• Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increasingly, biotransformations are effected with purified enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • During our work in recent years on the genetic engineering of enzyme substrate specificities, we have obtained substantial expertise in biotransformations involving two different families of enzymes, aryl-hydroxylating dioxygenases and sucrose-utilizing glycosyltransferases. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Further biotransformation studies of TSA and structural analogs with antitumoral and antifibrotic properties need to be performed in cultured intact hepatocytes, in particular since one of the major phase I biotransformation pathways is catalyzed by nonmicrosomal enzymes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Mtb is equipped with enzymes that catalyse biotransformation reactions on xenobiotics with consequences either in its favour or as a hindrance by deactivating or activating chemical entities, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Post biotransformation reaction converting substrate to product there was need to separate these enzymes from the reaction mixture by greener process instead of conventional heat kill method recovering maximum product for the next step. (permionics.com)
  • Ester hydrolysis and oxidation were the main reactions which occurred in biotransformation process, which may be attributed to the presence of related or bifunctional enzymes. (ijps.ir)
  • The na- quire biotransformation by enzymes carcinogens. (who.int)
  • Biotransformation of the triazolobenzodiazepine triazolam to its hydroxylated metabolites, alpha-hydroxy (OH)- and 4-OH-triazolam, was studied in vitro using microsomal preparations of human liver. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Incubations of TSA with rat and human microsomal suspensions, however, led to an incomplete biotransformation with the formation of two major metabolites, N- mono- and N- didemethylated TSA. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This has important consequences for its potential development as a drug, since rapid biotransformation resulting in a short exposure to the pharmacologically active parent compound, and a complex mixture of metabolites is usually not desired. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Biotransformation of A1CA and 3EA resulted in the production of two metabolites, tentatively identified as 2‐hydroxyadamantane‐1‐carboxylic acid and 3‐ethyladamantane‐2‐ol respectively. (essex.ac.uk)
  • In order to overcome this limitation, we used an organotypical model of human primary hepatocytes for the biotransformation of the drug diazepam with special reference to metabolites in both the cell matrix phase and supernatant and its interaction of three inducers (phenobarbital, dexamethasone, aroclor 1254) in different time responses (1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h). (cellml.org)
  • This study demonstrates that the in vitro hepatic S9 metabolism assay is a feasible and reproducible method for the measurement of hepatic biotransformation rates. (sfu.ca)
  • The present review will give an insight into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of flavan-3-ols, including tentative catabolic pathways and aspects related to the identification of bacteria with the ability to catabolize these kinds of polyphenols. (rsc.org)
  • Therefore, we investigated the aerobic microbial biotransformation of two of the most abundant, chronically toxic and environmentally relevant diamondoid carboxylic acids: adamantane‐1‐carboxylic acid (A1CA) and 3‐ethyl adamantane carboxylic acid (3EA). (essex.ac.uk)
  • In conclusion, we demonstrated the microbial biotransformation of two diamondoid carboxylic acids, which has potential application for their removal and detoxification from vast OSPW that are a major environmental threat. (essex.ac.uk)
  • In this position paper, the members of the Biotransformation, Mechanisms, and Pathways Focus Group (BMPFG) steering committee reflect on the diverse roles and responsibilities of scientists trained in the biotransformation field in pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Ketoconazole was a powerful inhibitor of triazolam biotransformation, having mean competitive Ki values of 0.006 and 0.023 microM for the alpha-OH and 4-OH pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Two major phase I biotransformation pathways in rat hepatocytes were shown to be N- demethylation and reduction of the hydroxamic acid function to its corresponding amide. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Considering the range of chemical reactions involved in the biosynthetic pathways of Mtb , information related to the biotransformation of antitubercular compounds would provide opportunities for the development of new chemical tools to study successful TB infections while also highlighting potential areas for drug discovery, host-directed therapy, dose optimization and elucidation of mechanisms of action. (nature.com)
  • Biotransformation is accomplished through myriad metabolic detoxification pathways that take place in every tissue and organ, even the lungs and brain. (alive.com)
  • Since our regular food choices affect the activity of detoxification pathways to assist with toxin biotransformation, they also affect the body's sensitivity to toxic substances. (alive.com)
  • R.T. Williams , a Welsh pioneer in biotransformation studies, classified these pathways as phase I mainly catalysed by the cytochrome P450 system (oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions) and phase II (conjugation reactions). (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Review biodegradation and biotransformation in organisms from different taxa and trophic levels (including for example fish, higher plants and mammals). (cefic-lri.org)
