Anal canal. Medical search. Frequent questions

The author believes that it should be called anal skin (anoderm), as it looks like (pigmented) skin, is sensitive like skin (why a fissure-in-ano is very painful), and is keratinized (but does not have skin appendages). (medscape.com)
An anal fissure (see the images below) is a painful linear tear or crack in the distal anal canal, which, in the short term, usually involves only the epithelium and, in the long term, involves the full thickness of the anal mucosa. (medscape.com)
Controversy mostly involves continued efforts to find a medical therapy for anal fissure that is as successful as the surgical therapy for the condition. (medscape.com)
A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the anal canal is vital for effective surgical treatment of an anal fissure. (medscape.com)
Studies of the internal anal sphincter and of anal canal physiology have been performed with varied results, but at least one abnormality is likely present in the internal anal sphincter of many anal fissure patients. (medscape.com)
This spasm has two effects: First, it is painful in itself, and second, it further reduces the blood flow to the posterior midline and the anal fissure, contributing to the poor healing rate. (medscape.com)
New-onset anal pain in the absence of a thrombosed hemorrhoid should prompt investigation for an alternate cause, such as an intersphincteric abscess or anal fissure. (medscape.com)
An anal fissure is a small split or tear in the thin moist tissue ( mucosa ) lining the lower rectum (anus). (medlineplus.gov)
An anal fissure can be seen as a crack in the anal skin when the area is stretched slightly. (medlineplus.gov)
But not having bowel movements will only cause the stools to become even harder, which can make the anal fissure worse. (medlineplus.gov)
An anal fissure is a cut or tear in the lining of the anus. (epnet.com)
The doctor will likely be able to see an anal fissure. (epnet.com)
Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/anal-fissure. (epnet.com)
Available at: https://fascrs.org/videos/anal-fissure. (epnet.com)
Higuero T. Update on the management of anal fissure. (epnet.com)
By generously lubricating before you do this, you can reduce risk of creating an anal fissure. (drbenkim.com)
An anal fissure is a tear in the lining of the anal canal and causes bright red blood to streak the stool or appear much like hemorrhoidal bleeding. (livestrong.com)
What Is an Anal Fissure? (earthclinic.com)
An anal fissure refers to a tear in the lower rectum's lining. (earthclinic.com)
Persistent fissure: If the anal fissure does not improve or heal after trying home remedies for several weeks. (earthclinic.com)
Few health challenges can generate as much pain as a chronic anal fissure. (drbenkim.com)
This article explains how an anal fissure develops, and how to promote healing of an anal fissure using natural methods. (drbenkim.com)
If you've ever noticed a spot or two of bright red blood on your toilet tissue after having an uncomfortable bowel movement, you have likely experienced an anal fissure. (drbenkim.com)
An anal fissure can lead to burning, stinging, or sharp pain during bowel movements. (drbenkim.com)
The most obvious cause of an anal fissure is direct trauma to the anal canal. (drbenkim.com)
Childbirth, anal intercourse, and insertion of any foreign bodies into the anal canal can cause a fissure. (drbenkim.com)
Chronic constipation and chronic diarrhea can also cause an anal fissure by repeatedly straining the lining of the anus. (drbenkim.com)
This is why some people tear relatively easily when they try to pass hard stools, while others don't develop a fissure even when chronically constipated - the tone of your internal anal sphincter largely determines if an anal fissure will develop when your anal canal is excessively stretched. (drbenkim.com)
Without exception, every person that has come to me looking for a way to heal a chronic anal fissure has reported experiencing significant emotional stress around the time that the anal fissure first appeared. (drbenkim.com)
My experience has been that botox injections, lateral internal sphincterotomy, application of nitroglycerin ointment, and other conventional medical treatments for a chronic anal fissure tend to lead to temporary healing at best and a re-occurrence of the fissure if emotional stress continues to take its toll on the internal anal sphincter. (drbenkim.com)
2. If your anal sphincter is dry or you have an existing fissure, use coconut oil to moisturize the area. (drbenkim.com)

