• New research appearing in the BMJ journal Evidence-Based Mental Health suggests that mindfulness could be a promising alternative to cognitive behavioral therapy for relieving some of the psychological and physical symptoms of chronic pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These are called chronic symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition to depression and anxiety, chronic stress and its impact at work can lead to burnout symptoms, which are also linked to increased frequency of cognitive failures in daily life. (talkmental.com)
  • The symptoms of MS depend on the severity of the inflammatory reaction as well as the location and extent of the plaques, which primarily appear in the brain stem, cerebellum (involved with balance and coordination of movement, among other functions), spinal cord, optic nerves, and the white matter around the brain ventricles (fluid-filled cavaties). (nih.gov)
  • The findings shed light on which areas of the brain provoke traumatic symptoms and represent a critical step toward better diagnostics and treatments for PTSD. (scienceblog.com)
  • Cadmium (Cd) can cause flu-like symptoms (chills, fever, and muscle pain and can damage the lungs. (change.org)
  • There are several mechanisms by which the COVID-19 infection may lead to neurological symptoms and structural and functional changes in the brain, and cognitive problems are one of the most commonly reported symptoms in those experiencing Long COVID - the chronic illness following the COVID-19 infection that affects between 10 and 25% of patients. (frontiersin.org)
  • See Pediatric Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries , a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the signs and symptoms of TBI, determine the type and severity of injury, and initiate appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Also, any young person who begins to develop symptoms of brain injury should seek medical attention right away because we know early treatment can improve outcomes. (cbsnews.com)
  • What are the Symptoms of Brain Fog? (greensmoothiegirl.com)
  • Imaging of the brain, usually magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is typically done to check for other disorders that could cause similar symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DNA damage is crucial in aging and in age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. (rti.org)
  • Working on these muscles improves blood flow to the brain, ensuring that this organ is supplied with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function and be free from diseases. (naturalnews.com)
  • This type of treatment is useful for diseases like chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) that are not only in one part of the body. (cancer.org)
  • In other cases, hypercarbia gradually develops as it does in a progressive neuromuscular disease, in worsening scoliosis leading to restrictive lung disease, or in chronic pulmonary diseases. (medscape.com)
  • We knew HIV could cause neurological damage, but we did not know it happened so early in the infection," said Serena Spudich, professor of neurology at Yale and co-senior author of the paper published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Reference: "Longitudinal Trajectories of Brain Volume and Cortical Thickness in Treated and Untreated Primary HIV Infection" by Ryan Sanford, Beau M Ances, Dieter J Meyerhoff, Richard W Price, Dietmar Fuchs, Henrik Zetterberg, Serena Spudich and D Louis Collins, 24 April 2018, Clinical Infectious Diseases . (scitechdaily.com)
  • Nothing against chronic diseases in adults," Berry said, "but it really feels like this is an area where we can do something that could change the outcome of people's lives in the long term. (the-scientist.com)
  • Epilepsy is one of the most common serious chronic neurological diseases affecting people of all ages globally. (who.int)
  • Currently, the psychological treatment for chronic pain that doctors most widely prescribe is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They also conducted a series of cognitive tests to determine the participants' brain strength in terms of essential cognitive functions like memory, reasoning and attention. (naturalnews.com)
  • Physical exercise can enhance your cognitive function by increasing the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). (naturalnews.com)
  • Their results, published in Neuroscience Letters , and presented today at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatry Association in San Francisco, show that the effects of trauma persist in certain brain regions even when combat veterans are not engaged in cognitive or emotional tasks, and face no immediate external threats. (scienceblog.com)
  • Brain fog is known by several other names, including mental fog , and cognitive dysfunction . (greensmoothiegirl.com)
  • While stunting has been associated with cognitive impairment, mechanisms that result in cerebral damage are not fully understood. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous imaging studies of people with post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, have shown that these brain regions can over-or under-react in response to stressful tasks, such as recalling a traumatic event or reacting to a photo of a threatening face. (scienceblog.com)
  • Dr. Marmar, a nationally recognized expert on trauma and stress among veterans, heads The Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Post-Traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury at NYU Langone Medical Center. (scienceblog.com)
  • Damage to Myelin and Oligodendrocytes: A Role in Chronic Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury? (mdpi.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, is a degenerative brain disease caused by repetitive head trauma. (cbsnews.com)