  • In particular, microbiological inoculum containing dedicated fungi can contribute to the biodegradation of wood waste, as well as the biotransformation of substances from the protection of wood , such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), lindane ( hexachlorobenzene ) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Triazolam biotransformation by human liver microsomes in vitro: effects of metabolic inhibitors and clinical confirmation of a predicted interaction with ketoconazole. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In vitro biotransformation studies using livers were also performed. (escholarship.org)
  • In this work, the main focus is on the establishment of L. angustifolia in vitro cultures under different conditions and study the biotransformation of terpenoids by cell suspension culture. (ijps.ir)
  • Long, Aideen (1989) The production of acyloin compounds in saccharomyces cerevisiae by biotransformation. (dcu.ie)
  • Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biotransformations can be slow and are often incompatible with high temperatures, which are employed in traditional chemical synthesis to increase rates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Steroidal compounds are captivating substrates for biotransformations because of their inactivated carbons and immense biological activities that make chemical alterations complex. (hindawi.com)
  • Over the past decades, the number of scientists trained in departments dedicated to traditional medicinal chemistry, biotransformation and/or chemical toxicology have seemingly declined. (aspetjournals.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Biotransformation and mechanistic drug metabolism scientists are critical to advancing chemical entities through discovery and development, yet the number of scientists academically trained for this role is on the decline. (aspetjournals.org)
  • To round off their research training, most medicinal chemistry and biotransformation/chemical toxicology students will acquire the skill set of handling analytical instrumentation [e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy] to support their research projects (e.g., purification and characterization of their synthetic target compounds, biochemical assays to study xenobiotic metabolism, etc. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In conclusion, the primary biotransformation of anidulafungin is mediated by slow chemical degradation, with no evidence for hepatic enzymatic metabolism or renal elimination. (nih.gov)
  • Biotransformation is an intricate biochemical process, and is a cornerstone of human health. (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Zebrafish embryo toxicity of anaerobic biotransformation products from the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). (oregonstate.edu)
  • Several interesting biotransformations of small molecules using different fruits and vegetables have reported in literature [ 7 - 10 ] but no such method is reported for the steroidal compounds. (hindawi.com)
  • More commonly known as metabolic detoxification, biotransformation is the normal physiologic process of converting toxicants from the environment and from the body itself into compounds that can be safely mobilized and excreted from the body. (alive.com)
  • The major purpose of biotransformation is to chemically modify (metabolise) poorly excretable lipophilic (lipid loving) compounds to more hydrophilic (water loving) chemicals that are readily excreted in urine and/or bile. (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Biotransformation plays a pivotal role in converting inactive compounds into active ones, particularly with certain drugs. (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Fungal Biotransformation of Hazardous Organic Compounds in Wood Waste. (bvsalud.org)
  • ABSTRACT: Drug biotransformation is one of the most important parameters of preclinical screening tests for the registration of new drug candidates. (cellml.org)
  • Phase I biotransformation of Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor with promising antifibrotic and antitumoral properties, was investigated in rat and human liver microsomes and in suspensions of rat hepatocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This study is the first to show that TSA undergoes intensive phase I biotransformation in rat hepatocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Two compartment model of diazepam biotransformation in an organotypical culture of primary human hepatocytes, Ali Acikgoz et al, 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology , 234, 179-191. (cellml.org)
  • Our expertise in biotransformation of small molecules originates in part from work of the previous GBF research group of Microbial Transformation (head Prof. Kieslich) which provided us a large collection of microbe strains and fermentation protocols in the form of a bio/data bank. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Permionics two stage membrane system separates 100% of all three oxidative enzyme from the reaction mixture post biotransformation. (permionics.com)
  • The activity of the biotransformation enzyme gluthatione-S-transferase did not change during exposure. (scielo.br)
  • The ability of scientists with a background in biotransformation and organic chemistry to creatively solve complex drug metabolism problems encountered during research and development efforts on both small and large molecular modalities is exemplified in five relevant case studies. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Finally, the authors stress the importance and continued commitment to training the next generation of biotransformation scientists who are not only experienced in the metabolism of conventional small molecule therapeutics, but are also equipped to tackle emerging challenges associated with new drug discovery modalities including peptides, protein degraders, and antibodies. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In this Review, we discuss Mtb -mediated biotransformations and propose a holistic approach to address drug metabolism in TB drug discovery and related areas. (nature.com)
