• iv) The sequence flanking Ser-133 of EF-1δ completely matches the consensus phosphorylation site for a cellular protein kinase, cdc2, and in vitro kinase assays revealed that purified cdc2 phosphorylates Ser-133 of EF-1δ. (elsevierpure.com)
  • v) As observed with EF-1δ, the casein kinase II β subunit (CKIIβ) was specifically phosphorylated by UL13 in vitro, while the level of phosphorylation of CKIIβ by UL13 was greatly diminished when a serine residue at position 209, which has been reported to be phosphorylated by cdc2, was replaced with alanine. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results indicate that the conserved protein kinases encoded by herpesviruses and a cellular protein kinase, cdc2, have the ability to target the same amino acid residues for phosphorylation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Inhibition of Cdk5 by olomoucine enhanced phosphorylation of kinesin, suggesting that the effect was mediated by negative regulation of other kinases. (frontiersin.org)
  • This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). (thermofisher.com)
  • Endogenous regulation of the cell cycle depends on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the cyclin- cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) pathway. (jcancer.org)
  • hPTTG phosphorylation is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDC2) and expression is regulated by specificity protein 1 (SP1). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. (cancerindex.org)
  • We herein demonstrated that CADM1 interacts with Hippo pathway core kinases and enhances the phosphorylation of YAP1, and also that the membranous co-expression of CADM1 and LATS2 predicts a favorable prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. (cancerindex.org)
  • In proliferating cells, CDK1-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation at the G2-M phase represses FOXO1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thereby promotes FOXO1 nuclear accumulation and transcription factor activity, leading to cell death of postmitotic neurons. (arigobio.cn)
  • Here we show that cells transactivate the mitotic gene network as they exit the S phase through a CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)-directed FOXM1 phosphorylation switch. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The DNA-binding activity of Abl1 is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Cdk5 is named after its structural similarity to members of the serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinase family. (frontiersin.org)
  • To examine the involvement of interchromatin granule clusters (IGCs) in transcription and pre-mRNA splicing in mammalian cell nuclei, the serine-arginine (SR) protein kinase cdc2-like kinase (Clk)/STY was used as a tool to manipulate IGC integrity in vivo. (rupress.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein serine/threonine kinase that is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of Rho. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (thermofisher.com)
  • CDC2 is a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved protein kinase complex known as M-phase promoting factor (MPF) , which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
  • Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases requires association of the enzyme with a regulatory subunit referred to as a cyclin. (expasy.org)
  • The decrease in p27 Kip1 levels is the result of increased proteasome-dependent degradation, mediated and rate-limited by its specific ubiquitin ligase subunits S-phase kinase protein (Skp) 2 and cyclin-dependent kinase subunit (Cks) 1. (haifa.ac.il)
  • RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase. (uma.es)
  • CDK1, also named as CDC2, belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and CDC2/CDKX subfamily.CDC2 plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
  • Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), also known as p34Cdc2 (cell division control protein kinase 2) depends on cyclin A and B and is triggered by a positive feedback loop at the end of G2 phase, which is the key event that initiates mitotic entry. (arigobio.cn)
  • CDK1/CDC2-cyclin-B controls pronuclear union in interphase fertilized eggs. (arigobio.cn)
  • However, it was discovered recently that the mitotic kinase Cdk1 (Cdc2a) compensates for the loss of Cdk2. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We found that both male and female Cdk2 -/- Cdk1 +/Cdk2KI mice were sterile, similar to Cdk2 -/- mice, even though they expressed the Cdk2 protein from the Cdk1 locus in testes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This study provides evidence of the molecular differences between Cdk2 and Cdk1 and highlights that the timing of transcriptional activation and the genetic locus play important roles in determining the function of Cdk proteins in vivo. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This is in contrast to control cells where cyclin B 1 appears at the centrosomes in early prophase based on cell cycle-specific localization of CENP-F. Furthermore, cyclin B/Cdk1 kinase activity in early G 2 is aberrantly high in BubR1-depleted cells. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • A further 91 subfamilies were found in all three metazoan kinomes, including the tyrosine kinase (TK) group and the TKL group, which mediate much of the complexity of intercellular signal transduction. (wormbook.org)
  • The ABL1 protooncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in cell differentiation, cell division, cell adhesion, and stress responses. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • A striking feature observed only in Lck- deficient T cells was the presence of a constitutively tyrosine- phosphorylated 32-kDa protein. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Lck-deficient transfectants expressed high levels of cdc2 protein and its regulatory units, cyclins A and B. The majority of cdc2, however, was tyrosine-phosphorylated and therefore enzymatically inactive. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • These findings provide evidence that, in mature T lymphocytes, cell-cycle progression through the G 2 -M check point requires expression of the Src-family protein tyrosine kinase, Lck. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • The fission yeast polo related kinase Plo1 is required to assemble the mitotic spindle, the prophase actin ring that predicts the site for cytokinesis and for septation after the completion of mitosis (Ohkura et al. (kent.ac.uk)
