Hyperreactio luteinalis associated with chronic renal failure.
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Hyperreactio luteinalis is a rare benign condition characterized by bilateral ovarian enlargement associated with pregnancies where high concentrations of maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophins are present. This condition may mimic the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. We report a case of a 34 year old woman with a history of chronic renal failure on haemodialysis who presented at 10 weeks' gestational age with hyperreactio luteinalis which was treated conservatively. Because of chronic renal failure, the presentation and course of the disease was different from that which has been previously reported. (+info)
Histopathological findings of the ovaries in anovulatory women.
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Wedge resection of the ovary was carried out in 45 anovulatory women to study the correlation between the degree of disturbance of ovulation and the histopathological findings. Polycystic ovary was always found in patients with anovulatory cycles. The ovaries in grade 1 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to gestagen alone belonged to the nonspecific type, polycystic type and sclerotic type. These histological changes were relatively mild in many cases. The ovaries in grade 2 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to estrogen and gestagen but not to gestagen alone belonged to the non-specific type, polycystic type, sclerotic type, atrophic type and streak type. Even within the same histological entity, the histological findings of the ovaries were more pronounced in grade 2 amenorrhea than in grade 1 amenorrhea. The patients with primary amenorrhea had only hypoplastic and aplastic ovaries with marked histological abnormalities. (+info)
Ovarian cysts in women receiving tamoxifen for breast cancer.
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Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal anti-oestrogen with gynaecological side-effects. Only recently, ovarian cyst formation during tamoxifen treatment has been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate patient-related parameters that determine ovarian cyst formation in women using tamoxifen for breast cancer. A cross-sectional study was performed in 142 breast cancer patients using tamoxifen. Forty-five patients were also examined prior to tamoxifen treatment. Gynaecological assessment, transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) and serum oestradiol (E2) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) analysis were performed. Follow-up assessments were performed twice a year. Uni- or bilateral ovarian cysts were detected by TVU in 24 tamoxifen-using patients and in one patient before tamoxifen treatment. Multiple regression analysis showed that cyst development is related (multiple R = 0.73) to high E2 (P < 0.001), younger age (P < 0.001) and absence of high-dose chemotherapy (P = 0.007). Patients with ovarian cysts had higher serum E2 levels compared to patients without cysts (1.95 vs 0.05 nmol l(-1); P < 0.001). All patients after high-dose chemotherapy or older than 50 years had E2 < 0.10 nmol l(-1) and/or amenorrhoea > 1 year and did not develop ovarian cysts. Patients still having a menstrual cycle during tamoxifen had a high chance (81%) of developing ovarian cysts. Breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen only develop ovarian cysts if their ovaries are able to respond to FSH stimulation as shown by E2 production. (+info)
Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in ovarian cyst fluid correlate with malignancy.
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Ovarian cancer is a richly vascularized neoplasm with solid and cystic components. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cyst fluid could be used to quantitatively evaluate production of angiogenic factors in ovarian lesions. ELISA was used to measure vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the cyst fluid of patients with ovarian cancer (n = 13), benign cysts and cystadenomas (n = 23), borderline tumors (n = 5), and functional cysts (n = 8). VEGF levels were markedly elevated in the fluid of malignant cysts (38.5+/-8.2 ng/ml) as compared with benign (1.6+/-0.4 ng/ml; P < 0.001), borderline (5.7+/-1.5 ng/ml; P < 0.001), or functional cysts (3.8+/-2.0 ng/ml; P < 0.001). The presence of VEGF in cancer cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Follow-up of patients with malignant and borderline lesions demonstrated a correlation between VEGF levels in cyst fluid and tumor recurrence (P = 0.03). bFGF in malignant cysts was either undetectable or very low (0.3+/-0.2 ng/ml), and no significant differences were found in bFGF levels among malignant, benign, borderline, and functional cysts. This study demonstrates that ovarian malignancy is associated with dramatic elevation of VEGF levels in ovarian cyst fluid. Conversely, there is no correlation between cyst fluid bFGF levels and malignant transformation. The high levels of VEGF in malignant cysts are consistent with the hypothesis that this growth factor plays an important role in ovarian cancer related-angiogenesis and tumor progression and represents a potentially important target of antiangiogenic therapy. (+info)
A case-control study to compare the variability of operating time in laparoscopic and open surgery.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the variability of operating times for some of the most common gynaecological procedures performed laparoscopically and by open surgery. The case notes of 60 women randomly selected from a cohort of 600 who had undergone laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts, leiomyoma and hysterectomy were reviewed. These patients were matched with an equal number of women who had been treated by open surgery for similar indications. Additional matching criteria included age (+/-2 years), size of the lesion in cases of ovarian cysts and fibroids (+/-3 cm), the period of amenorrhoea in ectopic pregnancies, and uterine size and pelvic pathology in women undergoing hysterectomy. Comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy showed that the mean procedure times were similar for the two routes of surgery, with the exception of hysterectomy which took significantly longer if done laparoscopically. The duration of laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cystectomy and hysterectomy was significantly less predictable than at laparotomy. These data indicate that with the exception of hysterectomy, the average operating time for laparoscopic procedures is comparable to that for laparotomy. In contrast, the variability of duration of laparoscopic surgery tends to be much greater than with laparotomy for all procedures considered. (+info)
Follow up of precocious pseudopuberty associated with isolated ovarian follicular cysts.
