InfectionInfectionsBronchitisPneumonia and bronchiolitis in infantsAsthmaCoughLungsCroupSevere RSV bronchiolitisDiagnosis of bronchiolitisInfantInflammationTerm bronchiolitisObliterans syndromeAffects infantsSpecific viralSymptoms of viralParainfluenza virusLungSmall airwaysPediatricIllnessChronicHospitalizationTypes of viralOutcomesHypertonic salineVirusesOxygen therapyHospitalisationAirway obstructionInfants admittedAdultsSalineEtiologyCommon viralPathogensClinicalCritically illAntibioticsChildrenReplicationSymptomaticPrimarilyPracticeRoutinely
Infection33
- Younger children may develop bronchiolitis , which is a viral infection that may lead to childhood asthma . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, a viral lung infection common in young children and a major risk factor for developing childhood asthma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- However, a study suggests that oral corticosteroids can decrease wheezing in the 12 months after viral infection and decrease the incidence of asthma by 30% in a 4-7-year follow-up. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Viral bronchiolitis is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children during the first 2 years of life and is the leading cause of hospitalisation among infants younger than 1 year [ 1 - 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- Acute bronchiolitis is due to a viral infection usually affecting children younger than two years of age. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute bronchiolitis is usually the result of infection by respiratory syncytial virus (72% of cases) or human rhinovirus (26% of cases). (wikipedia.org)
- Infants with bronchiolitis between the age of two and three months have a second infection by bacteria (usually a urinary tract infection) less than 6% of the time. (wikipedia.org)
- Croup is a respiratory condition caused by an acute viral infection. (healthline.com)
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
- It is usually due to a viral infection. (stlukes-stl.com)
- Bronchiolitis is usually caused by a viral infection. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- Bronchiolitis is a condition in which the lower respiratory tract is infected and inflamed because of an acute infection from a virus. (differencebetween.net)
- Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi and trachea while bronchiolitis is infection and inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. (differencebetween.net)
- Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory tract infection, most often caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). (bpac.org.nz)
- The course of illness in infants with bronchiolitis can vary, although it often begins with symptoms similar to a cold, lasting approximately three days, which worsen as the infection spreads into the lower respiratory tract. (bpac.org.nz)
- 2 Clinicians should consider a diagnosis of bronchiolitis in an infant aged under 12 months with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection during winter. (bpac.org.nz)
- This viral infection primarily affects infants and young children, causing inflammation and obstruction in the small airways of the lungs. (bcm.edu)
- Bronchiolitis is a viral infection that happens mostly in the late fall and winter. (cheo.on.ca)
- By clarifying the roles of both host- (genetic) and virus- (environment) specific factors that contribute to the frequency and severity of viral LRTI, it may be possible to determine if severe LRTIs cause asthma, or if asthma susceptibility predisposes patients to severe LRTI in response to viral infection. (atsjournals.org)
- There is no specific treatment for the viral infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- La proportion d'infections positives au VRS était plus élevée chez les patients hospitalisés pour une infection respiratoire aiguë que chez les patients en consultation externe souffrant de légers symptômes. (who.int)
- What Is a Viral Infection? (medicinenet.com)
- A viral infection is a proliferation of a harmful virus inside your body. (medicinenet.com)
- With an active viral infection, a virus makes copies of itself and bursts the host cell (killing it) to set the newly-formed virus particles free. (medicinenet.com)
- Is it a Bacterial or Viral Infection? (medicinenet.com)
- Contaminated food and water are other potential sources of viral infection. (medicinenet.com)
- Usually, a specific viral diagnosis is clinically unnecessary but may help distinguish a parainfluenza virus infection from a bacterial infection in patients with severe lower respiratory tract disease. (msdmanuals.com)
- Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory infection leading to hospitalization and constitutes a significant healthcare burden. (bvsalud.org)
- The highest risk of asthma at school age has been in a subgroup of bronchiolitis characterized by older age, high prevalence of RV infection, previous breathing problems, and/or eczema. (bvsalud.org)
- The respiratory viral pathogen human metapneumovirus causes a spectrum of illnesses, which range from asymptomatic infection to severe bronchiolitis. (medscape.com)
- In a mouse model of bronchiolitis induced by RSV infection, functional ablation of OGG1 by a small molecule inhibitor (TH5487) enhances IFN-λ production, decreases immunopathology, neutrophilia, and confers antiviral protection. (lu.se)
- 5. Active non-respiratory viral infection: meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonitis. (who.int)