  • These data are consistent with the emerging theme from many systems that polo kinases participate in the regulation of MPF to determine the timing of commitment to mitosis and may indicate that pole association is a key aspect of Plo1 function. (kent.ac.uk)
  • In eukaryotes, the entry into mitosis is regulated by the activation of CDC2/Cyclin B1 complex (M-phase promoting factor, MPF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Appropriate regulation of CDC2 is essential for the entry into mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The role of BubR1 has been established mainly in mitosis as an essential mitotic checkpoint protein although it is expressed throughout the cell cycle. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Such radiations include genes involved in spermatogenesis, chemosensation, Wnt signaling and FGF receptor-like kinases. (wormbook.org)
  • Protein kinases constitute one of the largest and most important of protein families, accounting for ~2% of genes in a variety of eukaryotic genomes. (wormbook.org)
  • We identified 438 protein kinase genes, including 20 atypical kinases, and an additional 25 kinase fragments or pseudogenes. (wormbook.org)
  • Genomic and proteomic analyses revealed that stress hormones modulated beta-tubulin isotypes and significantly altered genes and proteins involved in regulation of the G2/M transition, including cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK-1). (usuhs.edu)
  • It is a component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II. (caslab.com)
  • This protein, a downstream effector of Rho, phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase, which in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, inhibiting its actin-depolymerizing activity. (thermofisher.com)
  • Cell division protein kinase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK10 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CDK subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDK subfamily members are highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, and are known to be essential for cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein kinases are one of the largest and most influential of gene families: constituting some 2% of the proteome, they regulate almost all biochemical pathways and may phosphorylate up to 30% of the proteome. (wormbook.org)
  • This protein is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. (thermofisher.com)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
  • approximately half of these DNMs disrupt gene function and the remainder result in altered protein function. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Following ex vivo study, viral particles containing small interfering RNA for CDC2 were subsequently injected into xenogeneic graft tumor of nude mice and the weight of human glioma xenografts, survival and resulting phenotypic changes of target gene were investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CDC2 gene plays an important role in the proliferation of human gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From these results, it was suggested that CDC2 might be a potential target on gene therapy of human gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • Western Blotting was used to determine the level of expression of CDC2 protein as measure to quantify down regulation of CDC2 expression along with use of flow cytometry to investigate effect of shRNAs on cell cycles and detection of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is the sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases, through the periodic synthesis and destruction of cyclins, that provides the primary means of cell-cycle regulation. (expasy.org)
  • The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. (cancerindex.org)
  • Our results show that cross-talk between Cdc2 and Sty1, and the consequent Sty1-dependent regulation of Cdc2 activity, appears to be compromised and the relationship between Cdc2 activity and mitotic timing is also reversed in the presence of lactate. (bvsalud.org)
  • The antibody is specific to the 2 isoforms of CDC2. (caslab.com)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (thermofisher.com)
  • Mitotic cyclins stably associate with CDC2 and function as regulatory subunits. (caslab.com)
  • Retroviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CDC2 caused efficient deletion of CDC2, cellular G2/M arrest concluding in apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human glioma cells U251 and SHG-44 cell lines ex vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Increasingly numerous results have demonstrated overexpression of CDC2/Cyclin B1 in various tumors however there is still no report of CDC2/Cyclin B1 expression in clinical samples from patients with gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tissue microarrays (TMAs) including I-IV grade clinical glioma samples was used to determine the prognostic effect of the CDC2/Cyclin B1 expression in gliomas on different grades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To reveal the roles of CDC2/Cyclin B1 in human malignant gliomas, CDC2 in glioma cell line, it was down-regulated by retrovirus vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) ex vivo and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microinjection of the ras oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation. (cshlpress.com)
  • In this study an attempt has been made to understand the molecular pathological basis of tumorigenesis which led to an identification of an oncogene, CDC2, and an epigenetic strategy has been evaluated to control the tumorigensis by downregulating this oncogene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The c-Abl protein is inhibited by its SH3 domain, and deletion of this domain turns ABL1 into an oncogene. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Many of these pathways are highly conserved, and 53 distinct kinase functions and subfamilies appear to have been conserved between yeasts, nematodes, insects and vertebrates, with a further 91 subfamilies of kinases being seen throughout metazoan genomes. (wormbook.org)
