• Sorting in plant cells is complex, as mitochondria and chloroplasts or plastids coexist in every cell. (silverchair.com)
  • A nucleus-encoded maize protein with sigma factor activity accumulates in mitochondria and chloroplasts. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
  • The 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)
  • Each session of the GRC on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will be introduced by an expert Discussion Leader who will provide a general overview to integrate the research communities and stimulate conceptual discussions. (grc.org)
  • This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
  • There is compelling evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells. (utah.edu)
  • Over millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and chloroplasts have become more specialized and today they cannot live outside the cell. (utah.edu)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have striking similarities to bacteria cells. (utah.edu)
  • A double membrane surrounds both mitochondria and chloroplasts, further evidence that each was ingested by a primitive host. (utah.edu)
  • The vast majority of plastid genome-encoded genes can be grouped into two classes: genetic system genes (rRNAs, tRNAs, ribosomal proteins, subunits of an Escherichia coli -like RNA polymerase) and photosynthesis genes (subunits of the photosystems I and II, the cytochrome b 6 f complex, the ATP synthase, large subunit of Rubisco). (silverchair.com)
  • Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts are the location for the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, the electron transport chain (ETC). We study a protein of unknown function, which is localised at the thylakoid membrane and appears to be necessary for the regulation of ETC under starvation conditions. (helsinki.fi)
  • Plants, algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves, as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy. (elifesciences.org)
  • Animals typically lack chloroplasts, making them unable to use photosynthesis to power themselves. (elifesciences.org)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • RNA-Seq revealed that 28 chloroplast genes (cpDEGs) were all down-regulated in YSs, of which, four involved in chloroplast protein translation and 21 of photosynthesis system (PS)I, PSII, cytochrome b6/f complex and ATP synthase are crucial for chloroplast biogenesis/development. (bvsalud.org)
  • The nuclear genome encodes most of the chloroplast proteins, among which a large percentage of membrane proteins have yet to be functionally characterized. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chloroplast proteins encoded by the nuclear genome often play critical roles in maintaining chloroplast development and activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two of those proteins, hereafter named Chloroplast protein for Growth and Fertility (CGF1) and CGF2, are highly homologous with each other but not with any other proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A small conserved open reading frame in the plastid genome, ycf9 , encodes a putative membrane protein of 62 amino acids. (silverchair.com)
  • While most GE plants used in commercial applications are generated by manipulation of the nuclear genome, transformation of the chloroplast genome for protein production has several key advantages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Over the years, various selectable markers and cell lines for transformation of the nuclear or chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas have been developed in the Purton group and made available to the research community. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Systematic analysis of the chloroplast and its photosynthetic machinery has begun, using a combination of two-dimensional gels, mass spectroscopy, protein sequencing and genome databases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chloroplast-located proteins which are encoded by the nuclear genome have to be imported from the cytosol into the organelle in a post-translational manner. (cipsm.de)
  • AtSAL1 phosphatase activity is suppressed by dimerization, intramolecular disulfide formation, and glutathionylation, allowing accumulation of its substrate, PAP, a chloroplast stress retrograde signal that regulates expression of plastid redox associated nuclear genes (PRANGs). (nih.gov)
  • It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Is the Subject Area "Membrane proteins" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Membrane proteins in translational control: characterisation of membrane-bound protein complexes associated with eIF2B, which regulates protein synthesis, and is important in neurological disease. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Tail-anchored membrane proteins: investigating the targeting and membrane insertion mechanisms, which is important due to the wide range of core cellular functions performed by these proteins. (shu.ac.uk)
  • The stabilisation mechanism can be described as a combined effect of surface-active molecules, mainly membrane proteins but also membrane lipids, exposed on surfaces of thylakoid membrane vesicles adsorbed as particles. (lu.se)
  • On illumination, the plastids become photosynthetically competent through the production of chlorophylls and proteins encoded by certain chloroplast and nuclear genes. (northwestern.edu)
