• Other names in common use include betaine aldehyde oxidase, BADH, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, and BetB. (wikipedia.org)
  • The osmoregulatory NAD-dependent betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (betaine aldehyde:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.8), of Escherichia coli, was purified to apparent homogeneity from an over-producing strain carrying the structural gene for the enzyme (betB) on the plasmid vector pBR322. (rhea-db.org)
  • Choline dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via betaine aldehyde in glycine betaine biosynthesis. (scialert.net)
  • Glycine betaine is a compatible solute, able to restore and maintain osmotic balance of living cells under stress. (scialert.net)
  • In this study, choline dehydrogenase ( betA ) gene encoding for glycine betaine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli isolated from salted shark ( Scoliodon sp. (scialert.net)
  • In E . coli , the biosynthetic pathway for the production of glycine betaine from choline has been well characterized at the genetic level ( Landfald and Strom, 1986 ). (scialert.net)
  • Recently, bacterial glycine betaine synthesizing enzymes have become a major target in developing stress tolerant crop plants of economic interest. (scialert.net)
  • Choline dehydrogenase ( betA ) of E . coli catalyses the first step in glycine betaine biosynthesis, the oxidation of choline. (scialert.net)
  • Betaine is a zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compound that is also known as trimethylglycine, glycine betaine, lycine, and oxyneurine. (qitchemicals.com)
  • 2004). Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) belongs to the ALDH9 family and catalyses the irreversible oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (N, N, N-trimethyl amine), a vital osmolyte accumulated in cells under osmotic stress (Chen and Murata, 2011). (precisionfda.org)
  • Glycine betaine plays a key role in halotolerant eubacteria as a osmoprotectant to cope with the osmotic stress (Meena et al. (precisionfda.org)
  • Choline dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of exogenously supplied choline into the intermediate glycine betaine aldehyde, as part of a two-step oxidative reaction leading to the formation of osmoprotectant betaine. (unl.edu)
  • This substance is often called ''glycine betaine'' to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in biology. (chemeurope.com)
  • Betaine hydrochloride is merely glycine betaine with a chloride counterion and is usually the first crystallised form obtained after extraction from beets. (chemeurope.com)
  • Glycine betaine is a byproduct of the sugar industry. (chemeurope.com)
  • We report here high-level expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) in cultured cells, roots, and leaves of carrot (Daucus carota) via plastid genetic engineering. (upenn.edu)
  • BADH enzyme activity was enhanced 8-fold in transgenic carrot cell cultures, grew 7-fold more, and accumulated 50- to 54-fold more betaine (93-101 μmol g−1 dry weight of β-Ala betaine and Gly betaine) than untransformed cells grown in liquid medium containing 100 mm NaCl. (upenn.edu)
  • The transient characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence induction, the activities of respiratory enzymes (malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenese, suecinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase) and the activities of photorespiratory enzymes (hydroxypyruvate reductase, glycolate oxidase and catalase) in the transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ), in which betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene had been introduced, were determined and compared with the parent plants. (jipb.net)
  • Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • Fu X, Khan E, Hu S, Fan Q, Liu J (2011) Overexpression of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene from Atriplex hortensis enhances salt tolerance in the transgenic trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. (springer.com)
  • As in Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus xylosus , and Sinorhizobium meliloti, this enzyme is found associated in a transciptionally co-induced gene cluster with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, the second catalytic enzyme in this reaction. (unl.edu)
  • In enzymology, a betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } betaine + NADH + 2 H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are betaine aldehyde, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are betaine, NADH, and H+. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is betaine-aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, this enzyme also catalyses the second step, the dehydrogenation of betaine aldehyde to betaine ( Landfald and Strom, 1986 ). (scialert.net)
  • First, choline is oxidized to betaine aldehyde by the enzyme choline dehydrogenase. (qitchemicals.com)
  • This enzyme can also convert C19H38N2O3 aldehyde to C19H38N2O3 in the presence of NAD + ( 33 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Betaine aldehyde is then oxidized to C19H38N2O3 by the NAD + -dependent enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase both in mitochondria and in the cytosol ( 37 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • This enzyme is a member of the GMC oxidoreductase family (pfam00732 and pfam05199), sharing a common evoluntionary origin and enzymatic reaction with alcohol dehydrogenase. (unl.edu)
  • Betaine is a compatible osmolyte that increases the water retention of cells, replaces inorganic salts, and protects intracellular enzymes against osmotically induced or temperature-induced inactivation ( 11 , 14 - 19 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyze the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine. (expasy.org)
  • Probable methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase MmsA. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Establishment and validation of a clinical severity scoring system for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. (harvard.edu)
  • Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD): Towards the Development of SSADH-Targeted Medicine. (harvard.edu)
  • Development of a Quality-of-Life Survey for Patients With Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency, a Rare Disorder of GABA Metabolism. (harvard.edu)
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Measure of Maturational Trajectory of Cortical Excitability. (harvard.edu)
  • aminobutyric acid B (GABA-B) Receptor Antagonist, for Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. (harvard.edu)
  • Speech Motor Function and Auditory Perception in Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Toward Pre-Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and SMA-Proper Dysfunctions. (harvard.edu)