The submucous space of the canal lies above the white line between the mucous membrane and internal anal sphincter muscle. (wikipedia.org)
The external anal sphincter muscle is the voluntary muscle that surrounds and adheres to the anus at the lower margin of the anal canal. (wikipedia.org)
Movement of the feces is also controlled by the involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter, which is an extension of the circular muscle surrounding the anal canal. (wikipedia.org)
The internal anal sphincter is a smooth muscle that is the most distal extension of the inner circular smooth muscle of the colon and the rectum. (medscape.com)
The external anal sphincter is striated muscle that forms a circular tube around the anal canal. (medscape.com)
Control of the external anal sphincter is voluntary. (medscape.com)
In patients with underlying abnormalities of the internal sphincter, however, these injuries progress to acute and chronic anal fissures. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] and hypertrophy of the internal anal sphincter, leading to elevated anal canal and sphincter resting pressures. (medscape.com)
After submucosal injection of physiological solution, a circumferential incision of the mucosa and internal anal sphincter is performed 1 cm. above the dentate line. (sages.org)
Conscious relaxation is necessary for optimal function of your internal anal sphincter muscle, which is a ring of smooth muscle that helps keep your anal sphincter closed when you're not having a bowel movement, and also helps push stools out during defecation. (drbenkim.com)
Your internal anal sphincter muscle is entirely involuntary, meaning that it works without your conscious input. (drbenkim.com)
By consciously straining to eliminate stools, you can actually disrupt the natural activity of your internal anal sphincter muscle. (drbenkim.com)
When stools are healthy, you don't need to generate momentum for a bowel movement by contracting your external anal sphincter muscle, but when stools are harder than they should be, it can be helpful to consciously contract your external anal sphincter muscle to get things moving. (drbenkim.com)
The key is to stop consciously contracting and to relax once stools begin to pass, as this allows your internal anal sphincter muscle to contribute to expulsion of feces. (drbenkim.com)
Having your feet up on a squatty potty or stool so that you are in a squat-like position and holding a warm or hot compress (folded up hand towel works well) to your anal sphincter for a few minutes while in this position can help a great deal. (drbenkim.com)
With all of that said, if hardened stool is stuck as it is exiting your anal sphincter, it can be helpful to apply a natural lubricant around your sphincter. (drbenkim.com)
While wearing a disposable glove, beyond lubricating the anal sphincter with a natural lubricant like coconut oil, it might also be necessary to use a finger to manually remove bits of stool. (drbenkim.com)
Anal electromyography (EMG) , a test that identifies anal sphincter nerve injury in women with fecal incontinence. (mayoclinic.org)
The anal sphincter is divided into internal and external anal sphincters . (radiopaedia.org)
2. Dobben A, Felt-Bersma R, ten Kate F, Stoker J. Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Anal Sphincter in Fecal Incontinence. (radiopaedia.org)
3. Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans M, Laméris J. Normal Anal Sphincter Anatomy and Age- and Sex-Related Variations at High-Spatial-Resolution Endoanal MR Imaging. (radiopaedia.org)
4. Abdool Z, Sultan A, Thakar R. Ultrasound Imaging of the Anal Sphincter Complex: A Review. (radiopaedia.org)
Among 52 patients, 3D volume ultrasound combined with 2D high-frequency ultrasound were used to diagnose 32 cases of anal fistula intersphincteric type, 14 cases of transsphincter type, 5 cases of supra-sphincter type, and 1 case of extra-sphincter type. (scirp.org)
Two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound was used to diagnose 34 cases of anal fistula intersphincteric type, 14 cases of transsphincter type, 4 cases of supra-sphincter type, and 0 cases of extra-sphincter type. (scirp.org)
In the vast majority of cases, an underlying cause is chronic tension in a muscular ring - called the internal anal sphincter - that surrounds the anal canal. (drbenkim.com)
If your internal anal sphincter is chronically tense, blood flow to this region is reduced. (drbenkim.com)
So what can cause your internal anal sphincter to be chronically tense? (drbenkim.com)
In the absence of overt neurological dysfunction, the most common cause of a hypertonic internal anal sphincter is ongoing emotional stress. (drbenkim.com)
One of the consequences of being chronically amped for a fight or flight response is a tense and dysfunctional gastrointestinal tract, which includes a taut internal anal sphincter. (drbenkim.com)
Don't be afraid to apply coconut oil to your anal sphincter several times a day. (drbenkim.com)
Immersing your body in warm or hot water can help relax your internal anal sphincter, which will allow better blood flow to the area. (drbenkim.com)
Consider visualizing rich blood flow to your anal sphincter as you soak in the tub, as we know that the mind-body connection is capable of producing real physiological effects. (drbenkim.com)

