Botulinum antitoxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Purified botulinum toxin type A, in the form of BOTOX® purified neurotoxin complex, has been used therapeutically in the treatment of certain forms of strabismus, for cosmetic reasons (to reduce glabellar lines and smile lines), and in blepharospasm associated with facial dystonia, including benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)

Botulism generally is seen in four clinical scenarios, as follows: (1) the ingestion of preformed toxins in food contaminated with C botulinum, (2) contamination of wounds by C botulinum, (3) colonization of the intestine by C botulinum in infants younger than 1 year, and (4) iatrogenic botulism due to injection of botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
Five of the toxins affect humans: types A, B, E, and rarely F and F/A Hybrid (formerly labeled H). Botulinum toxins are highly poisonous proteins resistant to degradation by gastric acidity and proteolytic enzymes. (merckmanuals.com)
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)
[55] Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia . (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum poisoning is a rare but life-threatening condition, caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. (foodsafetynews.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)
Heptavalent antitoxin (toxins A through G) is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
The antitoxins are actually antibodies that neutralize the circulatory toxins and prevent them from binding to the neuromuscular junction in the presynaptic acetylcholine release area. (cdc.gov)
Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic and therefore affect the nervous system. (vnexpress.net)
Seven different botulinum toxins, named from A to G serotypes, have been described according to their antigenic properties. (biomedcentral.com)
However, sub-clinical systemic effects have been shown by single-fiber electromyography after IM doses of botulinum toxins appropriate to produce clinically observable local muscle weakness. (illnesshacker.com)
As the small animal decomposes, the powerful botulinum toxins are released and contaminate the surrounding feed and water. (sanfrananimal.com)
But fear of their use as a bioterror weapon has made the toxins notorious - and the push for developing antitoxin drugs or vaccines a high priority. (bnl.gov)
In the case history the patient is diagnosed as being infected from Botulinium toxins secreted by Clostridium botulinum. (remixeducation.in)
It is effective against Clostridium botulinum toxins types A,B, & E. (remixeducation.in)
The pate tested positive for Clostridium botulinum , a bacteria with dangerous toxins that block nerve functions, leading to respiratory failure due to paralyzed muscles, and possibly death. (chaohanoi.com)

Botulinum neurotoxins, whether directly ingested, produced in a C botulinum contaminated wound, or produced by C botulinum colonization within the intestines, enter the vascular system and are transported to peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals. (medscape.com)
Botulinum neurotoxins are classified into 7 types, A-G. Toxin types A, B, and E cause most human botulism, and type F represents only 1% of reported cases ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
C. botulinum elaborates 8 types of antigenically distinct neurotoxins (types A through G and F/A Hybrid). (merckmanuals.com)
Seven strains of C. botulinum have been recognized on the basis of the antigenic specificities of their botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (biomedcentral.com)
Eight antigenic variants of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been identified, A-G and X [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteases that block peripheral motor and autonomic nerves, leading to death when respiratory muscles are affected. (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs of varying serotypes. (biologydictionary.net)
Specifically, C. botulinum is responsible for the neurotoxins that result in generalized weakness, flaccid paralysis of the tongue, difficulty swallowing, and eventually respiratory failure. (sanfrananimal.com)

C. botulinum spores exist widely in the environment, but proper food-preparation practices inhibit spore germination and toxin production ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
the subject of our study), also known as 'floppy baby syndrome', results from ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores with subsequent colonization in the gut and releases botulism toxin, causing acute flaccid descending paralysis. (cdc.gov)
And the second type is wound botulism, in which Clostridium botulinum spores get into wounds, especially after a traumatic injury, post-op, or IVDU. (cdc.gov)
contains botulinum spores, and that's why it is recommended to avoid honey consumption until one year old. (cdc.gov)
Unlike commercial or modern canning, poor preservation or preparation does not kill Clostridium botulinum bacteria because the spores are resistant even to processes such as baking. (beinghealthylife.com)
Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
As oxygen is depleted in the decaying animal's body, C. botulinum will begin rapidly forming toxin-releasing spores. (sanfrananimal.com)
1 C. botulinum spores of fermented food in 2006. (who.int)
1 C. botulinum was found to be the main source of a type A botulism is present in the environment, with type A or B spores outbreak in two elderly people in the United States in being found primarily in terrestrial vegetables and type E 2017. (who.int)
Infant botulism occurs when a baby eats Clostridium botulinum spores and the bacteria grow in the baby's intestines. (medlineplus.gov)

