• APCs process antigens and present them to T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signaling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigen-presenting cells are vital for effective adaptive immune response, as the functioning of both cytotoxic and helper T cells is dependent on APCs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some cancer therapies involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the term "antigen-presenting cell" is often used specifically to describe professional APCs. (wikipedia.org)
  • APCs can also present foreign and self lipids to T cells and NK cells by using the CD1 family of proteins, which are structurally similar to the MHC class I family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigens to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
  • These professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis , and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. (wikidoc.org)
  • As well, there are specialized cells in particular organs (e.g., microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver) derived from macrophages that are also effective APCs. (wikidoc.org)
  • Here, we present a cancer vaccination approach utilizing myeloid lineage reprogramming to directly convert cancer cells into tumor reprogrammed-antigen presenting cells (TR-APCs). (lu.se)
  • Using syngeneic murine leukemia models, we demonstrate that TR-APCs acquire both myeloid phenotype and function, process and present endogenous TAAs, and potently stimulate TAA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (lu.se)
  • Finally, we demonstrate the clinical applicability of this approach by generating TR-APCs from primary clinical specimens and stimulating autologous patient-derived T cells. (lu.se)
  • APCs process foreign antigen and present the antigen to T cells, the immune cells with kill foreign cells. (labroots.com)
  • Several subsets of immune cells, including dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are capable of serving as APCs. (labroots.com)
  • In the present study, we demonstrate that infection of human antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages with IDLVs expressing influenza matrix M1 protein resulted in effective induction of in vitro expansion of M1-primed CD8(+) T cells, as evaluated by both pentamer staining and cytokine production. (duke.edu)
  • Activation does not need antigen processing by APCs or presentation by MHC molecules. (pharmacygyan.com)
  • We demonstrate that specific T lymphocyte interaction with peptide-presenting APCs led to apoptosis in the APC population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Antigen presentation leading to T lymphocyte activation is therefore coordinated with apoptosis in the APC population and could provide a mechanism of immune response regulation by eliminating APCs, which have fulfilled their role as specific ligands for T lymphocyte activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)
  • They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)
  • However, generating sufficient numbers of tumor-specific CTLs stimulated with autologous antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro is one of the most problematic steps in the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Our results show that TRP-2-specific CD8 + T cells elicited by immunization with recombinant adenovirus expressing the mini-gene epitope are efficiently stimulated and amplified in vitro to a greater extent by aAPCs than by natural splenic APCs. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, these results suggested that A2BR expression on myeloid cells and APCs indirectly suppressed CD8+ T-cell responses and promoted metastasis. (figshare.com)
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in screening bioassays for new molecules, including mAbs, interfering with immune checkpoints . (invivogen.com)
  • Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
  • B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
  • Likewise, antigen/antibody complexes are bound by the FcR of APCs and processed in a unique fashion dependent on the epitope specificity of the bound antibody. (hindawi.com)
  • DCs are now activated and transform into antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (eurekalert.org)
  • APCs then migrate to the lymph nodes where T cells reside to report this information. (eurekalert.org)
  • Researchers at the Harvard Wyss Institute have developed a biomaterial scaffold that mimics the actions of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in stimulating T cell growth and survival. (medgadget.com)
  • They loaded the rods with Interleukin-2, a protein produced by APCs that can enhance T cell survival, and coated them using a lipid layer, to mimic the APC cell membrane. (medgadget.com)
  • Our approach closely mimics how APCs present their stimulating cues to primary T cells on their outer membrane and how they release soluble factors that enhance the survival of the T cells," said David Mooney, a researcher who led the study. (medgadget.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They can only recognize and respond to antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such cells express MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and can stimulate CD4+ helper T cells as well as cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to encountering foreign antigen, dendritic cells express very low levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once a dendritic cell's pattern-recognition receptors recognize a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antigen is phagocytosed and the dendritic cell becomes activated, upregulating the expression of MHC class II molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also upregulates several co-stimulatory molecules required for T cell activation, including CD40 and B7. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