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The clinical outcomes of seven girls presenting with pseudosexual precocity caused by isolated autonomous ovarian follicular cysts are presented. Six of the seven girls, aged 11 months to 6.9 years, had a unilateral ovarian cyst detected by ultrasound at the first acute episode. Plasma oestradiol was raised in only five of the cases, but all had a low response to luteinising hormone releasing hormone stimulation. Follow up lasted for up to eight years with recurrent episodes of variable frequency and severity in all seven patients. Evidence of McCune-Albright syndrome appeared later in only three patients. It could not be predicted from the initial symptoms or the clinical course. Mutations of the G(s)alpha protein leading to activation were investigated in the lymphocytes and ovarian and bone tissues of four patients. Only one patient showed a mutation in bone tissue. Close follow up with repeated searches for skeletal lesions remains necessary since the distribution of somatic mutations cannot be assessed by molecular studies. Most patients with recurrent ovarian cysts require a conservative approach. (+info)
How long does laparoscopic surgery really take? Lessons learned from 1000 operative laparoscopies.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the operating time of the most common gynaecological laparoscopic procedures. We analysed retrospectively 1000 consecutive operative laparoscopies on a procedure-by-procedure basis. Diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic sterilization were specifically excluded from the analysis. The various laparoscopic procedures were grouped and analysed under six major categories. The average operating time for all cases was 76.9 min (range 10-400). In 38 cases (3.8%) the laparoscopic procedure was converted to laparotomy. The average operating time for treating ectopic pregnancy and tubal disease was approximately 60 min (range 13-240). Surgery for endometriosis and ovarian cysts averaged 72 min (range 10-240). Laparoscopic myomectomy and hysterectomy averaged 113 and 131 min respectively (range 25-400). Our results show that while the operating time for most operative laparoscopies is less than 75 min, the range of operating times is great. The relative lack of predictability in procedure times means that the efficient utilization of fixed theatre sessions is difficult. (+info)
Cytokines in the follicular fluid of stimulated and non-stimulated human ovaries; is ovulation a suppressed inflammatory reaction?
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We determined the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukins (IL)-1 beta, -6, -8 and -1-receptor antagonist (IL-1-ra) and of oestradiol and progesterone in the follicular fluid of 111 women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and of six women with ovarian cysts in order to elucidate mid-cycle mechanisms causing dissociation of the follicle wall and local rupture of the ovarian tissue complex. Four stimulation protocols were administered: gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist/human menopausal gonadotrophin (GnRHa/HMG), clomiphene citrate/HMG (CC/HMG), HMG and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Concentrations of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta were below 15 and 3 pg/ml respectively. IL-6 (median 4.1, 3.5-4.4 pg/ml, 95% CI) was higher after stimulation with FSH (5.6 pg/ml) than with HMG (3.2 pg/ml, P < 0.05) or GnRHa/HMG (3.7 pg/ml, P < 0.05), and after stimulation with CC/HMG (5.5 pg/ml) than with HMG (P < 0.01) or GnRHa/HMG (P < 0.001). IL-8 ranged from 32 to 1241 pg/ml (147, 117-178 pg/ml) and IL-1-ra from < 31 to > 10,000 pg/ml (156, 109-192 pg/ml). Cytokine levels did not correlate to oestradiol or progesterone concentrations. The ovarian cysts contained similar IL-8 (14-540 pg/ml) and IL-1 beta (< 30 pg/ml), but higher IL-6 (13.6-> 500 pg/ml) and lower IL-1-ra concentrations. We assume that IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1-ra are involved in peri-ovulatory cellular interactions. Thus, ovulation appears to be a cytokine-regulated process of an 'inflammation' (IL-6 and IL-8) followed by 'anti-inflammatory' reactions (IL-1-ra). (+info)