- ABSTRACT This study aims to describe etiological agents, demographic details of patients, seasonality and underlying conditions among patients hospitalized due to viral severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Yemen. (who.int)
Infections17
- Non-allergic wheezing in children occurs during acute infections, including viral bronchiolitis. (cdc.gov)
- A new way for oxygen treatment in infants with viral respiratory infections. (emergencyfoundation.org.au)
- Viral infections. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antibiotics are usually not recommended since infections are mainly viral. (differencebetween.net)
- Her research is focused on the investigation of viral- and host-specific mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections. (utmb.edu)
- Viral infections are important causes of asthma exacerbations in children, and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), are a leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants. (atsjournals.org)
- The term ALRI included: acute broncho-pneumonia for bacterial infections, bronchiolitis for viral infections, pneumonia and pleuro-pneumonia. (scirp.org)
- RSV remains important viral etiological agent causing influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections especially among infants in Morocco. (who.int)
- How Long Are Viral Infections Contagious? (medicinenet.com)
- Viral infections are contagious for varying periods of time depending on the virus. (medicinenet.com)
- Respiratory viral infections affect the lungs, nose, and throat. (medicinenet.com)
- Overview of Viral Respiratory Infections Viral infections commonly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
- Other lower respiratory tract infections seen in children are croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Most commonly, it is the result of infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal), but it can occur as a result of chemical injury (gastric acid/aspiration of food/hydrocarbon and lipoid pneumonia/radiation-induced pneumonia). (pediatriconcall.com)
- Lymphocytic predominance may be seen in viral pneumonia, pertussis, and atypical infections. (pediatriconcall.com)
- A randomized, controlled trial of the impact of early and rapid diagnosis of viral infections in children brought to an emergency department with febrile respiratory tract illnesses. (medscape.com)
- Unexpectedly, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 (Ogg1) knockout mice show enhanced stimuli-driven IFN expression that confers increased resistance to viral and bacterial infections and allergen challenges. (lu.se)
Bronchitis3
- Bronchiolitis is a name that sounds like bronchitis but it is a quite different condition. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- Common complications of adult bronchiolitis include chronic bronchitis , pneumonia , and death. (wikidoc.org)
- The virus can cause croup , bronchiolitis , bronchitis and certain types of pneumonia. (medlineplus.gov)
Pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants2
- Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important viral agent of childhood respiratory tract disease worldwide, causing pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants. (gla.ac.uk)
Asthma31
- Children with viral bronchiolitis in early life are at increased risk of developing asthma later in childhood. (benthamscience.com)
- Viral bronchiolitis in early life predisposes asthma development later in childhood. (benthamscience.com)
- Coughing and wheezing in bronchiolitis is difficult to distinguish from asthma. (cdc.gov)
- The aim of this study is to investigate the role of high flow therapy in infants with bronchiolitis, but future research and trials will also include other conditions such as asthma and pneumonia. (emergencyfoundation.org.au)
- What are the symptoms of viral-induced asthma? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- What symptoms might a person experience with viral-induced asthma? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Symptoms of viral asthma may include difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and wheezing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Viral-induced asthma, or viral asthma, occurs when a virus triggers an asthma attack . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The symptoms of viral asthma may be the same as typical asthma symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In this article, we will look at the symptoms of viral asthma, what causes it, and how doctors treat it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Viral asthma can occur in adults and children. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Doctors may need to differentiate between bronchiolitis and asthma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When someone has viral-induced asthma, they may have other symptoms, such as those of the common cold. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In addition, race may be a risk factor for viral asthma, which can make a person more prone to exacerbation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Sinusitis and sensitivity to animal dander and dust mites are also risk factors for triggering viral asthma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Evidence suggests that although scientists have made progress in understanding viral asthma, they need to understand it more to help prevent it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A 2016 review notes that doctors may prescribe short-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists inhalers and corticosteroids to help manage viral asthma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Scientists are currently trying to develop new therapies and treatments for viral asthma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In some cases, viral asthma may also require emergency treatment or hospitalization. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The virus for the common cold can be a primary trigger for viral asthma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- There can be quite a lot of wheezing with it making bronchiolitis hard to separate out from asthma both for parents and doctors. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- Gaps in care, including high under 5 pneumonia mortality rates, the burden of bronchiolitis, and disparities in asthma management, demand immediate attention. (bcm.edu)
- Infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis are at significantly increased risk for both recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. (atsjournals.org)
- To date, studies addressing the incidence of asthma after bronchiolitis severe enough to warrant hospitalization have focused almost exclusively on RSV, but a number of recent studies suggest that other respiratory pathogens, including RV, may contribute as well. (atsjournals.org)
- It is not known whether viral bronchiolitis directly contributes to asthma causation or simply identifies infants at risk for subsequent wheezing, as from an atopic predisposition or preexisting abnormal lung function. (atsjournals.org)
- Thus, many possible determinants exist that may contribute to the severity of bronchiolitis and the subsequent development of asthma. (atsjournals.org)
- One such determinant is the potential involvement of genetic susceptibility loci to asthma after viral bronchiolitis, a critical area that is just beginning to be evaluated. (atsjournals.org)
- Infants with bronchiolitis who develop symptoms severe enough to warrant hospitalization are at increased risk of developing recurrent wheezing or childhood asthma ( 1 - 6 ). (atsjournals.org)
- It is also not known whether viral bronchiolitis (both inpatient and outpatient illnesses) contributes to asthma inception or simply identifies infants who are at increased risk for subsequent wheezing ( 2 , 7 - 10 ). (atsjournals.org)
- Regarding solely viral etiology, RV-bronchiolitis in infancy has been linked to a nearly three times higher risk of developing asthma than RSV-bronchiolitis. (bvsalud.org)
- Thus, there is a need to develop a more individualized therapeutic approach for bronchiolitis and follow-up strategies for infants at higher risk of asthma in the future perspective. (bvsalud.org)
Cough3
- Bronchiolitis typically presents in children under two years old and is characterized by a constellation of respiratory symptoms that consists of fever, rhinorrhea, cough, wheeze, tachypnea and increased work of breathing such as nasal flaring or grunting that develops over one to three days. (wikipedia.org)
- Infants with mild bronchiolitis characteristically have cough, wheezing, nasal discharge, and chest recession with wheeze and crackles audible on chest auscultation. (bpac.org.nz)
- If left untreated, patients with adult bronchiolitis may progress to develop cough , wheezing , and dyspnea . (wikidoc.org)
Lungs1
- Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the small airways in the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
Croup2
- Certain treatments are available for the symptoms of croup and bronchiolitis to make breathing easier. (medlineplus.gov)
- Airway obstruction in croup and bronchiolitis can be severe and even life threatening, especially in younger children. (medlineplus.gov)
Severe RSV bronchiolitis2
- Passive immunoprophylaxis with a monoclonal antibody against RSV, when given intramuscularly and monthly during winter, is effective in preventing severe RSV bronchiolitis in high-risk children who are born prematurely and in children under 2 years with chronic lung disease or hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. (benthamscience.com)
- Viral-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of severe RSV bronchiolitis. (utmb.edu)
Diagnosis of bronchiolitis2
- Transbronchial lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. (medscape.com)
- Age is also a key factor in establishing a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, as 85% of cases in New Zealand are in infants aged under 12 months. (bpac.org.nz)
Infant6
- Bronchiolitis is more likely to happen to an infant who is a male aged between three and six months of age in winter who has not been breast-fed and who lives in a crowded house and who has to breathe in cigarette smoke from smokers also living in the house. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- Once a susceptible infant has caught the virus it can take up to 7 days before bronchiolitis starts. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- For mild bronchiolitis it can help to keep some steam in the air that the infant breathes. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- A risk factor for bronchiolitis is being premature, a male infant, being born to a mother who smokes, and living in crowded conditions. (differencebetween.net)
- Bronchiolitis is common in children below 2 years of age and is a leading cause of infant hospitalisation, accounting for $1.73 billion in hospital charges in the USA annually. (bmj.com)
- BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of infant hospitalization, linked to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV). (bvsalud.org)
Inflammation1
Term bronchiolitis1
- When organizing pneumonia is associated with granulation tissue in the bronchiolar lumen, the qualifying term bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is added. (medscape.com)
Obliterans syndrome1
- BO and its clinical correlate bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) affect up to 50-60% of patients who survive 5 yrs after surgery, irrespective of the type of transplant procedure 1 , 4 - 6 . (ersjournals.com)
Affects infants2
- Bronchiolitis only affects infants who are younger than two years of age. (differencebetween.net)
- Bronchiolitis typically affects infants aged under 12 months, with young infants or those born premature at greater risk of severe illness. (bpac.org.nz)
Specific viral2
- Testing for the specific viral cause can be done but has little effect on management and thus is not routinely recommended. (wikipedia.org)
- Guidelines lack specific viral testing for bronchiolitis management. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms of viral1
- The symptoms of viral and bacterial illnesses are sometimes similar. (medicinenet.com)
Parainfluenza virus3
- Bronchiolitis is caused by viruses including parainfluenza virus type 3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus. (differencebetween.net)
- Bronchiolitis can be caused by RSV, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3. (differencebetween.net)
- Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 1, human metapneumovirus, and human parainfluenza virus type 3 are all known to cause clinical bronchiolitis. (medscape.com)
Lung3
- Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) after LTx was first described in 1984 at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, in heart-lung transplant recipients who showed a progressive decline inforced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) 3 . (ersjournals.com)
- Can bronchiolitis cause lung problems later on? (cheo.on.ca)
- Some forms of viral pneumonia, particularly adenoviral disease, tend to cause bronchiolitis obliterans and hyperlucent lung syndrome. (pediatriconcall.com)
Small airways1
- Chronic bronchiolitis is the general term used for small airways disease in adults, notably in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (wikipedia.org)
Pediatric2
- Another respiratory condition that significantly impacts pediatric emergency departments is bronchiolitis. (bcm.edu)
- Only a few pediatric studies have examined the use of HFNC, with most focusing on this modality for viral bronchiolitis. (nih.gov)
Illness3
- Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease. (medscape.com)
- Bronchiolitis can be a serious illness for babies and toddlers. (familydoctor.co.nz)
- Symptoms of the viral illness occur as a result of cell damage, tissue destruction, and the associated immune response. (medicinenet.com)
Chronic1
- However, chronic allograft dysfunction in the form of bronchiolitis obliterans remains a major hurdle that threatens both the quality of life and long-term survival of the recipients. (ersjournals.com)
Hospitalization4
- Background: Viral bronchiolitis is a common condition and a leading cause of hospitalization in young children. (benthamscience.com)
- RESULTS: Compared to the use of an SpO2 threshold of 90%, treating infants with viral bronchiolitis with the use of an SpO2 threshold of 85% resulted in lower total costs (US$119.39 vs. US$188.357 mean cost per patient) and a greater probability of discharge to home at day 4 of the initial hospitalization (0.8400 vs. 0.7600), therefore being a dominant strategy. (ox.ac.uk)
- Its use as aerosol reduces hospitalization rates for bronchiolitis in children. (springer.com)
- Conclusion s: Bronchiolitis is one of the most common disease in the young children and is the frequent reason for hospitalization. (banglajol.info)
Types of viral1
- However, there are many different types of viral bronchiolitis, with variations occurring at an individual and viral level. (ersjournals.com)
Outcomes2
- Addressing these gaps necessitates the development and implementation of evidence-based guidelines, standardizing diagnostic criteria, and promoting appropriate supportive care measures to reduce hospitalizations and improve outcomes for children with bronchiolitis. (bcm.edu)
- Tailored management strategies, informed by accurate viral testing, seem crucial in clinical practice for enhancing patient outcomes in severe bronchiolitis. (bvsalud.org)
Hypertonic saline2
- 1 The putative effect of hypertonic saline (HTS) in bronchiolitis is to absorb mucosal water, hydrate the airway-surface liquid in the bronchioles and enhance mucociliary clearance. (bmj.com)
- Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. (thieme-connect.de)
Viruses2
- The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
- Unfortunately antibiotics do not help bronchiolitis because they are not able to kill off viruses. (familydoctor.co.nz)
Oxygen therapy1
- High‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis: Pilot study. (emergencyfoundation.org.au)
Hospitalisation3
- Background: Viral bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalisation in infants in the UK with wide variation in rates of hospitalisation in different geographical regions of the UK. (ox.ac.uk)
- Rates of hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in New Zealand have increased by approximately 50% since 2000. (bpac.org.nz)