  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a progressive degeneration of brain cells caused by several head injuries, typically in athletes but also in soldiers who have been exposed to an explosion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dementia pugilistica, identified in boxers in the 1920s, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a more recent term, are thought to be the same disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • develop chronic traumatic encephalopathy nor how many injuries and how much force are required to cause this disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • About 3% of athletes who have had several (even apparently minor) concussions develop chronic traumatic encephalopathy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy can be definitively diagnosed only when a sample of brain tissue is removed after death, during an autopsy and is examined under a microscope. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis of pancreatitis (both acute and chronic) is done similarly. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • The official diagnosis was organic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The goal of the survey was to identify all cases of schizophrenia and chronic psychosis, including affective psychosis and paranoid delusional disorder, using community identiflcation of abnormality rather than formal psychiatric diagnosis. (micsem.org)
  • Increased AP sites and the inflammatory and stress protein brain responses were early and significant in dogs exposed to urban pollution. (rti.org)
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions are one of the number one contributors to chronic disease and death. (neurowellnessconsult.com)
  • But under repeated stress, this barrier becomes leaky and circulating inflammatory proteins can get into the brain. (talkmental.com)
  • An alcohol-induced increase of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in the mouse brain is closely linked to neurodegeneration[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • The root cause of brain fog is usually an inflammatory response within the brain. (greensmoothiegirl.com)
  • explains that microglia, the cells in the brain that make up its immune system, release inflammatory messages to brain tissue. (greensmoothiegirl.com)
  • Scientists believe they have solid evidence that repeated direct hits to the head can cause the degenerative brain disease seen in some athletes, even if there are no signs of concussion. (wnyc.org)
  • If prolonged pressure is placed on a nerve, it causes a roadblock, which means it can't get the oxygen and energy it needs to send signals to your brain that normally transmit feeling. (healthline.com)
  • Chronic paresthesia could be triggered by nerve, spinal cord, or brain damage. (healthline.com)
  • MS also damages the nerve cell bodies, which are found in the brain's gray matter, as well as the axons themselves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves that transmit visual information from the eye to the brain. (nih.gov)
  • Unfortunately, in modern life stress can be a constant, leading to a build-up of cortisol in the brain that reduces the number of neurons-nerve cells that transmit signals to and from the brain. (greensmoothiegirl.com)
  • The electrodes rub against the surrounding brain tissue, which leads to scarring around the electrode known as a "kill-zone" of dead nerve cells - the outcome is that you have damaged what you want to study. (lu.se)
  • He can, however, say that in cooperation with physicists at the Neuronano Research Centre it has been possible to make and implant a nanoelectrode, an electrode with super-thin nanowires, in the brain of a rat, and that signals were successfully captured from the nerve cells. (lu.se)
  • Respiratory acidosis may result from an acute or chronic process and may occur at any age. (medscape.com)
  • Optimal management of a salicylate poisoning depends on whether the exposure is acute or chronic. (medscape.com)
  • In MS, the immune system cells that normally protect us from viruses, bacteria, and unhealthy cells mistakenly attack myelin in the central nervous system (brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord). (nih.gov)
  • This condition is caused by too much cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid around the brain and spinal cord," he says. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Meningococcal meningitis is a severe bacterial infection of the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. (who.int)
  • Some people may develop chronic pancreatitis or die from complications such as kidney failure , diabetes , breathing problems and/or brain damage. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • [ 11 ] Early treatment can prevent organ damage and death. (medscape.com)
  • It helps to repair tissue damage due to injury, helps you recover from colds, illness, or exposure to allergens and helps slow down aging. (neurowellnessconsult.com)
  • The pattern of volumetric changes observed in nonhuman primates following 15 months of drinking suggests that cerebral cortical gray matter changes are the first macroscopic manifestation of chronic ethanol exposure in the brain. (nature.com)
  • However, these rodent studies usually require forced exposure to ethanol to reveal the brain tissue reduction in vivo and therefore limit the translation to the human condition. (nature.com)
  • The entire human respiratory tract, including the lungs, is at risk for cancer induction by chronic exposure to low levels of inhaled acetaldehyde. (toronto.ca)
  • Chronic exposure can lead to congestion of the respiratory system in addition to irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. (toronto.ca)
  • Chronic exposure (low levels over an extended period of time) can result in kidney, bone, and lung disease. (change.org)
  • Repeated exposure to loud noise over the years can damage your hearing. (cdc.gov)