  • Transcripts of the nuclear gene rpl29, encoding the chloroplast ribosomal protein L29, increase in abundance about 17-fold during light-induced maturation of plastids. (northwestern.edu)
  • Detailed analysis of atToc75-III↓ plants, by electron microscopy, immunoblotting, quantitative proteomics, and protein import assays, indicated that these plants are defective in relation to the biogenesis of both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic plastids and preproteins, confirming the earlier hypothesis that atToc75-III functions promiscuously in different substrate-specific import pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Proteins they encode are associated with chloroplasts through a N-terminal chloroplast-targeting signal in green tissues but also located at plastids in roots and seeds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vesicle-Inducing Protein in Plastids 1 (VIPP1) is critical for the maintenance of chloroplast envelope and thus chloroplast development [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • The vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1) is an essential component for thylakoid biogenesis in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. (cipsm.de)
  • Chloroplast genomes only encode about 80 to 100 proteins, while between 2500 and 3500 nuclear-encoded proteins are predicted to be targeted to chloroplasts [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A subunit of the preprotein translocon of the outer envelope of chloroplasts (Toc complex) of 64 kD is described, Toc64. (silverchair.com)
  • The precursor forms of prominent chloroplast proteins like the small subunit of stromal Rubisco (SSU), the thylakoid a/b binding protein (LHCP), or the thylakoid lumen localized subunits of the oxygen evolving complex of 23 kD and 33 kD (OE23, OE33) contain a phosphorylation site within the chloroplast targeting signal ( Waegemann and Soll 1996 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Both RNA polymerase PEP and NEP coexist in seed-plant chloroplasts and the ßâ ³ subunit of PEP is encoded by rpoC2. (bvsalud.org)
  • Early chloroplasts were probably independent bacteria that were captured and 'domesticated' by other cells for their ability to extract energy from the sun. (elifesciences.org)
  • Members of the Alb3/Oxa1/YidC protein family function as insertases in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and bacteria. (cipsm.de)
  • Due to independent gene duplications, all organisms possess two isoforms, Oxa1 and Oxa2 except gram-negative bacteria, which encode only for one YidC-like protein. (cipsm.de)
  • Protein translocase in BACTERIA or CHLOROPLASTS that exports or secretes folded proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • In GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA, twin-arginine translocase (TAT) is involved in the export of folded proteins to the PERIPLASM. (bvsalud.org)
  • Calcium regulation of chloroplast protein translocation is mediated by calmodulin binding to Tic32. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We propose that Toc64 functions early in preprotein translocation, maybe as a docking protein for cytosolic cofactors of the protein import into chloroplasts. (silverchair.com)
  • However, in vitro chloroplast import assays and computer algorithms gave ambiguous results with the fifth protein, ZmSig2B. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Unlike MCCs (Note 1), GCCs take up cytosolic ATP via the nucleotide transporters (NTTs) on chloroplast membrane to energise starch synthesis in daytime. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In all living cells, protein synthesis occurs on ribonucleoprotein particles called ribosomes. (cipsm.de)
  • Chloroplast function is required throughout the life cycle of the plant and compromised activity can result in embryo lethality. (frontiersin.org)
  • Proteins they encode are associated with chloroplasts through a N-terminal chloroplast-targeting signal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plants contain nuclear gene families that encode proteins related to the principal sigma factors of eubacteria. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Plants that lack the protein of unknown function have altered responses of genes encoding for mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins under starvation conditions. (helsinki.fi)
  • Mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are therefore synthesized in the cytosol as preproteins with an NH 2 -terminal targeting sequence, which is both necessary and sufficient for directing the preproteins to the correct organelle. (silverchair.com)
  • Several expression systems for recombinant protein production, essentially cells or whole organisms are currently in use today. (bl.uk)
  • Recently, research into recombinant protein production revealed a more attractive expression system based on the microalgae, C. reinhardtii, for significant savings in cost and production of correctly folded recombinant proteins. (bl.uk)
  • Using the expression of E. coli β-glucuronidase (gus) in C. reinhardtii chloroplast, the overall aim of the project was to address if the low recombinant gus yield in C. reinhardtii was due to limitations that affect growth and protein production, and if the fluxes for recombinant gus production were suboptimal (limiting). (bl.uk)
  • The finding was used to implement a strategy for a more predictable recombinant protein yield in C. reinhardtii. (bl.uk)