  • Beyond its role in detoxification, biotransformation processes are integral to nutrient metabolism. (clinicaleducation.org)
  • The measured biotransformation rate constant was 1.655±0.090 hr-1 and the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for pyrene metabolism was estimated to be 0.23 ± 0.12µM. (sfu.ca)
  • Biotransformation is replacement of toxic chemicals by the enzymatic ability of an organism that can lead towards variety of reactions at inactivated position [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the following part, representative biotransformation reactions that make use of MIPs are summarized. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The purpose of this research was to produce a literature review in terms of the selection of decay fungi that could potentially be used in toxic biotransformation unions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biotransformation is normally not required for xenobiotics with high water solubility because of rapid excretion in urine. (clinicaleducation.org)
  • The present study mas carried out in order to investigate the in vivo biotransformation and excretion of the flavone, tangeretin, found in citrus fruits, by analysing urine and faeces samples from rats after repeated administration of 100 mg/kg body weight/day tangeretin. (ku.dk)
  • Aims: To examine plant terpenoids as inducers of TCE biotransformation by an indigenous microbial community originating from a plume of TCE-contaminated groundwater. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Conclusions: TCE biotransformation can be signficantly enhanced through the addition of selected plant terpenoids. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Compared to the conventional production of chemicals, biotransformations are often attractive because their selectivities can be high, limiting the coproduction of undesirable coproducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liver disease may have complex effects on drug clearance, biotransformation, and pharmacokinetics. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A primary role of biotransformation is the detoxification of potentially harmful substances. (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Tools for Bioassays and Biotransformation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A common entry point for these graduates in a pharmaceutical company is in a laboratory-based role within specialized biotransformation groups supporting metabolite identification needs for drug discovery and development. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Increasing nitrate concentrations and total abundance of nitrifying taxa occur in parallel with precursor biotransformation. (uri.edu)
  • Our study showed that zebrafish embryos metabolize CBZ to E-CBZ, but only at the end of organogenesis (from 96 hpf onwards), and no biotransformation of PHE to HPPH occurred. (tpi.tv)
  • While the liver serves as the primary hub for biotransformation, the kidneys and intestines also play vital roles in this complex process [1] . (clinicaleducation.org)
  • Since pigs have been reported to be among the most sensitive animal species, biotransformation studies with pig liver subcellular fractions were conducted. (vetres.org)
  • Here, we report biotransformation of the most abundant C6 sulfonamido precursors in 3M AFFF with available commercial standards (FHxSA, PFHxSAm, and PFHxSAmS) in microcosms representative of the groundwater/surface water boundary. (uri.edu)
  • There were shifts in bacterial community composition during biotransformation, with Pseudomonas species, especially P. stutzeri, dominating enrichments irrespective of the diamondoid carboxylic acid. (essex.ac.uk)
  • Molecular analyses can reveal changes that affect important system such as reproduction and biotransformation processes. (lu.se)
  • Conclusions: The intestinal D. desulfuricans strains differed in their susceptibility to SAS and its biotransformation products. (medscimonit.com)
  • Our objective was to examine whether the D. desulfuricans strains isolated from the human body are susceptible to sulfasalazine (SAS) and the products of its biotransformation, i.e. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine (SP), in order to determine the relationship between the strains' susceptibility to SAS and their ability to reduce the azo bond within this drug. (medscimonit.com)
  • Recommend a validation study addressing cross-species biotransformation potential. (cefic-lri.org)
  • This observation was confirmed by all methods and the examination of the impact of geological conditions on the biotransformation process was facilitated by the unique combination of the applied methods. (lu.se)
  • There have been extensive biotransformation researches for production of materials that can be utilized in the industries. (gist.ac.kr)
  • Present investigation deals to find potential agonist of glucocorticoid receptors after biotransformation of betamethasone dipropionate (1) and to carry out the molecular docking and ADME analyses. (hindawi.com)
  • Major industries and life-saving technologies depend on biotransformations. (wikipedia.org)
  • This journey from biotransformation to modern drugs encompasses various breakthroughs, discoveries, and advancements that have revolutionized the field of medicine. (historyispower.blog)
  • None were taking bolic pathway in the biotransformation of drugs that would interfere with acetylation a number of drugs such as procainamide, nor were any on any drugs known to be hydralazine, sulphonamides, isoniazide and polymorphically N-acetylated. (who.int)