  • Postmortem Analyses in a Patient With Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD): II. (harvard.edu)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy in Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. (harvard.edu)
  • succinylglutamic semialdehyde dehydrogenase [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Outgrouping from this model, Caulobacter crescentus shares sequence homology with choline dehydrogenase, yet other genes participating in this enzymatic reaction have not currently been identified [Cellular processes, Adaptations to atypical conditions]. (unl.edu)
  • The kidney was not able to balance the NADH excess even though an increase in malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine transaminase activities was noted [23]. (precisionfda.org)
  • Numerous in vitro experiments have indicated that betaine acts as an osmoprotectant by stabilizing both the quaternary structure of proteins and cellular membrane against the adverse effects of high salinity and extreme temperatures ( Gorham, 1995 ). (scialert.net)
  • The MDR superfamily with ~350-residue subunits contains the classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), quinone reductase, leukotriene B4 dehydrogenase and many more forms. (researchgate.net)
  • Zinc binding to the peptide replica and analogs to residues 93-115 of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was examined by competition of the peptides and the chromophoric chelator 4-(2- pyridylazo)resorcinol for zinc and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of the zinc ligands. (researchgate.net)
  • We also found that renal cell cancer patients have significantly higher total activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and its class I isoenzyme in the serum. (precisionfda.org)
  • Many recent data revealed that kidney alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased significantly after ethanol administration what affected the capacity of the kidney to prevent NADH accumulation in the cytosol. (precisionfda.org)
  • Exposure to drought, high salinity, or temperature stress triggers betaine synthesis in mitochondria, which results in its accumulation in the cells. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Betaine is added to farmed fish feed as an osmolyte to protect fish from the stress of moving from low to high salinity. (qitchemicals.com)
  • betaine biosynthesis is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase in combination with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. (scialert.net)
  • Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) constitute a large family of NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases, sharing sequence motifs and displaying similar mechanisms. (researchgate.net)
  • Salmon liver mitochondria actively take up betaine when exposed to osmotic stress, and metabolic activity would be reduced to a much greater extent if betaine were not present ( 13 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Choline dehydrogenase activity occurs in the mitochondria, on the matrix side of the inner membrane ( 34 - 36 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • In a subsequent step, betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria or cytoplasm to betaine by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8). (chemeurope.com)
  • Both are active as methyl donors , as 'betaine' is retained in both forms. (chemeurope.com)
  • Betaine is found in microorganisms, plants, and animals and is a significant component of many foods ( 1 - 10 ), including wheat, shellfish, spinach, and sugar beets. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Betaine was first discovered in the juice of sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ) in the 19th century and was subsequently found in several other organisms. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Trimethylglycine (also commonly known as TMG, is an organic compound described by the formula (CH 3 ) 3 N + CH 2 CO 2 H. Trimethylglycine was originally named betaine after its discovery in sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ) in the 19th century. (chemeurope.com)
  • Food items with the highest content of betaine are wheat, spinach, shellfish, and sugar beets. (chemeurope.com)
  • Betaine HCl has an acidic taste whereas anhydrous TMG ("anhydrous betaine") tastes sweet with a metallic aftertaste and is usually produced from sugar beets (as is betaine hydrochloride). (chemeurope.com)
  • Moreover, the sequence analysis of choline dehydrogenase from our isolate shows several base substitutions with that of reported sequences in GenBank, resulting in the altered amino acid sequences of the translated proteins. (scialert.net)
  • the activities of ma]ate dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase in tricarboxylic acid cycle had a slight increase, and the activity of eytochrome C oxidase in the terminal oxidative pathway had a significant increase. (jipb.net)
  • As a methyl donor, betaine provides the one-carbon units that can spare the amount of dietary methionine and choline required for optimal nutrition. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Finally, it serves as a methyl donor in the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) reaction which converts homocysteine to methionine. (chemeurope.com)
  • After giving off a methyl group TMG becomes dimethylglycine (DMG), a naturally formed feedback inhibitor of Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, although it is a methyl donor in its own right. (chemeurope.com)
  • For example, spinach is grown in saline soil, and betaine can accumulate in amounts of up to 3% of fresh weight. (qitchemicals.com)
  • We give a mechanistic understanding of observed concentration differences in one-carbon metabolism and explain why women have lower S-andenosylmethionine, lower homocysteine, and higher choline and betaine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • dehydrogenase, Rv0697 family. (unl.edu)
  • This model describes a set of dehydrogenases belonging to the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase (GMC oxidoreductase) family. (unl.edu)
  • The physiologic function of betaine is either as an organic osmolyte to protect cells under stress or as a catabolic source of methyl groups via transmethylation for use in many biochemical pathways ( 12 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Some examples of food with high betaine content are shown in, and we estimate (SAS Craig, Danisco USA Inc, unpublished observations, 2004) that dietary intake of C19H38N2O3 ranges from an average of 1 g/d to a high of 2.5 g/d (for a diet high in whole wheat and seafood). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Estimates of betaine intake are from 0.1 to 1 g/day and as high as 2.5 g/day for a diet high in whole wheat and seafood. (chemeurope.com)