ProteinInfectionPapillomaSquamous cell carcinomasAntigensSerumProteins1994CattleSpeciesVirusesPapillomatosisReplicationHPVsSarcoidsCervical cancerBasalVaccinePathogenesisInfectionsBroadly19892023Leukemia virusAntibodiesCuraEpithelialCancerPapilomaTypesGeneMilkPoliovirusVirus1995SignificantlyFibroblasts2000FoundGenomeFindingsMedicineSupplementJournal
Protein11
- The full-length E2 protein, encoded by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), is a sequence-specific transcription factor found in all HPVs, including cancer-causing high risk HPV types 16 and 18 and wart-inducing low risk HPV types 6 and 11. (providence.org)
- Our studies thus categorize HPV-18 E2 and BPV-1 E2 in the same protein family, a finding consistent with the available E2 structural data that separate the closely related HPV-16 and HPV-18 E2 proteins but classify together the more divergent BPV-1 and HPV-18 E2 proteins. (providence.org)
- The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a multifunctional protein essential for the control of virus gene expression, genome replication and persistence. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Characterization of the human papillomavirus E2 protein: evidence of trans-activation and trans-repression in cervical keratinocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The papillomavirus major capsid protein L1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The protein expression of one of the predicted common targets of miR‑497, insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R), was assessed using western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein (HPV16 E5) down-regulates surface expression of HLA-I molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
- Western blotting and co-Immunoprecipitation Proteins were extracted on ice from control and KD cells using RIPA buffer (20 mM HEPES p H 7.6 150 mM NaCl 1 sodium deoxycholate 1 Nonidet P-40 0.1% SDS 2 mM EDTA complete protease inhibitor [Roche Diagnostics]) and protein concentration was quantified using the Dc Protein Assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories) with bovine serum albumin as standard. (researchatlanta.org)
- Extracts were pre-cleared using protein-A agarose beads (Sigma) at 4 °C for 1 h. (researchatlanta.org)
- HIV-1 CA-NC manifestation and purification The HIV-1 CA-NC protein was indicated purified and put together as previously explained (Ganser et al. (researchatlanta.org)
- 1999 The pET11a manifestation vector (Novagen) expressing the CA-NC protein of HIV-1 was used to transform BL-21(DE3) E. coli. (researchatlanta.org)
Infection13
- Cette invention se rapporte à un procédé pour traiter précocement une infection à papillomavirus affectant un orifice corporel chez l'homme ou chez un animal, y compris un canal associé à un tel orifice, ce procédé consistant à appliquer un agent d'inactivation virale sur cet orifice et/ou sur ce canal en une quantité propre à inactiver une partie du virus infectant ledit orifice ou ledit canal. (gc.ca)
- A method of treating early papillomavirus infection of an orifice of a human or animal body including any canal associated with an orifice, comprising applying a viral inactivation agent to the orifice and/or canal in an amount effective to inactivate a portion of the virus infecting the orifice or canal. (gc.ca)
- Their aetiopathogenesis is closely linked to a presumably abortive infection by bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2. (unibe.ch)
- Campo MS (1998): Persistent infection by bovine papillomavirus. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Papillomavirus infection of the cervix. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Papillomavirus infection of the cervix. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Politica de tratare a viermilor Papilloma virus quante dosi human papillomavirus infection electrosurgery, deteccion de oxiuros neuroendocrine cancer weight gain. (zppp.ro)
- Buehring G, Shen HM, Jensen H, Block G. Bovine leukemia virus infection is significantly associated with risk of breast cancer. (ac.ir)
- Planning and management to control and eliminate HTLV-1 infection in Iran. (ac.ir)
- Clinical features of breast cancer patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection. (ac.ir)
- During evolution the arms race between papillomaviruses (PVes) and their hosts has resulted in parallel selection of cellular mechanisms aiming to clear viral infection, such as inhibition of cellular apoptosis or uncoupling of the normal proliferation/differentiation program of the epithelium on the one hand, and in selection of viral mechanisms aiming to hamper cellular reaction directed to clear infection on the other. (biomedcentral.com)
- 1995). Bovine LF (bLF) and human LF (hLF) were potent inhibitors of HIV-1-infection in vitro (Harmsen et al. (immunecare.co.uk)
- 2004). The action of LF against HIV-1 takes place in an early phase of infection, probably during adsorption of the virus to target cells (Harmsen et al. (immunecare.co.uk)
Papilloma5
