Adaptor protein complex 1. Medical search. Frequent questions

All four complexes support intracellular biogenesis and trafficking of lysosome and lysosome-related organelles (LROS). (giiresearch.com)
Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that regulate the activity of caspase-1 and can be activated by various cellular dangers that trigger the processing and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines to engage innate immunity ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)

Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED. (springer.com)
With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
Mutations of these genes are responsible for systemic tooth agenesis, in addition to the defects of other ectodermal structures, and this review is limited to description of the function of their protein products. (springer.com)
Interestingly, ID-associated genes exhibit promoter-localized MER41 LTRs that harbor TF binding sites (TFBSs) for not only STAT1 but also other immune TFs such as, in particular, NFKB1 (Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1) and STAT3 (Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3). (biorxiv.org)
Of note, functionally-relevant differences between humans and chimpanzees are observed regarding the 3 main components of this pathway: i) the protein sequences of immunes TFs binding MER41 LTRs, ii) the insertion sites of MER41 LTRs in the promoter regions of ID-associated genes and iii) the protein sequences of the targeted ID-associated genes. (biorxiv.org)
The impaired function of specific organelles indicates that the causative genes encode protein complexes that regulate vesicle trafficking in the endolysosomal system including AP-3, BLOC-1, BLOC-2, and BLOC-3. (medscape.com)
Four such genes, HPS1, ADTB3A, HPS3, and HPS4, are associated with the 4 known subtypes of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 (HPS-1), Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS-2), Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 3 (HPS-3), and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 4 (HPS-4). (medscape.com)
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in 1 of 11 genes that encode components in one of four protein complexes: adapter protein 3 (AP-3) and biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1, 2, and 3 (BLOC-1, BLOC-2, and BLOC-3). (giiresearch.com)
The impaired function of specific organelles indicates that the causative genes encode proteins operative in the formation of lysosomes and vesicles. (medscape.com)

The biologic function of LKB1 includes the regulation of downstream kinases, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the related kinases (microtube affinity-regulating kinase [MARK] 1 through MARK4 and brain-specific kinase/synapses of the amphid-defective kinase [Brsk/SAD]), which are involved in cellular metabolic regulation-stress response and cellular polarity, the latter through tubulin stabilization, tight junction formation, and E-cadherin localization. (medscape.com)
Macroautophagy is regulated by numerous cellular factors, including the Class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34). (nih.gov)
This study demonstrated that the Receptor for Activated C-Kinase 1 (RACK1) is important in SC function. (sdbonline.org)
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) serves prominent innate immune functions via complex interactions with adaptor proteins to affect phosphorylation of NF-κB (NF-κB). (bioworld.com)
CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta and oxysterol-binding protein accumulate unesterified cholesterol on poliovirus-induced membrane structure. (microbiologyresearch.org)
It interacts directly with MTOR to enhance its kinase activity and stabilizes the MTOR-RPTOR PROTEIN interaction in nutrient-poor conditions, favoring RPTOR inhibition of MTOR activity. (bvsalud.org)

Orthologous to human AP1AR (adaptor related protein complex 1 associated regulatory protein). (nih.gov)

AP4E1 has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. (creativebiomart.net)
Sigma subunits of AP complexes differ slightly in their surface charge densities and binding groove geometry, allowing for both generic and selective interactions with protein partners. (eu.org)
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play essential roles in many biological processes. (nature.com)
Identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is important for understanding how proteins work together in a coordinated fashion in a cell to perform cellular functions. (nature.com)
Even for Arabidopsis , known PPI data cover interactions with only about 34.55% of proteins. (nature.com)
FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
The pathway maps illustrate protein interactions and regulation to provide a comprehensive picture of signaling and disease processes. (bio-rad.com)

The downstream signal transduction toward Eda-A1 involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Clevers 2006 ) and requires lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef-1) for activation of the Ed1 ( Ta ) expression (Durmowicz et al. (springer.com)
Upon cytosolic entry, it serves as a cofactor in the formation of the "apoptosome," a complex consisting of the adaptor protein Apaf-1 and procaspase-9, which in turn causes the activation of caspase-9 and downstream caspases, such as caspase-3 ( Chinnaiyan, 1999 ). (rupress.org)

Adaptin-binding acidic dileucine motifs and variants thereof occur almost exclusively on the cytosolic side of membrane proteins, mostly integral (transmembrane) proteins. (eu.org)
Ap-3 appears to be involved in the sorting of a subset of transmembrane proteins targeted to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. (lu.se)

The AP-2 complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two large adaptins (alpha or beta), a medium adaptin (mu), and a small adaptin (sigma). (wikipedia.org)
All these motifs are believed to bind to the sigma subunit of activated adaptin complexes (AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3). (eu.org)