  • No detectable protein burden was observed for expression of recombinant gus in autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, but protein burden was significant in heterotrophic condition (15 - 18% reduction in growth rate). (bl.uk)
  • Furthermore, this research presented a framework for identifying, analysing and understanding the effect of the uptake of individual amino acid towards recombinant protein yield. (bl.uk)
  • The work reported here demonstrates that well-fertilized tobacco plants have a substantial degree of flexibility in protein metabolism and can accommodate considerable levels of some recombinant proteins without exhibiting deleterious mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ZmSig2B also exhibits the expected properties of a chloroplast sigma factor: recombinant ZmSig2B binds to a chloroplast promoter and initiates transcription in vitro when combined with Escherichia coli core RNA polymerase. (oregonstate.edu)
  • We also demonstrate that accumulating foreign protein represents an added burden to the plants' metabolism that can make them more sensitive to limiting growth conditions such as low nitrogen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While these high yields are promising for commercial applications, accumulating a non-native protein to that degree can have unforeseen impacts on the GE plant's metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, it can be cross-linked in intact chloroplasts to a high molecular weight complex containing both Toc and Tic subunits and a precursor protein. (silverchair.com)
  • A phosphorylated precursor protein can still bind to the chloroplast import machinery, but must become dephosphorylated before translocating through the membranes. (silverchair.com)
  • Some proteins of the maize photosynthetic machinery are solely or preferentially localized in MC and others in BSC. (northwestern.edu)
  • Our results indicate that, in contrast to the current view, light-harvesting complexes do not only consist of the classical pigment-binding proteins, but may contain small structural subunits in addition. (silverchair.com)
  • We have recently identified potential intermediate proteins of this signalling pathway, which we will investigate further through isolating chloroplast complexes involving the unknown protein from plants. (helsinki.fi)
  • Specific sessions will be dedicated to organelle evolution, their gene expression systems, the import of proteins and their assembly into functioning complexes, signaling pathways and stress response, disintegration of organelles during aging and senescence, and how all these are being translated to agriculture and medicine. (grc.org)
  • Rotor ATPases are large multisubunit membrane protein complexes found in all kingdoms of life. (jyu.fi)
  • Protein-specific energy requirements for protein transport across or into thylakoid membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The import of nuclear-encoded proteins into chloroplasts is tightly controlled on both sides of the envelope membranes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In chloroplasts, TAT is involved in transporting folded proteins across the membranes of THYLAKOIDS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mounting evidence suggests that the genetic disorders/mutation and diseases change not only the protein expression patterns but also membranes themselves. (lu.se)
  • In vivo analyses of the roles of essential Omp85-related proteins in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Chloroplasts are essential organelles of plant cells for not only being the energy factory but also making plant cells adaptable to different environmental stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These high-value proteins are mainly produced for such purposes using large-scale cultures of bacterial, fungal, or mammalian cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • The sea slug Elysia timida , however, can steal whole chloroplasts from the cells of the algae it consumes: the stolen structures then become part of the cells in the gut of the slug, allowing the animal to gain energy from sunlight. (elifesciences.org)
  • Once stolen, the chloroplasts, now termed kleptoplasts, remain functional inside the slug's cells for several weeks, essentially creating a photosynthetic slug. (elifesciences.org)
  • Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Paula's first degree was BSc Biochemistry with Extramural Year from King's College London (1st Class Hons) and her PhD and postdoctoral research was all in Membrane Trafficking (how proteins are delivered to the correct place in cells). (swansea.ac.uk)
  • Dr Sheyli LIM, the first author of the article and a former PhD student of Lim's group remarked "The in planta fluorescence protein sensors we developed are powerful tools in visualising dynamic changes of the concentrations of energy molecules in individual plant cells and organelles, which allow us to solve some key questions in plant bioenergetics. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A further six years of postdoctoral research at the University of Manchester allowed me to advance my research skills and to tackle fundamental questions about how proteins are organised within cells. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Our common theme is investigating how proteins and RNA are delivered to their correct destination within cells, a universal process that can result in disease when it malfunctions. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Viroid trafficking in plant cells: determining the mechanisms of RNA import into the chloroplast, which is a crucial step in the lifecycle of viroids. (shu.ac.uk)