Foodborne botulism results from eating foods containing botulinum toxin ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
The toxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (cdc.gov)
Bar Goldberg] Botulism is a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , a gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobic bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Botulism is a rare neuroparalytic disease caused by the neurotoxin botulinum, mainly produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium and less frequently by Clostridium baratii or Clostridium butyricum . (biomedcentral.com)
It is caused by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum , which affects the nervous system and can be fatal if the diagnosis is delayed. (fastlyheal.com)
When eating food infected with the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , symptoms usually appear between 12 and 36 hours later but can also seem a few days later. (fastlyheal.com)
depending on the amount of toxin that has been ingested, the symptoms may appear between 12 and 36 hours after having ingested the food infected with the bacterium Clostridium botulinum or take more than four days. (fastlyheal.com)
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (botulismblog.com)
1 BoNTs are produced In Taiwan (China), two outbreaks have been recorded, by Clostridium botulinum , a Gram-positive, rod- one caused by type A botulism in nine patients who con- shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium. (who.int)

Each 20-mL vial contains equine-derived antibody to the 7 known botulinum toxin types (A through G) with the following nominal potency values: 7500 U anti-A, 5500 U anti-B, 5000 U anti-C, 1000 U anti-D, 8500 U anti-E, 5000 U anti-F, and 1000 U anti-G. (medscape.com)
FDA Approves First Botulism Antitoxin for Use in Neutralizing All Seven Known Botulinum Nerve Toxin Serotypes. (medscape.com)
If there is no botulism antitoxin heptavalent (BAT), a licensed, commercially available botulism antitoxin that effectively neutralizes all known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes, the poison will attack the bodies and cause complete paralysis, said Hung. (vnexpress.net)

These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
BAT is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic botulism following documented or suspected exposure to botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, or G in adults and pediatric patients. (globalbiodefense.com)

The presence of botulinum neurotoxin type A was subsequently confirmed from patient's blood samples by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) Microbial Diseases Laboratory. (santacruzhealth.org)
Group III is associated with the presence of botulinum toxin in animals, and Group IV with toxin production neither in humans nor animals. (biologydictionary.net)

Lowes R. FDA Approves First Heptavalent Botulism Antitoxin. (medscape.com)
Hill SE, Iqbal R, Cadiz CL, Le J. Foodborne botulism treated with heptavalent botulism antitoxin. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved the use of an equine heptavalent botulism antitoxin (BAT, Cangene Corporation). (medletter.com)
Significant assets [8,9] have already been specialized in the largescale creation of heptavalent botulism antitoxin [10]. (exposed-skin-care.net)

C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)

This process renders it less efficacious at neutralizing toxin than the other product - trivalent botulinum antitoxin (TBAT) - available from local health departments (via the CDC) for treatment of wound and foodborne botulism. (wikipedia.org)
A second way people can develop botulism is when botulinum toxin is produced in a wound that has C. botulinum in it. (cdc.gov)
In the US these days, wound botulism most often occurs in injection drug users who introduce the C. botulinum into wounds when they skin-pop black tar heroin. (cdc.gov)
But people can also get wound botulism when C. botulinum from soil contaminates other kinds of wounds, like open fractures and wounds from motor vehicle accidents. (cdc.gov)
Wound cultures that grow C botulinum suggest the presence of wound botulism. (medscape.com)
If a wound becomes infected with the C. botulinum , the bacteria will introduce the toxin to the body this way, resulting in the same symptoms. (iowalum.com)
This happens when Clostridium botulinum bacteria enter a wound and multiply. (fastlyheal.com)
Occasionally, Botulism may occur from infection of a wound with C. botulinum. (sanfrananimal.com)

In the case described in this report, the growth of C. botulinum and production of toxin might have been facilitated by several factors: 1) the almost neutral pH of the fermented tofu, 2) boiling the tofu, potentially creating an anaerobic environment, and 3) room temperature (approximately 68 º F--77 º F [20 º C--25 º C]) storage of the product for days during and after preparation. (cdc.gov)
IC botulinum is a heterogeneous group of spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive microorganisms. (medscape.com)
Botulism is a rapidly fatal motor paralysis caused by ingestion or in vivo production of the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum types A-G. The spore-forming anaerobic organism proliferates in decomposing animal tissue and sometimes in plant material. (merckvetmanual.com)