  • For subcutaneous tumors, injection of CDC2-shRNA retroviruses significantly decreased tumor weight and volume compared with control. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results suggest that ASncmtRNA targeting blocks tumor cell proliferation through reduction of essential cell cycle proteins, mediated by mitochondrial and nuclear miRNAs. (uandes.cl)
  • Each protein provided significant additional prognostic information to that given by disease stage, tumor grade, or p27 Kip1 expression. (haifa.ac.il)
  • Finally, the expression of tumor protein D52 (TPD52) was unequivocally affected in PC3, PC3-AR, and LNCaP cells. (mssm.edu)
  • This kinase has been shown to play a role in cellular proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
  • By phosphorylating substrate proteins, kinases modify the activity, location and affinities of up to 30% of all cellular proteins, and direct most cellular processes, particularly in signal transduction and co-ordination of complex pathways. (wormbook.org)
  • Since kinases perform such a variety of distinct basic cellular functions, it is not surprising to see that 53 subfamilies and functions are present in all four kinomes ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • The DNA repair protein O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) plays an important role in cellular resistance to alkylating agents. (aacrjournals.org)
  • A cellular DNA-repair protein, namely O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein, reverses alkylation at the O 6 position of guanine, thereby inhibiting the lethal cross-linking and bringing about resistance to alkylating agents ( 2, 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Functional communication of Cdc2 with Sty1 is known to be an integral part of the cellular response to aberrant Cdc2 activity in S. pombe. (bvsalud.org)
  • ii) A purified chimeric protein consisting of maltose binding protein (MBP) fused to a domain of EF-1δ containing Ser-133 (MBP-EFWt) is specifically phosphorylated in in vitro kinase assays by purified recombinant UL13 fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST) expressed in the baculovirus system. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This protein was produced in an in vitro wheat germ expression system that should preserve correct conformational folding that is necessary for biological function. (novusbio.com)
  • In the present study, we provide evidence that this aberrantly hyperphosphorylated protein is p34(cat2) (cdc2) a key regulator of cell-cycle progression. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • The homothallic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoes sexual differentiation when starved, but sam (skips the requirement of starvation for mating) mutants such as those carrying mutations in adenylate cyclase (cyr1) or protein kinase A (pka1) mate without starvation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Distribution of 212 kinase subfamilies throughout four kinomes: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and human. (wormbook.org)
  • In contrast, in AR-transformed PC3 cells (PC3-AR), depletion of MYST1 induces cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) N1A/p21, which results in G2M arrest. (mssm.edu)
  • GSK3β and Cdk5 are the two kinases in the center of research on Alzheimer's disease (AD), involved in the pathological symptoms of AD, Aβ plaque formation, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration. (frontiersin.org)
  • So far, both kinases have mostly been examined in isolation, leading to a schism of the research field into defenders of the GSK3β-versus the Cdk5 hypotheses of AD. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 10, is reported to play an essential role in the progression from the G2 to M phase of the cell cycle. (jcancer.org)
  • Furthermore, because MGMT protein loss may be a result of promoter hypermethylation, it was reported that methylation of the MGMT promoter in gliomas is a useful predictor of the responsiveness to alkylating agents ( 7 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • For mice implanted with intracranial gliomas, treatment of CDC2-shRNA retroviruses increased survival times compared with control. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Downregulation of CDC2 could potentialy inhibit human gliomas cells growth ex vivo and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant, Clk/STY(K190R), causes retention of hypophosphorylated SR proteins in nuclear speckles. (rupress.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Loss of the cell-cycle inhibitory protein p27 Kip1 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. (haifa.ac.il)
  • Earlier studies have shown that translation elongation factor 1δ (EF-1δ) is hyperphosphorylated in various mammalian cells infected with representative alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses and that the modification is mediated by conserved viral protein kinases encoded by herpesviruses, including UL13 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), UL97 of human cytomegalovirus, and BGLF4 of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our results raise the possibility that the viral protein kinases mimic cdc2 in infected cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The present study shows that MYST1 (MOZ, YBF2 and SAS2, and TIP60 protein 1) costimulates AR and NF-κB functions in PCa cells. (mssm.edu)
  • We show that changing the carbon source from glucose to lactic acid alters the functions of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Sty1, leading to unanticipated outcomes in the behavior and fate of such cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • And the viral particles containing small interfering RNA for CDC2 were subsequently injected into subcutaneous and intracranial xenogeneic graft tuomrs of nude mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This makes kinase signaling particularly amenable to comparative studies, and kinase activity a particularly good readout of the physiological state of any cell. (wormbook.org)
  • While it is possible that this protein could display some level of activity, the functionality of this protein has not been explicitly measured or validated. (novusbio.com)
  • The respiratory chain in aerobic organisms is composed of a number of membrane-bound protein complexes that link electron transfer to proton translocation across the membrane. (bvsalud.org)