  • After a very loud event, such as a concert or football game, normal hearing usually returns within a few hours to a few days-however, repeated exposure to loud noises will eventually damage the inner ear permanently. (cdc.gov)
  • There is also evidence of chronic stress effects on hormones in the brain, including cortisol and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). (talkmental.com)
  • A concussion may involve a loss of consciousness, can occur without obvious damage to brain structures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • But when the stress is severe or chronic - for example caused by the breakdown of a marriage or partnership, death in the family or bullying - it needs to be dealt with immediately. (talkmental.com)
  • In chronic renal failure, excessive production of renin by the kidney can lead to severe high blood pressure ( hypertension ), and the effects of this may even dominate the clinical picture. (britannica.com)
  • Amelia has Angelman Syndrome, Brain Damage, Severe Epilepsy & Chronic Lung Disease meaning she is on oxygen 24/7. (justgiving.com)
  • The disease might progress in a severe form of permanent brain damage, hearing loss, kidney failure, loss of arms or legs, or chronic nervous system problems. (who.int)
  • Zahr et al, 2011 ), the question whether excessive alcohol consumption per se is the cause of these brain structural abnormalities remains unestablished. (nature.com)
  • A number of studies have found brain abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia patients, and these findings have been seen as proof that the abnormalities must be due to the disease and not the treatment. (mindfreedom.org)
  • no more than 20g/day and no alcohol but plenty of fluid and with chronic pancreatitis flares, only clear liquids with no foods may be recommended for 24-48 hours. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • The popular notion that ethanol itself is a neurotoxin responsible for brain damage seen with excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence is little supported by direct evidence. (nature.com)
  • To address whether excessive, prolonged, and voluntary alcohol consumption per se can disturb brain structure, animal models are essential. (nature.com)
  • Over time, people who abuse alcohol can do serious damage to their bodies. (kidshealth.org)
  • Chronic alcohol use can lead to thiamine deficiency, which sometimes causes brain damage and memory loss. (webmd.com)
  • 2 Following Tysvaer's study, several other cross-sectional studies indicated that head injuries sustained during football can cause continued and measurable brain impairment. (bmj.com)
  • Overview of Head Injuries Head injuries that involve the brain are particularly concerning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is well established that chronic stress can lead to depression, which is a leading cause of disability worldwide. (talkmental.com)
  • In fact, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to restore the functional activity of serotonin in the brain in people with depression. (talkmental.com)
  • The mitochondrion under normal physiological conditions and in the depression brain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Only then can we study which cells are active during chronic pain or follow what actually happens when someone suffers from conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or depression. (lu.se)
  • With the goal of identifying subtypes of disease progression in schizophrenia, here we analyzed cross-sectional brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 4,291 individuals with schizophrenia (1,709 females, age=32.5 years±11.9) and 7,078 healthy controls (3,461 females, age=33.0 years±12.7) pooled across 41 international cohorts from the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group, non-ENIGMA cohorts and public datasets. (bvsalud.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative illness, characterized by brain tissue loss, and antipsychotics are "neuroprotective" agents that thwart that pathological process in some way. (mindfreedom.org)
  • The average prevalence rate for schizophrenia and chronic mental illness was 5.4 per 1,000 population, with a range of 3.2 to 16.7/1,000. (micsem.org)
  • In Micronesia, schizophrenia and chronic mental illness were heavily weighted toward males, who constituted 77 percent of the total sample and outnumbered females by a ratio of 3.4/1. (micsem.org)
  • On a recent PBS television show hosted by Charlie Rose on the "mentally ill brain," Columbia University's Jeffrey Lieberman presented a series of brain scans of a person with schizophrenia, which showed enlarged ventricles and thus, as Lieberman told the audience, "loss of brain gray matter. (mindfreedom.org)
  • The idea being presented by Lieberman was that schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by brain tissue loss. (mindfreedom.org)
  • The epidemiological survey reported here attempts to explore further the patterns of schizophrenia and chronic psychosis using community-based case-finding methods rather than the more limited mental health case records of earlier psychiatric researchers in Micronesia. (micsem.org)
  • Using a machine learning approach known as Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn), we implemented a brain imaging-driven classification that identifies two distinct neurostructural subgroups by mapping the spatial and temporal trajectory of gray matter (GM) loss in schizophrenia. (bvsalud.org)
  • First, the brains of old-world monkeys, such as the rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) species studied here, are gyroencephalic and, like humans, have a large fraction of intracranial space occupied by white matter. (nature.com)
  • According to the most recent survey analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 50 million people in the United States - or 20 percent of the U.S. adult population - are living with chronic pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • But even among those who already have the disease, physical activities never stop offering brain-boosting benefits. (naturalnews.com)