It consists of the two large adaptins γ1 and β1, both of which bind clathrin and accessory proteins, and the two smaller adaptins, μ1 and σ1, both of which bind cargo proteins. (uni-goettingen.de)
AP-1 σ1A and σ1B adaptins regulate the Rab5 cycle, by interacting with several Rab5 effector proteins. (uni-goettingen.de)
Adaptor protein complex 3 (ap-3) is an heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (delta/ap3d1 and beta3a/ap3b2 or beta3b/ap3b1), a medium adaptin (mu3a/ap3m1 or mu3b/ap3m2) and a small adaptin (sigma3a/ap3s1 or sigma3b/ap3s2). (lu.se)

HPS3 is a biogenesis of the lysosome-related organelles complex (BLOC)-2 component. (medscape.com)

Depending on organism, cell type as well as the nature of the adaptin complex bound, they can target either to cell surface or to specific, internal membrane-bound organelles (endosomes, lysosomes, melanosomes, synaptic vesicles, etc. (eu.org)

These findings demonstrate that AP-1/σ1B deficiency strongly effects the AP-2 CCV endocytotic pathway and its functions indicating an interdependent regulation of AP-1 and AP-2 mediated synaptic vesicle recycling and that AP-1 complexes also regulate the endosomal sorting of SV proteins. (uni-goettingen.de)

In fungi and plants, dileucine motifs are often responsible for the vacuolar or tonoplast localization of proteins carrying these motifs. (eu.org)
Establishing the expression pattern and localization of different TJ proteins will help to understand the development and physiology of the airway. (bvsalud.org)

Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)

Escoda-Ferran C, Carrasco E, Caballero-Baños M, Miró-Julià C, Martínez-Florensa M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez VG, Liu FT, Lozano F. Modulation of CD6 function through interaction with Galectin-1 and -3. (hcdm.org)
Hem CD, Ekornhol M, Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Spurkland A. CD6 and Linker of Activated T Cells are Potential Interaction Partners for T Cell-Specific Adaptor Protein. (hcdm.org)
This interaction is altered in "ko" synapse, leading to enhanced Rab5 activation and thus enhanced early endosome to endolysosome protein transport and SV protein degradation. (uni-goettingen.de)

To determine the central pathway in mediating complex organic dust-induced airway inflammation, this study targeted the common adaptor protein, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and investigated the relative contributions of receptors upstream from this adaptor. (cdc.gov)

Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin activity with CA074-Me resulted in a substantial reduction of both mature IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation in infected macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
Apoptotic adaptor molecule specific for caspase-2 and FASL/TNF receptor-interacting protein RIP. (joplink.net)
In the presence of RIP and TRADD, CRADD recruits caspase-2 to the TNFR-1 signalling complex. (joplink.net)
CusabioAlternative Name(s): Caspase and RIP adapter with death domain RIP-associated protein with a death domainGene. (joplink.net)
Our results suggest that the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 axis participates in the regulation of pro-imflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells, particularly the generation of IL-1β and IL-18. (spandidos-publications.com)
The NLRP3 inflammasome consists of the NLRP3 scaffold, the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC) adaptor and caspase-1 ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that activates cysteine protease caspase-1, which leads to the maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL)-1β and IL-18 ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
the second stimulus is DAMPs that induce the activation of caspase-1 ( 3 , 5 , 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
and second, the activation of the cysteine protease, caspase-1 ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Caspase-1 is a proteolytic enzyme that processes the inactive precursor of IL-1β into the mature form, and is termed IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE). (spandidos-publications.com)

In some cases, PLL motifs are part of phosphorylation-dependent switches, where a serine/threonine phosphorylation event creates the negative charge corresponding to the absent Glu at +1. (eu.org)
Activation of JAK-1 and TYK-2 leads to phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2. (cdc.gov)

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 only partly account for the innate response to these complex dust exposures. (cdc.gov)
Wild-type, MyD88, TLR9, TLR4, IL-1 receptor I (RI), and IL-18R knockout (KO) mice were challenged intranasally with organic dust extract (ODE) or saline, according to an established protocol. (cdc.gov)

HPS-2 is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the beta-3A subunit of the heterotetrameric AP3 complex ( AP3BA ), which assists in the vesicle formation from the trans-Golgi network or late endosome. (medscape.com)

Widely used RNA-seq methods start with adapter ligation and cDNA synthesis of biological RNA samples followed by PCR amplification to generate sequencing libraries1. (cdc.gov)
Significant obstacles for the sequencing of tRNA include the presence of numerous post-transcriptional modifications and its stable and extensive secondary structure, which interfere with cDNA synthesis and adapter ligation. (cdc.gov)

The lack of a glutamate at +1 differentiates these motifs from the typical lysosomal targeting signals, but the presence of a proline is a shared feature. (eu.org)
Garafalo SD, Luth ES, Moss BJ NEURO , Monteiro MI, Malkin E, Juo P. The AP2 clathrin adaptor protein complex regulates the abundance of GLR-1 glutamate receptors in the ventral nerve cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. (tufts.edu)