The exact etiology of anal fissures is unknown, but the initiating factor is thought to be trauma from the passage of a particularly hard or painful bowel movement. (medscape.com)
Low-fiber diets (eg, those lacking in raw fruits and vegetables) are associated with the development of anal fissures. (medscape.com)
No occupations are associated with a higher risk for the development of anal fissures. (medscape.com)
Most patients with anal fissures have an elevated resting pressure, which returns to normal levels after surgical sphincterotomy. (medscape.com)
As many as 20% of patients with hemorrhoids will have concomitant anal fissures. (medscape.com)
Anal fissures and perianal dermatitis (pruritus ani) are easily visible without internal probing. (medscape.com)
Anal fissures are very common in infants, but they may occur at any age. (medlineplus.gov)
Anal fissures are also common in women after childbirth and in people with Crohn disease . (medlineplus.gov)
Anal fissures may cause painful bowel movements and bleeding. (medlineplus.gov)
To prevent or treat anal fissures in infants, be sure to change diapers often and clean the area gently. (medlineplus.gov)
Anal fissures often heal quickly without any more problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Anal fissures, while not life-threatening, can cause significant discomfort and pain. (earthclinic.com)
This article explores the benefits of olive oil, aloe vera, and comfrey as healing and soothing agents for anal fissures. (earthclinic.com)
Causes of Anal Fissures? (earthclinic.com)
Though specific treatment is not always necessary, most people seek relief from the discomfort associated with anal fissures. (earthclinic.com)
Olive oil is a versatile and effective remedy for anal fissures. (earthclinic.com)
Adopting healthy habits and making lifestyle changes can help prevent anal fissures. (earthclinic.com)
Fortunately, most anal fissures heal rapidly on their own. (drbenkim.com)

It relaxes to expel feces from the rectum and anal canal. (wikipedia.org)
Coronal section of rectum and anal canal. (medscape.com)
Portable anorectal manometer , a simple, inexpensive device that measures pressures in the rectum and anal canal. (mayoclinic.org)

Anatomy of the anus and rectum Left levator ani from within The interior of the anal canal and lower part of the rectum Median sagittal section of male pelvis Median sagittal section of female pelvis Anal columns Anal sinuses Anal sex Madoff, Robert D. (wikipedia.org)
Anatomy of anal canal and perianal space. (medscape.com)
For more information, see Anal Canal Anatomy . (medscape.com)

This is used to calculate the average anal canal resistance (ACR) in normal controls to set a reference level for diagnosis and treatment of patients with anal incontinence according to the flow-equation theory. (pelviperineology.org)
A total of 52 patients with anal fistula admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2017 to July 2018 were selected. (scirp.org)

The lifetime risk of developing anal cancer is about 1 in 500 . (healthline.com)

Internal hemorrhoids develop inside the anal canal. (healthwise.net)
External hemorrhoids develop near the anal opening. (healthwise.net)
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal. (cigna.com)
Veins can swell inside the anal canal to form internal hemorrhoids. (cigna.com)
Hemorrhoids are enlarged blood vessels under the lining of the anal canal. (livestrong.com)

Understanding of the abscopal effect and the immune mechanisms associated with anal cancer may lead to new avenues of research to improve outcome for patients with this rare disease. (amegroups.org)

Anoscopy is typically performed to look within the anal canal for additional warts. (fascrs.org)
Anoscopy involves insertion of an anoscope into the anus and examination of the anal canal. (msdmanuals.com)