  • Having a chronic disease should never discourage anyone from exercising. (naturalnews.com)
  • MS is a chronic disease that affects people differently. (nih.gov)
  • As the disease progresses, the outermost layer of the brain, called the cerebral cortex, shrinks in a process known as cortical atrophy. (nih.gov)
  • The Role of Thiamine Deficiency in Alcoholic Brain Disease. (webmd.com)
  • With increased precision we can also stimulate the brain in a more exact manner and with considerably fewer side effects than today, for example to inhibit tremors in Parkinson's disease. (lu.se)
  • In 1992, on the basis of a series of cross-sectional studies using neurological examinations, neuropsychological tests, computer tomography scanning, and electroencephalography in active and older retired Norwegian football players, Tysvaer proposed that, as seen in boxing, heading in football could lead to chronic brain injury. (bmj.com)
  • A lot of damage can occur, though, if elemental mercury gets into the air in the form of small droplets that are breathed into the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Depending on how much mercury is inhaled, permanent lung damage and death may occur. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Long-term brain damage from inhaled elemental mercury can also occur. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Loss of motion may occur if you damage the bones within a joint. (mountsinai.org)
  • Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? (nih.gov)
  • Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to any permanent neuropsychological deficit, caused by chronic brain damage? (nih.gov)
  • This condition is chronic and could lead to brain damage. (urbandictionary.com)
  • As with acute renal failure, there are many conditions that can lead to chronic renal failure. (britannica.com)
  • Now, recent evidence suggests that doing these puzzles regularly could lead to better brain health later in life . (naturalnews.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis usually begins soon after the damage to the pancreas begins. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • In addition to causing liver problems, long-term drinking can damage the pancreas, heart, and brain. (kidshealth.org)
  • Correlation analyses revealed a cerebral cortical volumetric loss of ∼ 0.11% of the intracranial vault for each daily drink (0.25 g/kg), and selective vulnerability of cortical and non-cortical brain regions. (nature.com)
  • Soon after an individual's initial infection with HIV, damage to brain volume and cortical thickness progressively worsens until anti-retroviral treatment is started, a new study shows. (scitechdaily.com)
  • An overgrowth of bacteria in the gut predicted brain injury in preemies. (the-scientist.com)
  • Studies in mice suggest that the gut microbiome-the collection of bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms living within the gastrointestinal tract-can influence the brain as well as the immune responses to brain injury. (the-scientist.com)
  • This glossary provides information and definitions of medical terms associated with brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or your family. (brainline.org)
  • acquired brain injury - the implication of this term is that the individual experienced normal growth and development from conception through birth, until sustaining an insult to the brain at some later time which resulted in impairment of brain function. (brainline.org)
  • Vitamin B1 also plays an important role in the brain development of babies in the womb. (webmd.com)
  • Extremely premature infants-babies born before 28 weeks' gestation-spend the third trimester, a critical time period for growth and brain development, outside of the womb. (the-scientist.com)
  • However, the authors add, "While CBT is considered to be the preferred psychological intervention of [chronic pain], not all patients with [it] experience a clinically significant treatment response. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Although a number of recommendations have been proposed to improve CBT for patients with chronic pain, an additional solution may be to offer patients [MBSR] since it shows promise in improving pain severity and reducing pain interference and psychological distress. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • But as Moncrieff and Leo noted in their paper, many of the patients in the first-episode studies had been on antipsychotics for months, and there is evidence that antipsychotics may induce changes in brain structures in a short period of time. (mindfreedom.org)
  • In 13 of them, researchers did not find any differences between the patients and controls in whole-brain volumes, total grey matter, and CSF volumes. (mindfreedom.org)
  • Of the five studies that did show differences in brain volumes, one included a subset of patients that had taken antipsychotics for up to 24 weeks, which could have confounded the results. (mindfreedom.org)
  • Wisgrill and Berry aimed to improve the neurodevelopmental outcomes for these tiny patients by examining the gut-immune-brain axis. (the-scientist.com)
  • Patients with chronic, rather than acute, ingestions of salicylates are more likely to develop toxicity, especially of the CNS, and require intensive care. (medscape.com)
  • We can't say that playing these puzzles necessarily reduces the risk of dementia in later life but this research supports previous findings that indicate regular use of word and number puzzles helps keep our brains working better for longer," Corbett added. (naturalnews.com)
  • However, this is only one of the many ways to boost your brain health. (naturalnews.com)
  • So, reducing stress should be the number one priority if you want to improve your overall brain health. (naturalnews.com)