- The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of naturally occurring bovine cutaneous papillomatosis.A total of 82 Holstein cattle (9.5%), aged between 5 and 24 months, were diagnosed as cutaneous papilloma by clinical examination. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV [3] . (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
- Skin papilloma icd 9 hpv lingua sintomas, human papillomavirus nhs choices virus del papiloma humano que es sintomas y tratamiento. (stmoriz.ro)
- Hpv bacterii nocive Vaksin HPV Human Papillomavirus - Cara Mencegah Kanker Serviks - dewi Pande enterobioza helixului virus uomo effetti Papilloma virus hpv yang berbahaya ductal carcinoma in situ breast lump intraductal papilloma, cancer pancreatic ultima faza papilloma virus rischio alto. (stmoriz.ro)
- In order to examine the consequences of a transient increase or decrease in intracellular calmodulin (CaM) levels, two bovine-papilloma-virus (BPV)-based expression vectors capable of inducibly synthesizing CaM sense (BPV-MCM) or anti-sense (BPV-CaMAS) RNA have been constructed and used to stably transform mouse C127 cells. (duke.edu)
Squamous cell carcinomas2
- citation needed] BPV-4 causes squamous cell carcinomas of the alimentary tract, and BPV-1/2 causes carcinomas and haemangioendotheliomas of the urinary bladder, in both cases in animals that have fed on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). (wikipedia.org)
- An investigation of bovine papillomaviruses from ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cattle. (nih.gov)
Antigens6
- Bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1) antigens were detected in the basal layer. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Three hundred twenty-two cases of cervical dysplasia (mild, moderate, and severe) and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were examined for the presence of papillomavirus structural antigens with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase method on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Papillomavirus antigens were found directly within the lesion in all the cases of mild and moderate dysplasia but in only two instances of severe dysplasia and in none of the examples of CIS. (johnshopkins.edu)
- In the remaining 10 cases of severe dysplasia and CIS associated with the presence of papillomavirus antigens, cells containing papillomavirus structural proteins were present in areas of moderated dysplasia immediately adjacent to the high-grade lesions in seven instances and in areas of mild or moderate dysplasia not directly in contact with the high-grade lesions in three. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Among the 12 high-grade lesions associated with the presence of papillomavirus antigens, a morphologic transition from areas of moderate dysplasia containing papillomavirus antigen to the areas of severe dysplasia and CIS was present in five instances. (johnshopkins.edu)
- B-1 cells are found in peritoneal and pleural cavities where they provide first-line defence through antibodies able to bind polysaccharide antigens and repeated motifs that are typically found in microbial cell walls and macromolecules [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum2
- 1999), with bLF being a more potent agent against HIV-1 than hLF (Berkhout, Floris, Recio, & Visser, 2004), and there was little difference in the inhibitory activity of bLF from milk, colostrum or serum (Berkhout et al. (immunecare.co.uk)
- Purity among commercially available polymerase enzymes is variable, and some enzymes are stabilized with bovine serum albumin (BSA). (bioprocessintl.com)
Proteins10
- Transcriptional activity among high and low risk human papillomavirus E2 proteins correlates with E2 DNA binding. (providence.org)
- To investigate whether E2 proteins encoded by high risk HPVs may function differentially from E2 proteins encoded by low risk HPVs and animal papillomaviruses, we conducted comparative DNA-binding and transcription studies using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and cell-free transcription systems reconstituted with purified general transcription factors, cofactor, RNA polymerase II, and with E2 proteins encoded by HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-11, and bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1). (providence.org)
- Lu S, Tiekso J, Hietanen S, Syrjaènen K, Havu VK, Syrjaènen S (1999): Expression of cell-cycle proteins p53, p21 (WAF-1), PCNA and Ki-67 in benign, premalignant and malignant skin lesions with implicated HPV involvement. (ankara.edu.tr)
- The aim of this article is to review antifungal proteins produced by medicinal plants and fungi used in Chinese medicine which also possess anticancer and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enzyme inhibitory activities. (bvsalud.org)
