Evaluation of renal function in liver transplant recipients receiving daclizumab (Zenapax), mycophenolate mofetil, and a delayed, low-dose tacrolimus regimen vs. a standard-dose tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil regimen: a multicenter randomized clinical trial.
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Posttransplant chronic renal failure, secondary to calcineurin inhibitor agents, is emerging as a major problem in liver transplantation. We report a randomized clinical trial comparing daclizumab, delayed low-dose tacrolimus (target trough level 4-8 ng/mL, starting day 4-6), Investigational Arm (n = 72), to standard tacrolimus induction/maintenance dosing, Standard Arm (n = 76), with mycophenolate mofetil and tapering corticosteroids in both study arms. The end-points were renal function indicated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD). There was no significant difference in patient survival (86.6% Investigational Arm vs. 92.9% Standard Arm; P = 0.21) or acute rejection (23.2% vs. 27.7%, respectively; P = 0.68). Statistically significant differences in median glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were found in favor of the Investigational Arm. With the CG equation, the GFR at the end of the first week was 110.7 vs. 89.6 mL/min (P = 0.019) without significant differences thereafter. With the MDRD, statistically significant differences extended to the first posttransplant month (86.8 vs. 70.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P < 0.001) with and was seen at month 6 (75.4 vs. 69.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P = 0.038). In conclusion, delayed low-dose tacrolimus, in combination with daclizumab and mycophenolate mofetil, preserves early renal function post-liver transplantation without the cost of increased acute rejection. (+info)
Renal function after orthotopic liver transplantation is predicted by duration of pretransplantation creatinine elevation.
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In patients with recent onset renal insufficiency, the decision to perform combined kidney/liver transplantation (CKLT) vs. orthotopic liver transplantation alone (OLTa) can be difficult. We hypothesized that duration of renal dysfunction may correlate with creatinine elevation after liver transplantation. We retrospectively identified 69 liver transplantation patients with pretransplantation creatinine > or =1.5 mg/dL (53 OLTa, 13 CKLT). Variables analyzed were presence of hepatorenal syndrome, creatinine, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, albumin, age, race, gender, cause of liver disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and history of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Duration of pretransplantation renal dysfunction was predictive of 6- and 12-month creatinine post-OLTa. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for prediction of 12-month renal insufficiency by renal dysfunction duration was 0.71; optimal duration cutoff was 3.6 weeks. We applied a multivariable model, derived from OLTa patients, to CKLT subjects with definite or possible hepatorenal syndrome. Predicted 12-month creatinine without renal transplantation was >2.0 mg/dL for each patient. CKLT patients as opposed to OLTa patients had longer duration of renal dysfunction (median, 18.1 vs. 2.7 weeks, P < 0.001), higher creatinine (median 4.0 versus 1.7 mg/dL, P < 0.001), and higher rate of pretransplantation RRT (62% vs. 7%, P < 0.001). Adjusting for baseline characteristics, CKLT patients had lower creatinine than OLTa patients at 6 months (P =0.15) and 12 months (P =0.01) after transplantation. In conclusion, duration, but not cause, of renal dysfunction predicts renal outcome in OLTa recipients. Prospective studies may use duration of renal dysfunction to help identify CKLT candidates. (+info)
Assessment of branched-chain amino Acid status and potential for biomarkers.
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BCAAs are not synthesized in the body in humans, but they are crucial in protein and neurotransmitter synthesis. The protein anabolic role of BCAAs seems to be mediated not only by their important role as a promoter of the translation process (and possibly acting at the transcription level) but also by inhibition of protein degradation. Leucine may play a critical role in these signaling pathways. Supplementation with BCAAs spares lean body mass during weight loss, promotes wound healing, may decrease muscle wasting with aging, and may have beneficial effects in renal and liver disease. BCAA supplementation is extensively used in the athletic field with the assumption of improved performance and muscle mass. Measuring serum BCAAs has limited clinical utility beyond the controlled setting because levels are affected by a variety of clinical states, and optimal levels in these scenarios have not been completely elucidated. We discuss the effects diet, hormones, stress, aging, and renal or liver dysfunction have on BCAA levels and how understanding the biological effects of BCAAs may help to develop biomarkers of BCAA status. We also discuss potential biomarkers of BCAA status. (+info)
Study progress on mechanism of severe acute pancreatitis complicated with hepatic injury.