  • DC sense antigens, which are taken-up, processed and presented in the context of MHC molecules to elicit antigen specific T cell responses. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • CDR2s interact with the class II molecules but are not involved in antigen recognition. (pharmacygyan.com)
  • To circumvent this problem, we have developed an artificial antigen presenting complex (aAPCs) using MHC class I molecules loaded with a melanoma-specific TRP-2 peptide epitope. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Thus, to address the question of whether alphabeta T cells could recognize MHC molecules independently of bound ligands, we studied human and mouse Hfe interactions with T lymphocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • T cell antigen receptor recognition of MHC molecules independently of bound ligand has potential general implications in alloreactivity and identifies in the Hfe case a cognitive link supporting the concept that the immune system could be involved in the control of iron metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Ability to take up antigen increases, while expression of B71 2 costimulatory and MHC molecules remains unchanged. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These DCs recover the ability to take up antigen, which is normally lost after treatment with TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists, yet retain the high expression of costimulatory and MHC molecules and strong antigen-presenting functions of mDCs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • An immunodominant T cell epitope was found only in Bet v 1, but could not be referred to preferential binding to the most common HLA class II molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autoantibodies can bind to basic structural molecules and interfere with the synthesis of structural elements and facilitate the uptake of antigen. (hindawi.com)
  • After processing, antigen is presented on MHC molecules. (hindawi.com)
  • CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
  • We are currently investing this problem by studying the organisation of key molecules, such as CD45, TCR, CD4 and pMHC, on the surface of T cells and antigen presenting cells during the early stages of an immune response. (lu.se)
  • This is achieved by using artificial cell surfaces, so called supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), and advanced fluorescence microscopy with fluorescence labelling of the studied molecules (see Fig. 1). (lu.se)
  • Examples of this includes measuring the extremely weak interaction between the immune cell proteins CD4 and pMHC class II, 4 and we have also shown how auxiliary binding molecules can both increase and decrease the apparent affinity of TCR to pMHC depending on the relative protein densities. (lu.se)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • It does not have immunosuppressive properties, in contrast, it activates specific cellular mechanisms, such as the stimulation of non-phlogistic recruitment of monocytes (that is: without elaborating pro-inflammatory mediators), activation of macrophage phagocytosis of microorganisms and apoptotic cells, increase in phagocyte exit through the lymphatics, expression of antimicrobial molecules and inhibition of further neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration [3]. (bvsalud.org)
  • This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
  • Only anti-EspA is found in LEE proteins is triggered by close contact with host cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Expression of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was quite different in mice exposed to four particle types, as well as expression of antigen presentation-related surface proteins on BAL cells. (cdc.gov)
  • These Ca++ ions bind to proteins within the muscle cell, leading to a series of biochemical reactions that ultimately result in muscle contraction. (proprofs.com)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • However, cDC1 can be compromised in cancer patients and some cancer cells lack these antigen-presenting proteins on their surface, impacting immunotherapy response. (lu.se)
  • By using SLBs it is possible to replace one of the cells in the contact with an artificial cell membrane, the SLB, which can be made to contain a well-controlled mix of the membrane proteins that are investigated. (lu.se)
  • (A) A schematic illustration showing specific binding between the proteins CD2 on a T cell with fluorescently-labelled CD58 in an SLB. (lu.se)
  • T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). (wikipedia.org)
  • 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
  • The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
  • Most immune cell communication takes place by intercellular transfer of cytokines or the contact-dependent interaction of surface receptors in immunological synapses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We provide formal evidence of direct cytolytic recognition of human Hfe by mouse alphabeta T cell receptors (TCR) in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice and that this interaction results in ZAP-70 phosphorylation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Why do T cells have MHC II receptors? (stackexchange.com)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • Rosa et al, Science Immunology 2022 ) and has shown recently that the same combination of factors can reprogram tumor cells into antigen presenting cells (Zimmermannova et al, In revision). (lu.se)