- The RDAI has poor discriminative and construct validity in predicting hospitalisation and LOS in bronchiolitis, in part because it does not include respiratory rate or O 2 saturation, both important variables for a clinician to determine disposition. (bmj.com)
Airway obstruction1
- Bronchiolitis causes airway obstruction, breathing difficulties , and wheezing . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Infants admitted1
- Medication use in infants admitted with bronchiolitis. (emergencyfoundation.org.au)
Adults1
- Viral pneumonia decreases in frequency in healthy young and middle-aged adults, but it then increases substantially among the elderly. (medscape.com)
Saline1
- Due to its wetting properties, saline achieves an improved spreading of alveolar lining fluid and has been shown to reduce bio-aerosols and viral load. (springer.com)
Etiology2
- Despite the associations between RSV-positive bronchiolitis and need for oxygen supplementation, and RV-positive bronchiolitis and a history of eczema, our study shows that viral etiology of bronchiolitis cannot be determined solely based on clinical presentation. (bvsalud.org)
- Different approaches have been suggested for subtyping bronchiolitis based on viral etiology, atopic status, transcriptome profiles in blood, airway metabolome, lipidomic data, and airway microbiota. (bvsalud.org)
Common viral1
- Results: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral bronchiolitis in young children. (benthamscience.com)
Pathogens3
- Long-term care facilities: a cornucopia of viral pathogens. (medscape.com)
- Multiple viral respiratory pathogens in children with bronchiolitis. (medscape.com)
- Spyridaki IS, Christodoulou I, de Beer L, Hovland V, Kurowski M, Olszewska-Ziaber A. Comparison of four nasal sampling methods for the detection of viral pathogens by RT-PCR-A GA(2)LEN project. (medscape.com)
Clinical6
- Despite scientific evidence proving that inhaled β 2 -adrenergic receptor (β 2 -AR) agonists can reverse bronchoconstriction in all ages, current guidelines advocate against the use of β 2 -AR bronchodilators in infants with viral bronchiolitis because clinical trials have not demonstrated an overall clinical benefit. (ersjournals.com)
- Thus, we summarised the current understanding of the individual factors that may help clinicians determine the highest probability of response to β 2 -AR bronchodilators during viral bronchiolitis, based on the individual immunobiology, viral pathogen, host factors and clinical presentation. (ersjournals.com)
- This article discusses the alloimmune-dependent and -independent risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans, the current understanding of the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans based on results of animal and human studies, the clinical staging of the complication, strategies that may contribute to the prevention and/or early detection of bronchiolitis obliterans, and suggestions for future research. (ersjournals.com)
- Bronchiolitis is often described to follow an expected clinical trajectory, with a peak in severity between days 3 and 5. (aap.org)
- CONCLUSIONS: Bronchiolitis caused by RSV or RV presents with similar clinical features. (bvsalud.org)
- The two main viral agents causing bronchiolitis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), have distinct cytopathic, immune response, and clinical characteristics. (bvsalud.org)
Critically ill1
- Burden of disease and change in practice in critically ill infants with bronchiolitis. (emergencyfoundation.org.au)
Antibiotics1
- Bronchiolitis is caused by a virus, so antibiotics won't help. (cheo.on.ca)
Children7
- Bronchiolitis in children: The Saudi initiative of bronchiolitis diagnosis, management, and prevention (SIBRO). (benthamscience.com)
- Bronchiolitis in children. (benthamscience.com)
- About 10% to 30% of children under the age of two years are affected by bronchiolitis at some point in time. (wikipedia.org)
- 1 Between 2009 - 2013, approximately 6000 children per year were hospitalised with bronchiolitis. (bpac.org.nz)
- Bronchiolitis happens most often in children under one year of age, and is the most common reason why babies are admitted to hospital. (cheo.on.ca)
- Children can get bronchiolitis more than once, but it is usually milder the second time around. (cheo.on.ca)
- Guideline] Bronchiolitis in children. (medscape.com)
Replication1
- The nucleocapsid, rather than naked viral RNA, is the template for mRNA and genome synthesis, thus understanding its structure is critical in beginning to understand the process of viral replication. (gla.ac.uk)
Symptomatic1
- Treatment for viral bronchiolitis is mainly symptomatic support. (benthamscience.com)
Primarily2
- Objective: This article provides readers with an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of viral bronchiolitis, primarily due to RSV. (benthamscience.com)
- PIV pneumonia and bronchiolitis are caused primarily by the PIV-3 strain. (medscape.com)
Practice1
- We measured practice before the 2015 NICE bronchiolitis guideline against the guideline, to obtain a benchmark of practice. (ox.ac.uk)
Routinely2
- Results: 39% of GPs did not refer to any guideline to manage infants with bronchiolitis, 33% did not routinely measure oxygen saturations, 48% prescribed an 'inappropriate' (evidence of no benefit) medication and 62% did not give written guidance to parents. (ox.ac.uk)
- Tests such as a chest X-ray or viral testing are not routinely needed. (wikipedia.org)