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Study on the action mechanism of inflammatory mediators generated by the severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in multiple organ injury is a hotspot in the surgical field. In clinical practice, the main complicated organ dysfunctions are shock, respiratory failure, renal failure, encephalopathy, with the rate of hepatic diseases being closely next to them. The hepatic injury caused by SAP cannot only aggravate the state of pancreatitis, but also develop into hepatic failure and cause patient death. Its complicated pathogenic mechanism is an obstacle in clinical treatment. Among many pathogenic factors, the changes of vasoactive substances, participation of inflammatory mediators as well as OFR (oxygen free radical), endotoxin, etc. may play important roles in its progression. (+info)
Role of STAT3 in liver regeneration: survival, DNA synthesis, inflammatory reaction and liver mass recovery.
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The hepatoprotective effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been well documented. However, reports on the role of IL-6/STAT3 in liver regeneration are conflicting probably due to the fact that the model of Stat3 knockout mice were complicated with obesity and fatty liver, which may cause some secondary effects on liver regeneration. To study the direct role of STAT3 and to circumvent the problems of obesity and fatty liver in liver regeneration, we generated conditional STAT3 knockout in the liver (L-Stat3(-/-)) using a transthyretin-driven Cre-lox method. The L-Stat3(-/-) mice were born with the expected Mendelian frequency and showed no obesity or other obvious phenotype. After partial hepatectomy, mortality in the L-Stat3(-/-) mice was significantly higher than the littermate Stat3(f/+) controls in the early time points (<24 h). Hepatocyte DNA synthesis in the survived L-Stat3(-/-) mice slightly decreased as compared with Stat3(f/+) mice at 40 h after partial hepatectomy, whereas similar hepatocyte DNA synthesis was found at other time points and liver mass could be completely recovered in the L-Stat3(-/-) mice. In another model of liver regeneration induced by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), hepatocyte DNA synthesis in the CCl(4)-treated L-Stat3(-/-) mice also decreased as compared with Stat3(f/+) mice at 40 h after injection but not at other time points. In addition, infiltration of neutrophils and monocyte increased in the liver of CCl(4)-treated L-Stat3(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. In conclusion, STAT3 is required for survival in the acute stage after 70% hepatectomy and plays a role in inflammatory reaction after hepatocyte necrosis. However, the hepatocytic STAT3 may have limited role in liver mass recovery although DNA synthesis may be impaired. (+info)
Cardioembolic stroke followed by isolated celiac artery thromboembolism.
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A 78-year-old man with Parkinson's disease, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure was admitted to our hospital due to global aphasia and right-sided hemiparesis. A cardioembolic stroke from a left ventricular thrombus was diagnosed; several days later, anticoagulants were started. On the seventh day, the patient suddenly developed severe acidosis and kidney and liver dysfunction. He died the following afternoon. Autopsy revealed an isolated celiac artery embolism from the left ventricular thrombus. This is the first reported case of isolated celiac artery embolism occurring after acute ischemic stroke. (+info)
Hepatic injury in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass model.
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An increasing number of patients were undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and more attention had been paid to hepatic injury after CPB. This study was designed to study how CPB could induce and aggravate the hepatic injury in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=12): sham and CPB groups. Blood samples were collected at the beginning, at the cessation of CPB, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 24 h post-operation. Liver samples were harvested at 24 h after operation. In CPB group, the levels of serum liver enzymes and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase, malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase in liver tissue were significantly increased. In addition, swollen hepatocytes, vacuolization and congestion in sinusoids were observed. On the contrary, the activities of liver antioxidative enzymes and the concentration of glutathione (GSH) decreased remarkably. All results indicated that CPB would induce and aggravate hepatic injury by facilitating oxidative stress and the systemic inflammatory response. (+info)
Campylobacter insulaenigrae causing septicaemia and enteritis.
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Campylobacter insulaenigrae is a novel species that has been recently only isolated from marine mammals. This is the first report of C. insulaenigrae causing enteritis and septicaemia in a patient with end-stage hepatic and renal disease. (+info)