The length of the anal canal is about 4 cm (range, 3-5 cm), with two thirds of this being above the pectinate line (also known as the dentate line) and one third below the pectinate line. (medscape.com)
The dentate line, which is the site of the cloacal membrane, divides the anal canal into the proximal part, lined by columnar epithelium, and the distal part, lined by squamous epithelium. (medscape.com)
The anatomic anal canal is only approximately 2 cm long and extends from the anal verge distally to the dentate line proximally. (medscape.com)
The dentate line is the junction of the ectoderm and endoderm in the anal canal. (medscape.com)
The anal verge is an anocutaneous line approximately 2 cm distal to the dentate line. (medscape.com)
Four to eight anal glands drain into the crypts of Morgagni at the level of the dentate line. (aafp.org)
The lower part of the anal canal, below the dentate line, is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. (msdmanuals.com)

Replacement Anus & Anal Canal, 9 Stools. (buyamag.com)

The health care provider will perform a rectal exam and look at the anal tissue. (medlineplus.gov)

The anal canal is the part of the hindgut that extends from the anal ring to the anal verge. (medscape.com)
The surgical anal canal is approximately 4 cm long and extends from the anal verge or intersphincteric groove distally to the anorectal ring, proximally. (medscape.com)

The anal canal is the most terminal part of the lower GI tract/large intestine, which lies between the anal verge (anal orifice, anus) in the perineum below and the rectum above. (medscape.com)
compare this with the anal canal skin above the anal verge, which is also pigmented and keratinized but does not have skin appendages. (medscape.com)
The epithelium of the anal canal between the anal verge below and the pectinate line above is variously described as anal mucosa or anal skin. (medscape.com)
The anal verge marks the beginning of the anal canal. (medscape.com)
Methods: This is a 58-year-old male with diagnosis of a high grade rectal adenocarcinoma located 4 cm. from the anal verge. (sages.org)
Tuech et al [14] only included tumours located at or below 5 cm from the anal verge. (ugeskriftet.dk)

Men exposed to human papilloma virus, or HPV, are at increased risk for developing anal cancer. (livestrong.com)

In humans, the anal canal is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm (0.98 to 1.57 in) long, from the anorectal junction to the anus. (wikipedia.org)
The demarcation between the rectum above and the anal canal below is the anorectal ring or anorectal flexure, where the puborectalis muscle forms a sling around the posterior aspect of the anorectal junction, kinking it anteriorly. (medscape.com)
At the anorectal flexure or angle, the anorectal junction is pulled anterosuperiorly by the puborectal sling to continue below as the anal canal. (medscape.com)
Anal fistula is a good disease and common disease in clinical anorectal surgery [1]. (scirp.org)
1) Subjects 52 patients (average age of 39.4 ± 13.5 years [4 months - 63 years]) with anal fistula collected from December 2018 to June 2019 in the Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. (scirp.org)

Patients and Methods: Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, staged bulky tumor with or without nodal involvement were prospectively enrolled. (uniroma1.it)
Radiation generates an abscopal response and complete resolution of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal. (amegroups.org)
We report the first case, to our knowledge, of the abscopal effect in squamous carcinoma of the anal canal with metastases to pelvic lymph nodes, liver and bone. (amegroups.org)
More than 90% of anal cancers are squamous cell carcinoma. (healthline.com)
Adenocarcinoma of the anal canal develops in glandular cells and tends to be more aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma. (healthline.com)
Real-time histological imaging of a squamous cell carcinoma in situ in the anal canal using endocytoscopy. (bvsalud.org)
however, locally recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma poses a greater problem and higher rate of morbidity. (medscape.com)

It is a scalloped demarcation formed by the anal valves (transverse folds of mucosa) at the inferior-most ends of the anal columns. (medscape.com)
Initial minor tears in the anal mucosa due to a hard bowel movement probably occur often. (medscape.com)

Because data on screening and management of anal dysplasia are limited and conflicting, many of the recommendations included here are based on the expert opinions of experienced clinicians. (hivguidelines.org)

You may be upset when you are given this diagnosis and it is important to note that anal intercourse is not necessary to develop anal condylomata. (fascrs.org)
Although potentially sensitive and difficult to talk about, your doctor may inquire as to the presence or absence of risk factors to include a history of anal intercourse, a positive HIV test or a chronically weakened immune system (medications for organ transplant patients, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc). (fascrs.org)