  • The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
  • Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
  • These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
  • The lesions are char- orrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in milk of 123 women acterized by localized destruction of brush border from the United States and Mexico to determine whether regional differences existed in the frequency of antibodies microvilli and intimate adhesion of the bacterium to the to these surface antigens. (cdc.gov)
  • Is it just a case of everything bumping into each other and if cells (and antibodies? (stackexchange.com)
  • Historically, these cells have proven to be convenient target cells in studies assessing the effector functions mediated by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (invivogen.com)
  • c) Effect of antibodies and antigen-specific B cells on antigen uptake. (hindawi.com)
  • if non-self antigens are found it can signal B cells to produce antibodies that will ultimately cause attack on cells that have the same antigen but have not (yet? (bio.net)
  • What's more, the researchers also found two factors that affected the virus's ability to replicate in the host, namely, antigen-reporting DCs and the presence of antibodies against the virus. (eurekalert.org)
  • cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can bind to the different antigens causing agglutination and precipitation of the antigens leading to neutralization of the antigen effect. (medscape.com)
  • They can also stimulate the destruction of antigen by cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils by covering the surface of the antigen by the Fc portion of the antibodies in a process known as "opsonization. (medscape.com)
  • At the same time, lymphocytes can be activated in the lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells) from the tissue, initiating the production of antibodies by B cells and the migration of T helper lymphocytes to the inflamed site. (bvsalud.org)
  • They are very efficient at internalizing antigens, either by phagocytosis (e.g. macrophages), or by receptor-mediated endocytosis (B cells), processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides (bound to a class II MHC molecule) on their membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Macrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon. (wikipedia.org)
  • After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)
  • Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 16HEnd up being cell toxicity was assessed by stream cytometry as was phagocytosis, Compact disc1b appearance, HLA course I/II, and mannose receptor (MR) in monocyte produced macrophages (MDM). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • Increased degrees of oxidised lipids in the airways of COPD sufferers may be in charge of reduced phagocytosis and could turn into a self-antigen to become presented by Compact disc1b on macrophages to perpetuate disease development despite smoking cigarettes cessation. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The inflammatory process has cellular and humoral components, such as leucocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes) and the humoral proteolytic systems (complement, kinins and coagulation), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Following the course, stromal and parenchymal cells multiply and reconstitute the tissue, whilst most of the remaining macrophages and lymphocytes leave through the lymphatics. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes has been characterized extensively in terms of T lymphocyte activation and eventual cell death. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In vitro large amplification of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and adoptive transfer of these cells is one of the most promising approaches to treat malignant diseases in which an effective immune response is not achieved by active immunization. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Total cell number, mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and LDH levels were significantly increased in ASB and CNT-exposed mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
  • The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
  • Antigen presentation allows for specificity of adaptive immunity and can contribute to immune responses against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ts recognize MHC class I:peptide complexes and inhibit the reactivity of T helper cells (Th) with cognate antigen specificity. (nih.gov)
  • The transfer process and its specificity are both cell contact dependent and antigen dependent. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Does RNA-LPX expression of antigen by DC induce only T-cell with that antigen specificity? (stackexchange.com)
  • Epitope-specificity of allergen-specific T cell lines from birch pollen-allergic individuals with associated food-allergies was mapped using synthetic 12-mer peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS and binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are classified in two states: immature DCs (iDCs), which perform sentinel functions, sampling for antigen and danger signals, and mature DCs (mDCs), which exhibit enhanced antigen-presenting functions but are no longer capable of acquiring antigen. (elsevierpure.com)
  • this process is known as antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Dendritic cells , which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. (wikidoc.org)