  • After the pathogenic bacterium Legionella pneumophila is phagocytosed, it injects more than 250 different proteins into the cytoplasm of host cells to evade lysosomal digestion and to replicate inside the host cell. (cipsm.de)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a by-product of the electron transport chain in the chloroplast, which can also act as a signal switching on gene expression in the nucleus. (helsinki.fi)
  • The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This model represents the TatB protein of a Sec-independent system for transporting folded proteins, often with a bound redox cofactor, across the bacterial inner membrane. (nih.gov)
  • These reports led to the hypothesis that Toc159 functions as a selective import receptor for preproteins that are required for chloroplast development. (rupress.org)
  • These results suggest that redox modulation and calcium regulation of chloroplast protein import convene at the Tic translocon and that both could be mediated by Tic32. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Her PhD was in chloroplast protein import from the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge. (swansea.ac.uk)
  • Arabidopsis thaliana SAL1 (AtSAL1) senses changes in photosynthetic redox poise, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide concentrations in chloroplasts via redox regulatory mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • This redox regulation of SAL1 for activation of chloroplast signaling is conserved in the plant kingdom, and the plant protein has evolved enhanced redox sensitivity compared with its yeast ortholog. (nih.gov)
  • The data presented here indicate that in tobacco, CP12 has a role in redox-mediated regulation of carbon partitioning from the chloroplast and provides strong in vivo evidence that CP12 is required for normal growth and development in plants. (essex.ac.uk)
  • Since its inception in 1996, Pfam has aimed to be a comprehensive database of protein families defined by the presence of shared domains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A small subset of the large pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family in higher plants contain a C-terminal small MutS-related (SMR) domain. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we found that a 425 bp deletion mutation of chloroplast rpoC2 underlies the yellow stripes (YSs) of Cmvv. (bvsalud.org)
  • The carboxysome is a specialized bacterial organelle that encapsulates enzymes into a virus-like protein shell and plays essential roles in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (nature.com)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (chloroplast protein-importing). (wikipedia.org)
  • A systematic comparison between mRNA and protein displayed emerging expression patterns of key therapeutic targets (CD274, YAP1, AKT1, and CDH1). (bvsalud.org)
  • Identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is important for understanding how proteins work together in a coordinated fashion in a cell to perform cellular functions. (nature.com)
  • PPIs are essential for individual protein functions, forming various cellular pathways, and are also involved in the development of diseases. (nature.com)
  • The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To analyse protein locations we use techniques such as protein expression, cellular fractionation, and confocal fluorescence microscopy. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Here we identify the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) phosphatase SAL1 as a previously unidentified and conserved oxidative stress sensor in plant chloroplasts. (nih.gov)
  • We also examine their occurrence in other organisms and have determined by phylogenetic analysis that, while they are limited to species that contain chloroplasts, their presence in algae and early branching land plant lineages indicates that the coupling of PPR motifs and an SMR domain into a single protein occurred early in the evolution of the Viridiplantae clade. (nih.gov)
  • Chloroplasts are light-harvesting organelles essential for plant survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the main function of chloroplasts is oxygenic photobiosynthesis, it also produces various compounds, such as phytohormones, fatty acids, vitamins, as well as secondary metabolites that are indispensable for plant physiology and development [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report that Arabidopsis CGF1 and CGF2 are important for plant development by mediating chloroplast integrity and possibly development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This technology needs to be fine-tuned for commercial applications to maximize target protein yield while maintaining robust plant growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other representative plant species cover even less protein involved in known PPIs. (nature.com)
  • By employing in planta fluorescence protein sensors, the team of Dr Boon Leong Lim at HKU was able to visualise real-time production of ATP and NADPH in the mesophyll cell chloroplasts (MCCs) of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana . (sciencedaily.com)