Above this transitional zone, the anal canal is lined with columnar epithelium (which is insensitive to cutting). (medscape.com)

The perianal space surrounds the anal canal below the white line. (wikipedia.org)

The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 9,760 people will receive a diagnosis with anal cancer in the United States in 2023. (healthline.com)

Anal warts (also called 'condyloma acuminata') are a condition that affects the area around and inside the anus. (fascrs.org)
Abstain from sexual contact with individuals who have anal (or genital) warts. (fascrs.org)
However, the vaccine's role to prevent anal warts and anal cancer is unknown. (fascrs.org)
Left untreated, warts may lead to an increased risk of anal cancer in the affected area. (fascrs.org)
Topical agents that can be applied at home on small warts include Imiquimod or 5-fluorouracial (5-FU), although how well they work to eliminate anal warts completely is unknown. (fascrs.org)
Anal warts may also be treated in the physician's office by freezing the warts with liquid nitrogen. (fascrs.org)

Infection of the anal glands is likely the initial event in causation of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano. (medscape.com)
For patient education resources, see the Digestive Disorders Center , as well as Anal Abscess , Rectal Pain , and Rectal Bleeding . (medscape.com)

Anal glands open above the anal valves into the anal sinuses. (medscape.com)
The anal glands open in the crypts. (medscape.com)

At the bottom of these columns are anal sinuses or crypts, into which open the anal glands and anal papillae. (medscape.com)

this includes the distal anal canal. (medscape.com)
The rectum and the distal sigmoid colon are pulled through the anal canal and resected. (sages.org)
The anal canal is about 3 to 5 cm long and connects the distal rectum to the outside. (msdmanuals.com)

Practice proper bathroom hygiene: Gently clean the anal area with water or mild soap after bowel movements and avoid using harsh toilet paper or wipes. (earthclinic.com)

The anal gland secretes lymphal discharge and built-up fecal matter from the colon lining. (wikipedia.org)
Anal EMG offers greater accuracy than other tests for this cause of fecal incontinence. (mayoclinic.org)
Other studies for fecal incontinence treatment include a trial of a new soft, flexible, liquid-filled device that's inserted into the anal canal, and a placebo-controlled trial of the drugs colesevelam (Welchol) and clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay, others). (mayoclinic.org)

It surrounds the anal canal . (radiopaedia.org)

In patients with hypertrophied internal anal sphincters, this delicate blood supply is further compromised, thus rendering the posterior midline of the anal canal relatively ischemic. (medscape.com)

[ 1 ] In an acquired fistula-in-ano, the communication is typically between the anal canal and the perineal skin. (medscape.com)
In a congenital fistula-in-ano, the fistulous tract may extend from the anal canal to the vestibule, vagina, or urethra. (medscape.com)
To explore the clinical diagnostic value of transperineal volume ultrasound combined with two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound for anal fistula. (scirp.org)
There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of the anal fistula branch and the coincidence rate of the internal fistula between the two methods (both P (scirp.org)
In the anal fistula classification, there was no significant statistical difference between the two methods. (scirp.org)
Yang, D. and Yao, X. (2020) Clinical Value of Transperineal 3D Volume Ultrasound Combined with 2D High Frequency Ultrasound in Anal Fistula. (scirp.org)
This study evaluated the anal fistula lesions by combining three-dimensional volume ultrasound and two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound technology (combined group), and observed whether the combined application of the two technologies for the overall diagnostic efficacy of the disease is higher than the two-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound technology alone. (scirp.org)
Provide a more valuable basis for the treatment and evaluation of anal fistula. (scirp.org)

anal-rectal manometry can be used to measure this pressure. (medscape.com)

Aim: To assess feasibility, complications and efficacy of induction chemotherapy followed by standard chemoradiotherapy in patients with bulky anal canal cancer. (uniroma1.it)