  • In contrast, little is known about the consequences of antigen presentation for the antigen-presenting cell (APC). (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have determined the outcome of major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted peptide presentation to a specific T cell. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, the context and mechanisms that drive the presentation of self-lipid antigens in sterile inflammation remain unclear. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed myeloid cells, via signaling events modulated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway, increase CD1d-mediated presentation of immunogenic endogenous lipid species, which results in enhanced iNKT cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this study was to assess whether differences in the uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells and in the presentation to T cells could be responsible for Bet v 1's ability to sensitise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • We focused particularly on harnessing reprogramming, or direct cellular reprogramming, to induce antigen presentation in cancer cells. (lu.se)
  • Direct reprogramming strategies with cDC1-specific factors can induce antigen-presentation in cancer cells, making cancer cells visible to the immune system and easier to fight. (lu.se)
  • Experience in dendritic cell biology and antigen presentation mechanisms is a merit, T cell biology is also attractive. (lu.se)
  • MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
  • GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants . (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] Langerhans cells are stellate dendritic cells that arise from CD34-positive bone marrow stem cells [ 5 ] and are not a member of the mononuclear phagocytic system. (medscape.com)
  • The fibrocyte is one of many populations of bone marrow-derived cells that can be detected in the peripheral blood and is considered to represent a mesenchymal progenitor cell [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • A further study in newborn mice exposed to hypoxia showed increased accumulation of bone marrow-derived cells associated with pulmonary hypertension [ 12 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • 15 ] found limited evidence for a contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the formation of the thickened media or the neointima in this model. (ersjournals.com)
  • B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
  • Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)
  • NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
  • Efficient stimulation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells was also confirmed using ovalbumin peptide-loaded aAPCs and OT-I TCR transgenic cells. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • We report an unusual case of Langerhans cell granulomatosis (LCG) manifested as a villous synovial proliferation in a 38-year-old female jogger. (medscape.com)
  • It emphasizes the importance of immunocytochemistry to separate this histiocyte-like cell proliferation from true histiocytic and other dendritic cell types. (medscape.com)
  • The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • T cell activation, for example, needs three steps: (1) The lymphocyte T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with the antigen-loaded class II molecule in the first phase. (pharmacygyan.com)
  • 3) The T cell's CD28 binds with a B7 molecule on the APC in the last stage of the activation cycle (antigen-presenting cell). (pharmacygyan.com)
  • Direct recognition by alphabeta cytolytic T cells of Hfe, a MHC class Ib molecule without antigen-presenting function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Raji-APC cells stably overexpressing an IC molecule (e.g. hPD-L1) are part of InvivoGen's anti-IC assay (Bio-IC™) . (invivogen.com)
  • Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
  • In vivo TR-APC induction elicits clonal expansion of cancer-specific T cells, establishes cancer-specific immune memory, and ultimately promotes leukemia eradication. (lu.se)
  • Human CD8+CD28- suppressor T cells (Ts) are a subset of T cells generated in the course of in vitro and in vivo immunizations. (nih.gov)
  • These results demonstrate that prior in vivo immunization, which increases the precursor frequency, simplifies posterior expansion of tumorspecific CD8 + T cells, and aAPCs is superior to autologous APC for in vitro amplification. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This project will aim to test a cancer immunotherapy approach based on in-vivo dendritic cell reprogramming of tumor cells to reinstate anti-tumor immunity. (lu.se)
  • Antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) represent highly specialized immune cells with a central role in immunity and tolerance induction. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Only the mucosa has these T cells, which serve as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. (pharmacygyan.com)
  • Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have the unique ability to shape immunity during antitumor immune responses and other forms of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Deletion of A2BR profoundly enhanced anticancer T-cell immunity. (figshare.com)
  • Bladder Cancer Extracellular Vesicles Elicit a CD8 T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. (rochester.edu)
  • CD4 + T cell calibration of antigen-presenting cells optimizes antiviral CD8 + T cell immunity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alexandra Gabriela Barros Ferreira defends her Ph.D. thesis "Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies" on Friday, 17 November, 2023. (lu.se)