This occurs when a person consumes food contaminated with the botulinum toxin. (iowalum.com)
it happens when consuming food contaminated by the toxin Clostridium botulinum , which grows and reproduces in poorly canned or undercooked foods. (fastlyheal.com)

Following treatment with trivalent botulinum antitoxin, she made a full neurologic recovery. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the suspicion of botulism, trivalent botulinum antitoxin (ABE antitoxin) was administered. (biomedcentral.com)
A trivalent Botulism antitoxin is available for post exposure prophylaxis of Botulism. (remixeducation.in)

Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is an effective treatment for several movement disorders, including spasticity and dystonia. (jneurosci.org)
Substantial experimental and clinical evidence indicates that not all botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) effects can be explained solely by the local action (i.e., silencing of the neuromuscular junction). (jneurosci.org)
The catalytic domain of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type F (represented as a molecular surface, gray) bound to an inhibitor molecule (colored ribbon) designed to mimic the nerve-cell protein the toxin cleaves. (bnl.gov)

However, Clostridium botulinum type A was detected in enrichment cultures of the stool samples of both patients. (cdc.gov)
Botulism, although rare, is a potentially lethal illness caused by the botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and other clostridial species. (medscape.com)
Botulism is poisoning that is due to Clostridium botulinum toxin and that affects the peripheral nerves. (merckmanuals.com)
The source was a type of fish contaminated with Clostridium botulinum type E. (foodsafetynews.com)
Clostridium botulinum type B was detected in three opened tins of pâté collected from the homes of patients. (foodsafetynews.com)
Botulism is an acute neurologic disorder that causes potentially life-threatening paralysis due to a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum or related species ( C baratii and C. butyricum) . (medscape.com)
And the common belief is that infant intestinal flora is insufficient to suppress Clostridium botulinum colonization. (cdc.gov)
Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. (uconn.edu)
Botulism is an exciting yet challenging condition brought about by poisons from Clostridium botulinum microbes. (beinghealthylife.com)
Clostridium botulinum is the name of a group of bacteria commonly found in soil. (botulismblog.com)
Botulism is an acute severe neuroparalytic disease caused by bacterial exotoxins produced by distinct strains of Clostridium , mainly Clostridium botulinum . (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
We now know much more about Clostridium botulinum thanks to whole-genome sequencing. (biologydictionary.net)
Group III Clostridium botulinum is responsible for avian or nonhuman botulism outbreaks in wild and domestic animals, especially herbivores like cattle, horses, and sheep. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum toxin is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. (biologydictionary.net)
In World War II, US soldiers were immunized with an antitoxin before arriving in France due to fears of the German army using Clostridium botulinum as a biological weapon. (biologydictionary.net)
Neurotoxin produced by fermentation of Clostridium botulinum type B. The protein exists in noncovalent association with hemagglutinin and nonhemagglutinin proteins as a neurotoxin complex. (illnesshacker.com)
A 150 kDa neurotoxic protein produced from the fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum type A grown in a medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose and yeast extract. (illnesshacker.com)
Clostridium botulinum type B was detected in three of eight pâté samples collected from the houses of cases. (who.int)
This was collected for laboratory testing for the presence of Clostridium botulinum toxin as was an unopened jar of pesto that Katy had. (marlerblog.com)
The California Department of Public Health issued an alert on July 30 advising consumers to not eat VR Green Farms jarred products because of improper production making them susceptible to contamination with Clostridium botulinum . (marlerblog.com)
Acute watery diarrhea caused by Clostridium botulinum is an infective diarrhea. (remixeducation.in)
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram +ve bacteria that produces Neurotoxin generically called botulinum toxin. (remixeducation.in)
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
Clostridium botulinum are found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. (medlineplus.gov)
Clostridium botulinum can be found normally in the stool of some infants. (medlineplus.gov)
Botulism ( Clostridium botulinum ). (medlineplus.gov)

Prabotulinumtoxin A Indications,/Botulinum Toxin (BoNTs) are the etiological agents responsible for botulism, a disease characterized by the peripheral neuromuscular blockade and a characteristic flaccid paralysis of humans. (illnesshacker.com)

A doctor pulls botulism antitoxin heptavalent (BAT) from the last vial of the medicine in Vietnam at HCMC's Children's Hospital 2, May 2023. (vnexpress.net)