- A novel interaction between the human papillomavirus type 16 E2 and E1^E4 proteins leads to stabilization of E2. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Comparison of the structure and DNA-binding properties of the E2 proteins from an oncogenic and a non-oncogenic human papillomavirus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- We have shown that E1 and E2 proteins of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) were essential to support the replication of the homologous viral origin (ori) in a transient replication assay, similar to reports on bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1). (elsevierpure.com)
- Unexpectedly, matched or even mixed combinations of E1 and E2 proteins from HPV-11 or BPV-1 replicated either ori in human, monkey, and rodent cell lines of epithelial or fibroblastic lineage, albeit with varied efficiencies. (elsevierpure.com)
- Either set of viral proteins was also able to initiate replication of ori-containing plasmids from many other human and animal papillomaviruses. (elsevierpure.com)
- The effectiveness of proteins in human and bovine milk against arbovirus, rhinovirus and influenza viruses was demonstrated by Matthews, Nair, Lawrence, and Tyrrel (1976). (immunecare.co.uk)
19941
- Ndarathi CM, Mbuthia PG (1994): Individual bovine- specific and species-specific autogenous vaccine in treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. (ankara.edu.tr)
Cattle3
- Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a paraphyletic group of DNA viruses of the subfamily Firstpapillomavirinae of Papillomaviridae that are common in cattle. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) only causes cancer in cattle that eat bracken. (animalresearch.info)
- Using CRPV in rabbits, BPV in cattle and canine oral papillomavirus, researchers found that whichever the animal, it was possible to protect against the papillomavirus. (animalresearch.info)
Species2
- Additionally, each papillomavirus can only be cultured in its respective host species. (animalresearch.info)
- We infer that the stringent species and tissue specificities observed for papillomaviruses in vivo are not entirely due to direct restrictions on viral DNA replication. (elsevierpure.com)
Viruses5
- BPVs have been used as a model for studying papillomavirus molecular biology and for dissecting the mechanisms by which this group of viruses cause cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Like other papillomaviruses, BPVs are small non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid around 50-60 nm in diameter. (wikipedia.org)
- Pseudoviruses (PsV) are synthetic viruses that can include genetic material such as DNA and RNA, and are closely related to the structures and characteristics of its native viruses, but lack characteristics shown in the authentic viruses such as capability for replication [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- 2. Antiviral properties of LF LF has been reported to interfere with the action of a number of enveloped viruses such asherpes simplex types 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, C and G viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV) and alphavirus. (immunecare.co.uk)
- Viruses are among the smallest microbes, typically ranging from 0.02 to 0.3 micrometer, although several very large viruses up to 1 micrometer in length (megavirus, pandoravirus) have recently been discovered. (msdmanuals.com)
Papillomatosis6
- Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis caused by a bovine papillomavirus, is a common skin disease in Turkey. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Borku MK, Atalay O, Kibar M, Çam Y, Atasever A (2007): Ivermectin is an effective treatment for bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Emhmad AO, Levkut M, Levkutova´ M, Revajova´ V, Ondrejka R, Benı´sˇek Z (1997): Immunohistochemistry of the progressive and regressive stages of bovine papillomatosis. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW (1997): Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Tanda Penyebab dan Gejala Kanker Mulut Rahim Serviks Serta Cara Mengatasinya vaccin papillomavirus australie Sunteți pe pagina 1din 1 Căutați în document Bovine papillomatosis adalah penyakit virus yang umum terjadi pada virus hpv yang berbahaya, kebanyakan terjadi pada sapi muda, yang diwujudkan sebagai tumor jinak atau kutil, yang disebabkan oleh virus papillomavirus sapi BPV. (stmoriz.ro)
- Virus papiloma dapat menyebabkan penyakit Virus papiloma dapat menyebabkan penyakit Conținutul Sunteți pe pagina 1din 1 Căutați în document Bovine papillomatosis adalah penyakit virus yang umum virus human papiloma dapat menyebabkan penyakit virus papiloma dapat menyebabkan penyakit kulit, virus hpv yang berbahaya terjadi pada sapi muda, yang diwujudkan sebagai tumor jinak atau kutil, yang disebabkan oleh virus papillomavirus sapi BPV. (stmoriz.ro)
Replication1
- The early steps of HIV-1 replication involve the entry of HIV-1 into the nucleus which is characterized by viral interactions with nuclear pore components. (researchatlanta.org)
HPVs2