  • My Ph.D. studies have focused on restoring anti-tumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Several reports have demonstrated that a single immunization with integration-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) delivering viral or tumor model antigens in mice was able to elicit broad and long-lasting specific immune responses in the absence of vector integration. (duke.edu)
  • This toolkit will allow labs to create single or dual recombinase effector lines easily for any cell population or subpopulation of interest when paired with the appropriate Cre and FLP recombinase mouse lines or viral vectors. (gointerlabs.com)
  • Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)
  • It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
  • Comparison of viral loads between the baseline model and the severe symptom models with varying conditions of antigen-reporting DC function (APC) or interferon levels. (eurekalert.org)
  • Interferons are chemical messengers that warn neighboring cells of a viral infection. (eurekalert.org)
  • Target cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) , either with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Natural Killer cells, or Jurkat-derived reporter T cells. (invivogen.com)
  • These include macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and various inflammatory signaling, such as IL-33/suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2), Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . (bmrat.org)
  • Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g. (mdpi.com)
  • However, those authors did confirm the presence of inflammatory cells accumulating in the adventitia of monocrotaline-treated/pneumonectomised rats. (ersjournals.com)
  • The present study had aimed to evaluate the effect of a feeder layer of irradiated MSCs in the in vitro expansion of NK cells. (springer.com)
  • In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A major challenge with this technique lies in achieving sufficient T cell growth and survival in vitro to obtain a sufficient dose of reactive T cells. (medgadget.com)
  • We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
  • Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
  • What attracts CD8+ cells to cells with an antigen on a MHC-1 protein? (stackexchange.com)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3 We are also using these systems to measure two-dimensional binding kinetics of various protein-protein interactions between cells in the adaptive immune system. (lu.se)
  • We compared the originally seen in intestines of animals infected with frequency of sIgA to major surface antigens of enterohem- enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC]) (1). (cdc.gov)
  • 2 ] in 1994 and is defined by the expression of a variety of cell surface antigens, including the stem cell marker CD34, the pan-leukocyte marker CD45, and monocyte markers CD14 and CD11. (ersjournals.com)
  • Right panel: antigen binds to the BCR of antigen-specific B cells and is internalized. (hindawi.com)
  • Template:Seealso An antigen-presenting cell ( APC ) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. (wikidoc.org)
  • immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
  • In particular, the dialogue between T cells and beta cells is far more complex in humans and recent evidence supports potential type 1 diabetes 'endotypes' based on age at onset [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
  • Using the scaffolds, the researchers were able to expand T cells from mice and humans much faster than existing culture techniques, and they confirmed that the expanded cells have clinical potential in a mouse lymphoma model. (medgadget.com)
  • Therapeutic cancer vaccination seeks to elicit activation of tumor-reactive T cells capable of recognizing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and eradicating malignant cells. (lu.se)
  • Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor originating from gastric mucosa epithelial cells, and its onset is relatively insidious. (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, in wild-type mice we identified a subset of CD8+ T cells positively selected by Hfe that expresses the AV6.1/AV6.6 gene segments. (ox.ac.uk)
  • MHC class II was expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) within the ileum at steady state but was absent from the IECs of germ-free mice. (nih.gov)
  • Although T-cell A2BR plays an insignificant role for A2BR-mediated immunosuppression and tumor promotion, A2BR deficiency in tumor-bearing mice caused increased infiltration of myeloid and CD103+ dendritic cells, which was associated with more effective cross-priming of adoptively transferred tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. (figshare.com)
  • Inhibition of chemokine receptor 4, the receptor for the stem cell mobiliser stromal-derived factor-1, significantly prevented and reversed hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in neonatal mice [ 13 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Numerous animal studies as well as observational and clinical trials have shown that atherosclerosis arises from immune activation, with several cell-type specific pathways involved. (bmrat.org)
  • But although these humoral pathways are of great relevance, the nerves still have to reach the immune cells for establishing communication that will be more specific than endocrine factors arriving via the blood or the lymph fluid. (brainimmune.com)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