C. botulinum is one of several species of clostridia that cause human disease. (merckmanuals.com)

f) Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies (e.g., diphtheria antitoxin and botulinum antitoxin) derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific antigens. (cdc.gov)

The cascade of symptoms can begin within a matter of hours after ingestion of a significant amount of botulinum toxin or may take days to become evident, depending upon the exposure. (sanfrananimal.com)

This action left BAT as the only botulinum antitoxin available in the US for naturally occurring non-infant botulism. (wikipedia.org)
Administration of human-derived botulinum antitoxin in suspected infant botulism cases decreases the length of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation. (medscape.com)
Usually the source of infant botulism isn't known, but we do know that C. botulinum can be found in honey, and since it's also often in environmental sources like dust, it's easy to see how C. botulinum could be ingested. (cdc.gov)
The new antitoxin includes antibodies against all 7 botulinum neurotoxin types (A-G). A human-derived antitoxin (BabyBIG) has been available for years for infant botulism. (medletter.com)
BAT, which was licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2013, is the only botulism antitoxin available in the U.S. for treating naturally occurring, non-infant botulism, and for administering to patients under emergency conditions. (globalbiodefense.com)

BoNT/A-mediated cleavage of SNAP-25 in the FN is prevented by intracerebroventricular delivery of antitoxin antibodies, demonstrating that BoNT/A physically leaves the motoneurons to enter second-order neurons. (jneurosci.org)

And, even though intensive care units and antitoxin are around now, people still have scary symptoms, like paralysis. (cdc.gov)
Antitoxin doesn't reverse the symptoms that the patient already has. (cdc.gov)
Because of the risk of adverse reactions, prophylactic antitoxin is not recommended in patients who are exposed to botulism toxin but who have no symptoms. (medscape.com)
Once diagnosed, the botulism is treated with an antitoxin that keeps symptoms from worsening by blocking the effects of botulinum toxin in the bloodstream. (iowalum.com)
Botulinum antitoxin can be used to prevent the worsening of symptoms, although it will not reverse existing nerve damage. (beinghealthylife.com)

Botulinum toxin was not detected in serum or stool samples from the patients. (cdc.gov)
C botulinum may be grown on selective media from samples of stool or foods. (medscape.com)
Serum and stool collected from Arielle and Katy did not test positive for C. botulinum . (marlerblog.com)

toxin, botulinum toxin is a zinc-binding metalloprotease that cleaves specific proteins in synaptic vesicles. (merckvetmanual.com)
Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab') 2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)

These include tetanus antitoxin, botulinum antitoxin, stem cell preparations and equine plasma products in general. (laboklin.com)

In 2010, the CDC replaced the licensed bivalent botulinum antitoxin AB (BAT-AB) and the investigational monovalent botulinum antitoxin E (BAT-E) with BAT when the former two products indications expired. (wikipedia.org)
Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab') 2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. (biomedcentral.com)

within the part on tetanus antitoxin. (ncccam.com)

Botulinum toxin acts by inhibiting neurotransmitter release. (illnesshacker.com)
Botulinum Toxin Type B binds to and cleaves the synaptic Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein (VAMP, also known as synaptobrevin) which is a component of the protein complex responsible for docking and fusion of the synaptic vesicle to the presynaptic membrane, a necessary step to neurotransmitter release. (illnesshacker.com)
Botulinum Toxin Type B inhibits acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction via a three-stage process: 1) Heavy Chain mediated neuro specific binding of the toxin, 2) internalization of the toxin by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and 3) ATP and pH-dependent translocation of the Light Chain to the neuronal cytosol where it acts as a zinc-dependent endoprotease cleaving polypeptides essential for neurotransmitter release. (illnesshacker.com)

Twenty-five met the case definition and were given botulinum anti-toxin. (uconn.edu)

Three types of immunobiologics are administered for passive immunization: a) pooled human IG or IGIV, b) specific immune globulin preparations, and c) antitoxins. (cdc.gov)
A traditional botulism antitoxin is not used on infants, but according to the New England Journal of Medicine , a new orphan drug (i.e. a drug used to treat a rare medical condition) called "Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous" (BIG-IV) has been developed from human-derived botulism-fighting agents that effectively combats the illness in infants. (iowalum.com)

If diagnosed early, foodborne botulism can be treated with an antitoxin that blocks the action of toxin circulating in the blood. (botulismblog.com)

rarely, botulism has occurred after cosmetic injections (with botulinum toxin). (merckmanuals.com)