- Indeed, in 1977, Dr Harald zur Hansen published the first research linking the papillomavirus directly to cervical cancer, which was confirmed in the early '80s when he isolated two previously unknown types of HPVs - HPV16 and 18 - from cancerous tissues. (animalresearch.info)
- the most common are HPVs 1, 2, 4, 27 and 57, and HPVs 3 and 10 for plane (flat) warts. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Sarcoids2
Cervical cancer1
- It helped enormously in the development of vaccines against cervical cancer, especially because the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) could not be replicated in cell culture, nor could it be transmitted to other mammals. (animalresearch.info)
Basal2
- 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said treatment cavity is so defined that said inactivation agent is applied under pressure so that the agent infuses cell structure of the uterine cervix through to the basal cell layer where human papillomavirus resides, and further infuses into the multitudinous gland structures and cavities in the walls of the uterine cervix. (gc.ca)
- Infeksi papillomavirus, transformasi dan multiplikasi pada sel basal, menyebabkan terbentuknya kutil, namun kebanyakan kutil tidak berbahaya dan tidak berkembang. (stmoriz.ro)
Vaccine1
- Pancreatic cancer detection Virus hpv yang berbahaya, Virus papiloma dapat menyebabkan penyakit Conținutul Virus hpv yang berbahaya Ciri Ciri Terkena Virus HPV Di Kelamin Wanita se vindeca cancerul la san Hpv vaccine how old adn hpv genotipare, how does human papillomavirus hpv cause cancer hpv human cell line. (stmoriz.ro)
Pathogenesis2
- Campo MS (2002): Animal models of papillomavirus pathogenesis. (ankara.edu.tr)
- Identification of joint gene players implicated in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 and BLV through a comprehensive system biology analysis. (ac.ir)
Infections2
- Warts are common viral skin infections, affecting around 7-12% of the population at any one time, and are more common in children [1] . (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
- In general, bovine LF is more effective against viral infections than human LF. (immunecare.co.uk)
Broadly2
- The genetic organisation of those BPVs which have been sequenced is broadly similar to other papillomaviruses. (wikipedia.org)
- The primary antiserum, prepared from purified, detergent-disrupted bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions, is broadly reactive against the genus-specific (common) antigen(s) of the papillomaviruses. (johnshopkins.edu)
20231
- 2023;24(1):51-57. (nih.gov)
Leukemia virus3
- Research has been done in many parts of the world to investigate the presence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and its correlation with breast cancer on breast paraffin tissue and human blood samples. (ac.ir)
- Can bovine leukemia virus be related to human breast cancer? (ac.ir)
- Schwartz I, Levy D. Pathobiology of bovine leukemia virus. (ac.ir)
Antibodies3
- Movement Cytometry Altogether, 2 105 cells had been ready and stained with anti-EPCAM antibodies (1:40, FITC-conjugated, eBioscience, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 1 h at space temperature at night. (researchatlanta.org)
- Primary antibodies used for Western Aripiprazole (Abilify) blotting (WB) were rat anti-Nup98 (Abcam WB 1:4 0 IF 1:100) anti-mouse Nup153 (SA1 kind gift from B. Burke WB 1:500 IF 1:10). (researchatlanta.org)
- Secondary or conjugated antibodies used for Western blotting were Beta Actin HRP conjugated antibody (Abcam 1 500 anti-mouse IgG HRP (GE Healthcare 1 0 anti-rabbit IgG HRP (GE Healthcare 1 0 anti-rat IgG HRP (Sigma 1 0 and LEDGF/P75 (Bethyl Laboratories Inc. cat. (researchatlanta.org)
Cura3
- Poate exista prostatita purulenta - Papiloma mancarimi nas viermi intestinali em caes tem cura Înțelesul "fecaloma" în dicționarul Portugheză Papillomavirus em caes Traducere "Herpes" în română Herpes Gran Chocolates medicina está listo. (zppp.ro)
- Papiloma virus em caes tem cura Papiloma virus em caes tem cura o paralizie in decembrie și tratament, mi-am revenit rapid iar în februarie nu m-a mai papillomavirus em caes spatele. (zppp.ro)
- Hpv no utero tem cura hpv uomo pericoloso, papillomavirus humain images hpv and head and neck cancer ppt. (stmoriz.ro)
Epithelial1
- My group investigates the links between human papillomavirus (HPV) infectious lifecyle & epithelial differentiation and how HPV-associated tumour progression is achieved. (gla.ac.uk)
Cancer6
- The horns were in fact warts, and Shope's work led to the discovery of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV), a cancer-causing virus. (animalresearch.info)
- Animal and human papillomaviruses have a lot in common and the cottontail rabbit was the first animal model for cancer caused by a virus. (animalresearch.info)
- (1) The virus needs an extra 'push' to cause cancer. (animalresearch.info)
- High risk types of human papillomavirus, such as type 18 (HPV-18), cause cervical carcinoma, one of the most frequent causes of cancer death in women worldwide. (cshl.edu)
- Kaveh F, Amini K, Sadeh M. Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in the women with breast cancer by Multiplex-PCR method. (ac.ir)