  • This is possible thanks to an elaborate system of different cells and molecular pathways in the adaptive immune system. (lu.se)
  • B-cells , which express antibody, can very efficiently present the antigen to which their antibody is directed, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens. (wikidoc.org)
  • Immunization using TLR agonists and B7-DC XAb (cross-linking antibody) together as adjuvant resulted in substantially increased cytolytic T cell responses, particularly when minimal peptide antigens were used. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
  • B cells have antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathogenic functions. (hindawi.com)
  • The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
  • Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
  • 2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
  • These data provide a strong rationale to combine A2BR inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of tumor growth and metastasis. (figshare.com)
  • As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunotherapy can fail in patients with cancer when certain cancer cells can hide from the immune system. (lu.se)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and LC precursors in skin develop into long-term LC in steady state, which requires the transcription factor Id2 (A, top panel). (rwth-aachen.de)
  • DC subsets develop from hematopoietic stem cells via Flt3 expressing progenitors through consecutive steps of lineage commitment and differentiation: multipotent progenitors (MPP) are committed to DC restricted common DC progenitors (CDP), which differentiate into the specific DC subsets cDC1 cDC2 and pDC. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
  • In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
  • We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
  • The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
  • Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
  • Antigen presenting cells (APC) are a class of immune cells that mediate the immune response. (labroots.com)
  • Engineered immune cells have been the topic of investigation for the last few decades. (labroots.com)
  • It became apparent that more and more classical neurotransmitters are used by immune cells for intrinsic communication between these cells. (brainimmune.com)
  • however, it needs to be emphasized that most autoimmune diseases are driven by a dysfunction in the immune network consisting of B cells, T cells, and other immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • 2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)
  • In both groups of women, milk host cell membrane. (cdc.gov)
  • At the site of bacterial attachment, the commonly has sIgA against various EHEC lipopolysaccha- host cell membrane forms a pedestal-like structure. (cdc.gov)
  • the most important are pro- cell membrane and cytosol (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Na+ and K+ ions are involved in maintaining the resting membrane potential of the muscle cell, while H+ ions are not directly involved in muscle contraction. (proprofs.com)
  • This approach was recently used by me and collaborators to study how exclusion of the long phosphatase CD45 from SLB/T-cell contacts can initiate T-cell signalling without any antigens, 1,2 and how the model membrane itself can induce signaling. (lu.se)
  • An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
  • Sterile activation of invariant natural killer T cells by ER-stressed antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recent studies have highlighted a variety of classes of endogenous and pathogen-derived lipid antigens that can trigger iNKT cell activation under sterile and nonsterile conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal reorganization during ER stress results in an altered distribution of CD1d on the cell surface, which contributes to enhanced iNKT cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These results define a previously unidentified mechanism that controls iNKT cell activation during sterile inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We now describe DCs with a different activation phenotype: cells having the strong antigen-presenting functions of mDCs and the antigen-acquiring functions of iDCs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • By stimulating DCs with two distinct activation signals, a previously unrecognized phenotype exhibiting augmented antigen-presenting functions was obtained. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
  • Mounting evidence supports the notion that the activation and evolution of islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible people is contingent upon early life exposures affecting the islets, especially beta cells. (springer.com)
  • Enzymes within the cell digest the swallowed pathogen into smaller pieces containing epitopes , which are then presented to T cells using MHC. (wikidoc.org)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
  • The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By using direct reprogramming strategies, I could induce the expression of tumor antigens on the surface of cancer cells, making them visible to the immune system again. (lu.se)
  • Researchers at the Harvard Wyss Institute took inspiration from another immune cell type, the APC, which stimulates T cells to grow and survive during an immune response. (medgadget.com)
  • The ability of Bet v 1 to sensitise is not conferred by differential antigen-processing but might stem from differences in T cell reactivity and the diverse routes of uptake of the aeroallergen Bet v 1 and the food allergens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IFNγ responses are characteristically driven by IL-12 secretion from myeloid cells. (nih.gov)
