped the evolutionary turning point that transformed the pathogenic form of Cryptococcus from an organism of many sexes to one with only two. (phys.org)
  • Since we all have two sets of chromosomes, DNA Painter can't know if the match is on your maternal or paternal side-but D should be on one or the other. (dnapainter.com)
  • In the video below, Blaine Bettinger gives an introduction with some hands-on examples of how you map your chromosomes with DNA Painter. (dnapainter.com)
  • 2023) Y chromosome loss in cancer drives growth by evasion of adaptive immunity. (mappingignorance.org)
  • The researchers sequenced the entire genome of C. amylolentus , mapping the location of all the genes as well as the centromeres on each of the organism's 14 chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosome mapping allows researchers to identify the genes responsible for complex traits such as intelligence, height, and susceptibility to diseases. (facts.net)
  • A group of researchers in the USA succeeded in mapping the Y sex chromosome. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • Now, a team of researchers led by Professor Daniel Panne at the University of Leicester and Dr Benjamin Rowland at the Netherlands Cancer Institute have determined at a molecular level how the iconic X-shape of chromosomes is generated during cell division. (le.ac.uk)
  • We have shown that in fixed mitotic chromosomes from female G. gerbillus cells the inactive X chromosome is distinctly less sensitive to DNAase I than the active X chromosome, as demonstrated by in situ nick translation. (huji.ac.il)
  • 5 clones) that constitute ~95 % of the cumulative length of the map. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of the marker sequences were derived from randomly chosen clones from four different chromosome 6-enriched plasmid libraries or from subclones of YACs previously mapped to chromosome 6. (le.ac.uk)
  • It has been shown above that crossovers between X chromosome segments inverted with respect to one another influence the orientation of the meiotic tetrads in such a way as to eliminate the single crossover chromatids, leaving a normal non-crossover one in the reduced egg nucleus. (caltech.edu)
  • Today I received his results and not only does he carry a Y-chromosome with the I2b1 haplogroup, but he shares 3.84% of my autosomal DNA over 9 segments. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
  • Much of this was shared on different segments than my female second cousin on this line (they are first cousins), so it will really enhance my chromosome map. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
  • Is the Subject Area "Chromosome pairs" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Two copies of chromosome 21, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The results will facilitate directed chromosome engineering producing agronomically desirable WSMV-resistant germplasm. (nature.com)
  • Since the last-mentioned point involves a new type of effect of the Y-chromosome, it seems desirable to record it, even though the analysis is still unfinished. (caltech.edu)
  • The hybrids lost marsupial chromosomes and could therefore be used to map marsupial genes. (edu.au)
  • Several of the hybrids contained a complete red kangaroo X chromosome and expressed the kangaroo form of the enzymes HPRT, G6PD, and PGKA. (edu.au)
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our map largely supports previous gene-based maps of this chromosome but reveals a number of errors in the physical map. (le.ac.uk)
  • Chromosome 21 abnormalities can cause intellectual disability, delayed development, and characteristic facial features. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the 1960's, Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist Susumu Ohno proposed a theory in which the genes determining sex first arose at various spots scattered across the entire genome , but over time were "captured" on the sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • The construction of BAC-based physical maps of individual chromosomes reduces the complexity of this allohexaploid genome, enables elucidation of gene space and evolutionary relationships, provides tools for map-based cloning, and serves as a framework for reference sequencing efforts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 21. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
  • These iconic X shape chromosomes become visible in the light microscope. (le.ac.uk)
  • Using biochemical and imaging techniques using a light microscope the team found that when they modified key amino acids, the familiar X-shaped chromosomes could not form any longer. (le.ac.uk)
  • The high-quality physical map constructed in this study paves the way for the assembly of a reference sequence, from which breeding efforts will greatly benefit. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the absence of a finished quality genome sequence, insights into wheat genome structure and function have been accumulating through survey sequencing of individual chromosomes or chromosome-specific Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have made a high-resolution HAPPY map of chromosome 6 of Dictyostelium discoideum consisting of 300 sequence-tagged sites with an average spacing of 14 kb along the ∼4-Mb chromosome. (le.ac.uk)
  • According to the Daily Mail, the Y chromosome, which has been mapped using DNA sequencing technologies and sequence concatenation methods, is different from other chromosomes with the same top-down and bottom-up reading (palindrome) feature. (turkiyenewspaper.com)
  • Less commonly, Down syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 21 becomes attached (translocated) to another chromosome during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or very early in fetal development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a very small percentage of cases, Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21 in only some of the body's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Il s'agit de la première série de cas du syndrome de Sanjad-Sakati confirmés génétiquement en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • The objectives of this study were to develop a high-density chromosome bin map of homoeologous group 7 in hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), to identify gene distribution in these chromosomes , and to perform comparative studies of wheat with rice and barley . (bvsalud.org)
  • One hundred nineteen EST probes that hybridized to three fragments and mapped to the three group 7 chromosomes were designated landmark probes and were used to construct a consensus homoeologous group 7 map. (bvsalud.org)
  • Note that the CGH formats do require probes to be exported to have a genomic mapping. (lu.se)
  • For many genealogists, chromosome mapping is innately fascinating, since it provides evidence of the presence of our forebears within our own bodies. (dnapainter.com)
  • The purpose of this study is to fine-map and further define the chromosome 16q13 BBS locus (BBS2). (bgu.ac.il)
  • Recombination events, identified by haplotype analysis, define a genetic region of 6.57 cM on chromosome 19p13.3, corresponding to an interval of 2.5 Mb. (ucc.ie)
  • These regions of the chromosome are so dense that they were once thought to be removed from recombination. (phys.org)
  • Chromosome mapping has paved the way for personalized medicine, as it helps determine an individual's genetic predispositions to certain diseases, allowing for tailored treatments. (facts.net)
  • Affected people have two copies of chromosome 21 plus extra material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome, resulting in three copies of genetic material from chromosome 21. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, we find that a high proportion of the plasmid sequences derived from gel-enriched chromosome 6 (and that form the basis of a chromosome-specific sequencing project) originates from other chromosomes. (le.ac.uk)
  • This means that these key amino acids are required to form the X-shaped chromosome. (le.ac.uk)
  • These results indicated that the specific chromatin conformation that renders potentially active genes sensitive to DNAase I is maintained in fixed mitotic chromosomes. (huji.ac.il)
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ordering of 80 contigs along the deletion bins of chromosome arm 5DS revealed small-scale breaks in syntenic blocks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we constructed the first comprehensive physical map of wheat chromosome arm 5DS, thereby exploring its gene space organization and evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study is concerned chiefly with the behavior of a duplicating chromosome derived from the undescribed scute allelomorph known as scute-10-2. (caltech.edu)
  • Chromosome mapping is a fascinating field of study that delves into the intricacies of our genetic makeup. (facts.net)
  • The WAGR (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) region has been assigned to chromosome 11p13 on the basis of overlapping constitutional deletions found in affected individuals. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Identification of landmark ESTs and development of consensus maps may provide a framework of conserved coding regions predating the evolution of wheat genomes . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which carry the essential information of who we are and what makes us unique. (facts.net)
  • Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our methodology provides a new and important tool for studying the structural and functional organization of chromosomes. (huji.ac.il)