- Cancer ovaire et papillomavirus bouton papillomavirus homme, parazi? (stmoriz.ro)
Papiloma5
- Eu usava casting gloss que deixava uma loiro acobreado lindo mas que es papiloma en la nariz muito rapido, entao usei koleston e apesar de ser uma cor bem parecida achei que ficou mais desbotada nas pontas onde eu tinha luzes, mas depois de varias lavagens ficou um loiro acobreado bonito, nao tenho certeza mas me pareceu ressecar um pouco. (zppp.ro)
- Otita medie maxilo-faciala, Papiloma na boca de cachorro El diagnóstico de los pacientes tras ser valorados en ORL fue: 4 otitis media serosa, 6 ototubaritis, 3 hipoa- cusia de transmisión y 1 hipoacusia neurosensorial. (zppp.ro)
- Papillomavirus em caes Pedrigree - Contrato de compra e Venda - Vacina V10 importada - Desverminados - Tratamento de Giárdia realizado - kit filhote caminha, comedouro, manta e brinquedo Entregamos em papiloma na boca de caes. (zppp.ro)
- Cel mai bun medicament pentru toți viermii Se calcinează de a lungul papiloma na boca de caes prostatei uretra Dacă soțul meu are prostatită mă poate infecta cu ceva Harrison - Medicina Interna - 18Ed - Vol 2 1 Category: Xyg Papiloma virus em caes tratamento Opção binária Sobral: April Dacă soțul meu are prostatită mă poate infecta cu ceva Moved Permanently. (zppp.ro)
- Verruga em cachorro - Veterinária Explica multe papiloame Papiloma boca cachorro ¿Qué hacer si tu perro tiene verrugas en el hocico? (zppp.ro)
Types3
- Six types of BPV have been characterised, BPV-1 to BPV-6, which are divided into three broad subgroups. (wikipedia.org)
- Deltapapillomavirus or fibropapillomaviruses (formerly known as subgroup A), including types 1 and 2, have a genome of around 7.9 kb. (wikipedia.org)
- The specificity of the types differs:[citation needed] BPV-1 infects paragenital areas, including penis, teats and udders BPV-2 infects skin, alimentary canal and urinary bladder Xipapillomavirus or epitheliotropic BPVs (formerly known as subgroup B), including types 3, 4 and 6, have a smaller genome of around 7.3 kb and are unique among papillomaviruses in lacking the E6 oncoprotein. (wikipedia.org)
Gene1
- The human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) E2 gene product is a repressor of the HPV18 regulatory region in human keratinocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Milk1
- Human immunodeficiency virus In the early 1990s, it was reported that milk, a source of highly positively charged macromolecules, inhibited the binding of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) to CD4 receptor (Newburg, Viscidi, Ruff, & Yolken, 1992). (immunecare.co.uk)
Poliovirus1
- Archival wild-type poliovirus 1 infected central nervous system tissues of the pre-vaccination era in Switzerland reveal a distinct virus genotype. (unibe.ch)
Virus2
- or receipt as formalin-fixed specimen so virus could not have been altered or lost (HIV-1, -2). (cdc.gov)
- The activity of LF against HIV-1 has been widely studied since the first report of its activity against this virus (Harmsen et al. (immunecare.co.uk)
19951
- 1995 Feb;5(1):48-55. (pasteur.fr)
Significantly1
- The structure reveals that the dimerization helix is significantly different from that of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1). (cshl.edu)
Fibroblasts2
- however, unlike other papillomaviruses, they cause proliferation of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, causing benign fibropapillomas involving both the epithelium and the underlying dermis. (wikipedia.org)
- CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of BPV-1-transformed primary equine sarcoid fibroblasts. (omia.org)
20001
- the estimated number of new cases diagnosed annually increased from 437,000 to 564,000 between 1990 and 2000 ( 1 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Found1
- Similar papillomaviruses of ungulates (e.g. deer papillomavirus, European elk papillomavirus, ovine papillomavirus 1,2) are also found in this group. (wikipedia.org)
Genome2
- 1,000 human miRNAs have been identified that regulate ~1/3 of the coding genes in the human genome ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The sequencing of the human genome revealed that at least 1% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviral sequences, representing past encounters with retroviruses during the course of human evolution. (msdmanuals.com)
Findings1
- Our findings showed that both nucleoporins bind HIV-1 cores suggesting that this interaction is important for HIV-1 nuclear import and/or integration. (researchatlanta.org)
Medicine2
- 1 Current affiliation: Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA. (cdc.gov)
- Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians , vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 74-81, 2005. (oregonstate.edu)
Supplement1
- Source data are included as Figure 1-figure supplement 7-source data 1. (barnardsgreenfishbar.com)
Journal1
- American Journal of Surgical Pathology , 7 (1), 39-52. (johnshopkins.edu)