The canal is differentiated from the rectum by a transition along the internal surface from endodermal to skin-like ectodermal tissue. (wikipedia.org)
The middle rectal artery (a branch of the internal iliac artery) and the inferior rectal artery (a branch of the internal pudendal artery) supply the lower anal canal. (medscape.com)

Prior anal surgery is a predisposing factor because scarring from the surgery may cause either stenosis or tethering of the anal canal, which makes it more susceptible to trauma from hard stool. (medscape.com)
In most people, it happens as a result of trauma to the anal lining. (epnet.com)
The primary cause is injury or trauma to the anal canal, which can result from passing a large or hard stool, experiencing diarrhea, giving birth, or suffering from Crohn's disease. (earthclinic.com)

Because patient apprehension is great before any anal examination, go to great lengths to reassure the patient. (medscape.com)

People with a diagnosis of anal cancer at a younger age tend to have a better chance of survival than people who received a diagnosis at a later age. (healthline.com)
Accordingly, this guideline addresses the following topics: HPV transmission, prevention, and screening and the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment of HPV-related anal disease. (hivguidelines.org)

Its survival rate is similar to anal cancer in general since it makes up the majority of these cancers. (healthline.com)

Anal columns (of Morgagni) are 6-10 longitudinal (vertical) mucosal folds in the upper part of the anal canal. (medscape.com)

Normal corrugation of the anoderm and a normal anal wink with stimulation confirms intact sensation. (medscape.com)

Any contact exposure to the anal area (hand contact, secretions from a sexual partner) can result in HPV infection. (fascrs.org)
This helps to moisturize the anal canal, reduce inflammation, and prevent infection. (earthclinic.com)
Signs of infection: If you develop symptoms such as fever, pus discharge, or increased redness and swelling in the anal area. (earthclinic.com)

The prostaglandins also cause contraction of the rectum, pelvic floor muscles, and muscles around the anal canal," Raj tells viewers. (medscape.com)

The anal canal is the part that connects the rectum to the anus, located below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. (wikipedia.org)
Lateral to the anal canal are the pyramidal ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossae (1 on either side), below the pelvic diaphragm and above the perianal skin. (medscape.com)

The pectinate line is not seen on inspection in clinical practice, but under anesthesia the anal canal descends down, and the pectinate line can be seen on slight retraction of the anal canal skin. (medscape.com)

Some patients will experience symptoms such as itching, bleeding, mucus discharge and/or a feeling of a lump or mass in the anal area. (fascrs.org)

In front of (anterior to) the anal canal is the rectovesical fascia (of Denonvilliers), and behind (posterior) is the presacral endopelvic fascia (of Waldeyer), under which lie a rich presacral plexus of veins. (medscape.com)
Posterior to the anal canal lie the tip of the coccyx (joined to it by the anococcygeal ligament) and lower sacrum. (medscape.com)
The posterior anal commissure is the most poorly perfused part of the anal canal. (medscape.com)

Anal cancer is rare compared with colon cancer or rectal cancer . (healthline.com)

In a 2021 study , researchers found that being under the age of 60 was associated with a 3.24 times higher chance of survival in 372 people with HIV-negative localized or regional anal cancer. (healthline.com)

It is located within the anal triangle of the perineum, between the right and left ischioanal fossa. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms1

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science1

Health Care1

Fissure31

Sphincter32

Fissures18

Rectum and anal canal3

Anatomy3

Patients with anal2

Risk of developing1

Hemorrhoids5

Associated with anal cancer1

Anoscopy2

Dentate line7

Anus Anal Canal1

Look at the anal1

Extends from the anal2

Verge6

Developing anal cancer1

Anorectal5

Squamous7

Mucosa2

Management of anal1

Intercourse2

Columnar epithelium1

Perianal space1

20231

Warts6

Abscess2

Glands open2

Crypts1

Distal3

Bowel1

Fecal3

Surrounds1

Sphincters1

Fistula8

Manometry1

Chemoradiotherapy1

Internal2

Trauma3

Examination1

Diagnosis2

Cancers1

Morgagni1

Anoderm1

Infection3

Muscles1

Pelvic diaphragm2

Anesthesia1

Discharge1

Posterior3

Rectal cancer1

20211

Perineum1