  • Not only is chronic stress affecting our physical, mental and emotional health, it's affecting our wallet and the wallet of employers. (corporatewellnessmagazine.com)
  • It's becoming a "business" issue as chronic stress becomes the #1 health risk for employers. (corporatewellnessmagazine.com)
  • In addition to the nature of the debris and the circumstances of the accident, the overall health of the person who is struck plays a role in the severity of the damage. (smslegal.com)
  • Phthalates are not the only endocrine disruptor that can produce chronic health problems. (sott.net)
  • Hearing loss is the third most common chronic health condition in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute, subchronic, or chronic exposures to particulate matter (PM) and pollutant gases affect people in urban areas and those exposed to fires, disasters, and wars. (rti.org)
  • In terms of chronic rapid eyelid-twitching / eye-blinking, it's actually called Blepharospasm which is a symptom of involuntary and uncontrollable movements in the muscles around a person's eyes which in turn make them appear like 'blinking non-stop' to other people. (curezone.org)
  • Also, some of these people experience "high-impact" chronic pain, meaning that the pain severely interferes with their daily activities on most days. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • CBT helps people cope with chronic pain by encouraging a more flexible approach to daily challenges, both on a mental and behavioral level. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Your game destroys the brains of the people that play it, why, look at all the suicides. (rushlimbaugh.com)
  • Nonhuman primate models offer several advantages for the study of ethanol-induced brain damage. (nature.com)
  • In a study conducted on twins, researchers found that after 12 years, those who had greater leg strength were more likely to have bigger and more active brains. (naturalnews.com)
  • I think he's one of the doctors who first discovered, explained the whole notion of the post-death study of the brain that produces CTE, the damage to the brain, swelling of the brain, that can only be discovered posthumously. (rushlimbaugh.com)
  • The study, led by Xiaodan Yan, a research fellow at NYU School of Medicine, examined "spontaneous" or "resting" brain activity in 104 veterans of combat from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars using functional MRI, which measures blood-oxygen levels in the brain. (scienceblog.com)
  • BOSTON - A new study published in JAMA Neurology finds evidence of brain damage in athletes who died young, and it could provide insight for parents of children who play contact sports. (cbsnews.com)
  • And in the largest study of its kind, researchers at Boston University looked at the brains of 152 young athletes who had been exposed to repetitive head impacts from youth, high school, or college sports and who died before the age of 30. (cbsnews.com)
  • We need to develop electrodes that make it possible to study the brain and, ideally, individual cells without damaging them. (lu.se)
  • The type of migraine known as vestibular migraine originates in the part of the inner ear and brain that is responsible for balance, says Rajneesh. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Damaged inner ear cells do not grow back. (cdc.gov)
  • Women who drink regularly are at significantly greater risk for liver damage than men even if they drink less or drink for a shorter period of time. (brad21.org)
  • The researchers found that spontaneous brain activity in the amygdala, a key structure in the brain's "fear circuitry" that processes fearful and anxious emotions, was significantly higher in the 52 combat veterans with PTSD than in the 52 combat veterans without PTSD. (scienceblog.com)
  • When we go too hard for too long - exposing ourselves to prolonged chronic stress - our bodies give out. (yourtango.com)
  • If inorganic mercury enters your bloodstream, it can attack the kidneys and brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Arousal is a primitive state of alertness managed by the reticular activating system (extending from medulla to the thalamus in the core of the brain stem) activating the cortex. (brainline.org)
  • The researchers found 184 clinical trials that looked at chronic pain and, after a further screening, they narrowed these down to 21 clinical trials. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In the United States, about 40 million adults aged 20-69 years have noise-induced hearing loss, and about 1 in 4 adults who report "excellent to good" hearing already have hearing damage. (cdc.gov)
  • The brain is particularly dependent on mitochondrial activity due to both its high levels of energy use and its inability to store large amounts of energy reserves in the form of glycogen. (frontiersin.org)
  • We evaluated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in nasal and brain genomic DNA, and explored by immunohistochemistry the expression of nuclear factor NFkappaB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), metallothionein I and II, apolipoprotein E, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and beta-amyloid(1-42) in healthy dogs naturally exposed to urban pollution in Mexico City. (rti.org)
  • By sequencing the gut microbiome, assessing the immune system and serum protein measurements, measuring brain electrical activity, and performing magnetic resonance brain imaging, they closely investigated the evolving microbiome, immunological landscape, and brain development. (the-scientist.com)
  • Caused by damage to brain cells rather than deficits in speech or hearing organs. (brainline.org)
  • These cells allow your brain to detect sounds. (cdc.gov)
  • We must be able to do this without causing damage, while being certain about which brain cells we are actually listening to. (lu.se)