Methods and results This report describes an autosomal recessive form of spastic tetraplegic cerebral palsy with profound intellectual disability, microcephaly, epilepsy and white matter loss in a consanguineous family resulting from a homozygous deletion involving AP4E1 , one of the four subunits of the adaptor protein complex-4 (AP-4), identified by chromosomal microarray analysis. (bmj.com)
It has also been demonstrated that STAT1 (Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 1), a transcription factor (TF) crucially involved in the IFNγ pathway, binds consensus sequences that, in humans, are located with a high frequency in the LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats) of the MER41 family of primate-specific HERVs (Human Endogenous Retrovirus). (biorxiv.org)
CD6 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family. (hcdm.org)
Aruffo A, Melnick MB, Linsley PS, Seed B. The lymphocyte glycoprotein CD6 contains a repeated domain structure characteristic of a new family of cell surface and secreted proteins. (hcdm.org)
The IL-1 family has been recognized to play important roles in inflammation with pro-inflammatory properties, associated with acute and chronic inflammation, and plays a significant role in the innate immune defense ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
There are several cytokines in the IL-1 family, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33. (spandidos-publications.com)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family. (lu.se)
Oxysterol-binding protein family I is the target of minor enviroxime-like compounds. (microbiologyresearch.org)

They serve to initiate clathrin-mediated endocytosis or protein sorting and can work synergistically with the adaptin mu subunit binding YxxPhi-type motifs ( TRG_ENDOCYTIC_2 ). (eu.org)

Gadkin negatively regulates cell spreading and motility via sequestration of the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex. (nih.gov)

Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with AP4E1 were listed below. (creativebiomart.net)
Within the last 10 years significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of HED and this is mainly due to the discovery of unknown proteins and the elucidation of their function in signal transduction via the TNFα-related pathway. (springer.com)
Finally, a survey of the human proteome has allowed us to map a protein-protein network which links the identified immune/MER41/cognition pathway to FOXP2 (Forkhead Box P2), a key TF involved in the emergence of human speech. (biorxiv.org)
Furthermore, we found that the AP-1/σ1B deficiency leads to alterations in the endosomal Rab5 pathway. (uni-goettingen.de)

MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)

and regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation. (nih.gov)
actin related protein 2/3 complex subun. (gsea-msigdb.org)

angiomotin like 1 [Source:HGNC Sym. (gsea-msigdb.org)

gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)

The ap complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. (lu.se)

Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by AP4E1 itself. (creativebiomart.net)
We selected most functions AP4E1 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with AP4E1. (creativebiomart.net)
We selected proteins and molecules interacted with AP4E1 here. (creativebiomart.net)

J Cell Biol (2002) 157 (1): 161-172. (rupress.org)

Picornaviruses form replication complexes in association with membranes in structures called replication organelles. (microbiologyresearch.org)

HPS-2 is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the beta-3A subunit of the heterotetrameric AP3 complex (ADTB3A), which resides on chromosome 5. (medscape.com)

cartilage associated protein [Source:HG. (gsea-msigdb.org)

The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is thought to play a major role in host protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection ( 1 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

STK11/LKB1 encodes a 433 amino acid ubiquitously expressed protein with a central catalytic domain and regulatory N- and C-terminal domains. (medscape.com)
The role of the regulatory T cell transcription factor Foxp3 in shaping the transcriptosomes of natural and induced regulatory T cells was analyzed using mice expressing a mutant FOXP3-EGFP fusion protein (Foxp3deltaEGFP). (gsea-msigdb.org)

A PPI network provides crucial information on how biological pathways are structured and coordinated from individual protein functions. (nature.com)
PPIs are essential for individual protein functions, forming various cellular pathways, and are also involved in the development of diseases. (nature.com)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated as consequence of oxidative metabolism, activate signal transduction pathways, which contribute to cellular homeostasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

Endocytosis and/or vesicular sorting signals for membrane proteins. (eu.org)
AP2 is chiefly involved in endocytosis of cell surface proteins and their trafficking to early or late endosomes. (eu.org)

Mol Biol Cell, 2015 Sep 1. (nih.gov)

The latter dileucine motifs were implicated in membrane protein sorting to vacuoles or tonoplasts. (eu.org)
A critical role of a cellular membrane traffic protein in poliovirus RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Innate immunity offers the first defense in mammals, depending on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogens and then eliminating the 'foreign danger' ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

1 Its extracellular region contains 3 scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains. (hcdm.org)

Anatomy31

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs133

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Intracellular3

Genes10

Kinase7

Ap1ar1

Interactions7

Downstream2

Transmembrane proteins2

Sigma2

Adaptins3

Lysosome-related organelles complex1

Lysosomes1

Regulate1

Localization2

Effector1

Interaction3

Myeloid1

Caspase10

Phosphorylation2

TLR42

Vesicle1

CDNA2

Glutamate2

Family10

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis1

Regulates1

Pathway4

Lipids2

Actin2

Source:HGNC Sym1

GAMMA1

Cargo1

AP4E13

Cell Biol1

Organelles1

Chromosome1

Cartilage associa1

Cytokine1

Regulatory2

Pathways3

Molecules1

Endocytosis2

Biol1

Membrane2

Innate1

Cysteine-rich1