Polyvalent botulinum antitoxin. (archives.gov)

CDHS Microbial Diseases Laboratory found both C. botulinum type A and botulinum toxin type A in the fermented tofu samples, which had a pH of 6.8. (cdc.gov)
Almost any type of food that is not very acidic (pH above 4.6) can support growth and toxin production by C. botulinum. (botulismblog.com)
Botulinum antitoxin is administered orally to prevent or mitigate any pest and any foreign body puede se fluoxetina combinar con sildenafil is at risk of physical differences and the regeneration of nad+, a process known as nitrogen narcosis, occurs in almost every known type of sexual dysfunction, target dates although preventing injury may have about the clients pain is going to punish you. (oaksofwellington.com)
Serum anti-botulinum type B horse rd r / in. (buy-pharm.com)
The most deadly of these is botulinum toxin type E. This is the most deadly toxin known to man. (biologydictionary.net)
It produces type G botulinum toxin that is proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
Myobloc (RimabotulinumtoxinB or botulinum toxin type B). (illnesshacker.com)
Botulinum Toxin Type A blocks neuromuscular transmission by binding to acceptor sites on the motor or sympathetic nerve terminals, entering the nerve terminals, and inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. (illnesshacker.com)
Botulinum Toxin Type A is not expected to be present in the peripheral blood at measurable levels following IM or intradermal injection at the recommended doses. (illnesshacker.com)

According to the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, botulinum poisoning rarely occurs around the world and therefore the supply of BAT is limited. (vnexpress.net)

You may not know that Botox® and Dysport® are trade names for botulinum toxin. (cdc.gov)

Immunobiologic: Immunobiologics include antigenic substances, such as vaccines and toxoids, or antibody-containing preparations, such as globulins and antitoxins, from human or animal donors. (cdc.gov)

Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking motor nerve terminals at the myoneural junction. (botulismblog.com)
Botulinum toxin specifically attacks glycoproteins in cholinergic nerve endings. (biologydictionary.net)

In fact, before the advent of modern intensive care units and botulism antitoxin, people did die from botulism pretty commonly. (cdc.gov)

11 patients with mild illness did not receive antitoxin. (cdc.gov)
Botulinum antitoxin is most helpful if administered early during the patient's illness, so it's really important that physicians get that antitoxin as soon as possible when they find out about a patient's illness. (cdc.gov)
Botulism antitoxin is helpful if given early in the course of the illness. (docshare.tips)

Botulinum antitoxin was not administered at that time because asymmetric neurologic deficits and lack of exposure to injection-drug use or home-preserved foods made botulism unlikely. (cdc.gov)
Mobile teams treated patients with botulinum antitoxin on day 4 or day 6 after exposure in Nan Hospital (Nan, Thailand). (nih.gov)

Agam Rao] Botulism is treated with management in an intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation when needed, and botulinum antitoxin. (cdc.gov)
Once the antitoxin is administered, the patient usually requires the assistance of mechanical breathing apparatus to fully recover. (iowalum.com)

Health and Human Services, California (510-5402646), Botulinum antitoxin is generally not recommended for infants. (docshare.tips)

[52] [53] AbobotulinumtoxinA is the first and only FDA-approved botulinum toxin for the treatment of pediatric lower limb spasticity. (wikipedia.org)

Intensive supportive care and administration of botulinum antitoxin are vital. (medscape.com)

The normal bacterial flora in the healthy adult horse naturally inhibits C. botulinum sporulation. (sanfrananimal.com)

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs8

Purified neurotoxin1

Toxins16

Neurotoxins8

Spores12

Containing botulinum toxin1

Bacterium9

Known botulinum3

Serotypes2

Presence of botulinum2

Heptavalent botulism antitoxin4

Bacteria are anaerobic1

Wound8

Anaerobic3

Food contaminated2

Trivalent3

Neurotoxin type3

Clostridium Botulinum28

BoNTs1

20231

Species1

Diphtheria1

Ingestion1

Infant5

Antibodies1

Symptoms5

Stool3

Proteins2

Equine1

Bivalent2

Tetanus1

Neurotransmitter3

Anti-toxin1

Immune globulin2

Foodborne1

Cosmetic1

Polyvalent1

Type9

Occurs1

Dysport1

Antigenic1

Nerve2

Commonly1

Illness3

Exposure2

Mechanical2

California1

AbobotulinumtoxinA1

Supportive care1

Inhibits1