  • Radhakrishnan, S, Cells, E & Pease, LR 2005, ' B7-DC cross-linking restores antigen uptake and augments antigen-presenting cell function by matured dendritic cells ', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 102, no. 32, pp. 11438-11443. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Pease, Larry R. / B7-DC cross-linking restores antigen uptake and augments antigen-presenting cell function by matured dendritic cells . (elsevierpure.com)
  • Uptake of allergens by PBMC, surface binding to and degradation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDC) were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This FcR-mediated antigen uptake is more efficient than antigen uptake by pinocytosis. (hindawi.com)
  • BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
  • La interacción de CD86 con el ANTÍGENO CD28 proporciona una señal coestimuladora a los LINFOCITOS T, mientras que la interacción con el ANTÍGENO CTLA-4 puede desempeñar un papel en la inducción de la TOLERANCIA PERIFÉRICA. (bvsalud.org)
  • What's the procedure of the antigen recognition by the B cells in a clear way? (stackexchange.com)
  • We have demonstrated for the first time that CD8+CD28- Ts represent a unique subset of regulatory cells that induces the differentiation of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, initiating a suppressive loop which results in the induction and spreading of Th unresponsiveness. (nih.gov)
  • A lncRNA identifies IRF8 enhancer element in negative feedback control of dendritic cell differentiation. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • This makes their identification and differentiation from resident mesenchymal cells extremely difficult in the absence of further specific markers. (ersjournals.com)
  • Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
  • Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK cells were obtained from peripheral blood (PB) of healthy volunteers. (springer.com)
  • This study investigated effects of four fibrous materials, i.e. nanofibrillar/nanocrystalline celluloses (NCF and CNC), single-walled carbon nanotube s (CNTs), and crocidolite asbestos (ASB), on pulmonary inflammation and immune responses found in the lungs, as well as the effects on spleen and peripheral blood immune cell subsets. (cdc.gov)
  • But if the pathogen has cytotoxic effects on a tissue, the release of damaged cell components may attract immune system cells by chemotaxis. (stackexchange.com)
  • White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). (wikipedia.org)
  • The white blood cells present within the transplanted tissue then attack the recipient's body's cells, which leads to GvHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly, CD34+ cells can be identified in human scar tissue, suggesting that these cells may contribute to tissue remodelling and repair [ 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)
  • Oxidised lipid was created from CS-exposed bronchial epithelial cells (9.8-fold of control) and showed a different general lipid makeup compared to that of control total cellular lipid. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • The cellular makeup of these monocytoid/histocytic cells is heterogeneous and ranges from cells of lymphoid, histiocytic, and dendritic origin. (medscape.com)
  • Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
  • CD40 expression is also required on the B-cell surface to capture the CD40L presented by the Th1 cell. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Oxidation of lipids created from CS-exposed 16HEnd up being14o- (HBE) bronchial epithelial cells was evaluated by spectrophotometry and adjustments in Elvucitabine lipid classes evaluated by mass spectrometry. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • This oxidised epithelial lipid upregulated MDM Compact disc1b, triggered bronchial epithelial cell toxicity, and decreased MDM phagocytic MR and capability within a dose dependent way. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • T cells cannot recognize (and therefore cannot respond to) "free" or soluble antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • En outre, il y avait une aug- mentation significative de la forme soluble du c-kit dans le sérum des patients atteints de pemphigus vulgaire actif par rapport aux témoins. (who.int)
  • This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dendritic cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells and by direct reprogramming of somatic cells. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Early fate decisions in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. (lu.se)
  • Similarly, destruction of neonatally abundant pluripotent stem cells would likely have a more pervasive outcome than destruction of The value of incorporating immunologic appeared more severe and/or persistent when single lineages or differentiated cells that pre- data for the toxicologic assessment of drugs, the exposure occurred perinatally when com- dominate in adults. (cdc.gov)
  • and (5) some of the daughter cells will act as progenitor cells. (pharmacygyan.com)
  • To create a repertoire of antigen-specific TCRs, alternative forms of genes present in somatic cells are rearranged in a process, called somatic cell recombination, by using RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinase activating enzymes showing in above figure. (pharmacygyan.com)
  • Simple recombination in the α-chain can result in approximately 4.9 × 103 antigen-specific TCRs. (pharmacygyan.com)