  • S. Slathia, A. Sharma and S. Choudhary, "Influence of Exogenously Applied Epibrassinolide and Putrescine on Protein Content, Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Lycopersicon esculentum under Salinity Stress," American Journal of Plant Sciences , Vol. 3 No. 6, 2012, pp. 714-720. (scirp.org)
  • Because the proteins naturally reside in an aqueous environment inside a cell membrane, it took some creative chemistry to keep the approximately 2 billion isolated proteins functional on a solid surface. (sciencenews.org)
  • We report here functional characterization of two nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins, Chloroplast protein for Growth and Fertility (CGF1) and CGF2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional loss of Thylakoid Formation1 ( THF1 ) resulted in slow and uneven chloroplast development due to defective etioplast development in the dark [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The global demand for functional proteins is extensive, diverse, and constantly increasing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our method considers a variety of features including protein sequences, gene co-expression, functional association, and phylogenetic profiles. (nature.com)
  • A range of methods, including measuring fluorescence from the chloroplasts, was used: this revealed that the slug changes the inside of the stolen chloroplasts, making them more resistant to damage. (elifesciences.org)
  • Its NH2-terminal 153 amino acids, translationally fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), targeted GFP to chloroplasts and mitochondria in bombarded maize leaves. (oregonstate.edu)
  • In this review, we summarize current knowledge of PPR-SMR proteins focusing on Arabidopsis and maize proteomic and mutant studies. (nih.gov)
  • The most significantly upregulated process was the response to heat stress (mainly heat shock proteins, HSPs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are molecular chaperones that prevent the aggregation of nonnative proteins. (cipsm.de)
  • Although few in number, they figure prominently in the chloroplast biogenesis and retrograde signaling literature due to their striking mutant phenotypes. (nih.gov)
  • This protein may be necessary to sense the energy status of the chloroplasts and transducing this signal to the nucleus, but how this works is still unclear. (helsinki.fi)
  • Therefore ZmSig2B is an unusual nucleus-encoded sigma factor that appears to function in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Paula studied protein delivery to lysosomes at the Cambridge Institute of Medical Research for her first postdoc, and for her second she investigated the role of ubiquitin in the signalling and down-regulation of growth factor receptors at the Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool. (swansea.ac.uk)
  • Inspired by the efficiency with which plants convert sunlight into sugar, researchers have fabricated a solar cell that uses photosynthetic proteins to convert light into electricity. (sciencenews.org)
  • As knockout mutations for atTOC75-III and AtOEP80 are embryo lethal, we employed a dexamethasone-inducible RNA interference strategy (using the pOpOff2 vector) to conduct in vivo studies on the roles of these two proteins in older, postembryonic plants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We conducted comparative studies on plants silenced for atToc75-III (atToc75-III↓) or AtOEP80 (AtOEP80↓), as well as additional studies on a stable, atToc75-III missense allele (toc75-III-3/modifier of altered response to gravity1), and our results indicated that both proteins are important for chloroplast biogenesis at postembryonic stages of development. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Qualitative similarity between the atToc75-III↓ and AtOEP80↓ phenotypes may be linked to deficiencies in atToc75-III and other TOC proteins in AtOEP80↓ plants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Chloroplast-engineered plants, like tobacco, have the potential to produce large quantities of high-value proteins, but often result in engineered plants with mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The EBR and Put co-applications were able to improve protein content in NaCl stressed plants over only NaCl stressed plants. (scirp.org)
  • We will use biochemical and genetic approaches to study the role of the protein of unknown function in the production ROS in chloroplast and potentially mitochondria influencing the expression of nuclear genes. (helsinki.fi)
  • In enzymology, a chloroplast protein-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.52) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and H2O, whereas its two products are ADP and phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match Prosite patterns in protein sequences. (nih.gov)
  • Evidence was seen, however, for a restriction to malate valve capacity, with decreases in NADP-malate dehydrogenase activity (but not protein levels) and pyridine nucleotide content. (essex.ac.uk)
  • 500 individuals) and their prey algae, we show that the plastoquinone pool of slug chloroplasts remains oxidized, which can suppress reactive oxygen species formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Protein phosphorylation regulates actomyosin-driven vesicle movement in cell extracts isolated from the green algae, Chara corallina. (bio.net)