The human trochlear nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain.[citation needed] Injury to the trochlear ... the trochlear nerve is exclusively a motor nerve (somatic efferent nerve). The trochlear nerve is unique among the cranial ... trochlear nerve). Homologous trochlear nerves are found in all jawed vertebrates. The unique features of the trochlear nerve, ... The trochlear nerve (/ˈtrɒklɪər/), (lit. pulley-like nerve) also known as the fourth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IV, or CN IV ...

... oculomotor nerve palsy, trochlear nerve palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Parinaud's syndrome results from injury, either ... Diagnosis can be made via combination of physical exam, particularly deficits of the relevant cranial nerves. Confirmation can ... Parinaud's syndrome is a constellation of neurological signs indicating injury to the dorsal midbrain. More specifically, ... origin of cranial nerve III) and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, causing dysfunction to the motor function of the eye. Classically, it ...

The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... Trauma to the skull, disease of bone, such as Paget's disease, and injury to nerves during surgery are other causes of nerve ... The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) ... and trochlear nerve (IV); the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and ...

... trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve), ophthalmic sensory loss (from compression of the ophthalmic nerve), and maxillary sensory ... but may be difficult to appreciate in the setting of a complete third nerve injury. Because of its connections with the facial ... Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve Structures passing through the ... The maxillary nerve, division V2 of the trigeminal nerve travels through the lower portion of the sinus and exits via the ...

It gives passage to multiple structures, including the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducens nerve, ... The Oculomotor Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. Academic ... trochlear nerve (CN IV) lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) abducens nerve (CN VI) superior ... lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve (CN IV), recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery (anastomotic branch of ...

These are innerved from three cranial nerves: the abducens nerve, the trochlear nerve and the oculomotor nerve. Horizontal ... Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury. CRC Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4398-3656-9. C. Keith Barnes (May ... This action is mediated by the medial rectus muscle, which is innervated by Cranial nerve III. It is a type of vergence eye ... The extraocular muscles may have two types of fiber each with its own nerve supply, hence a dual mechanism.[citation needed] ...

6th nerve), Trochlear (4th nerve), and Oculomotor (3rd nerve). After nerve trauma around the eye, a combination of any two of ... Trauma to the nerve can be induced in cases such as surgical procedures, nerve inflammation, neuroma, and physical injury. ... Moreover, while the abducens and the trochlear nerve each innervate one specific muscle, the oculomotor nerve has many ... As the nerve attempts to recover, nerve miswiring results (see Mechanism of Action below). In patients with severe facial nerve ...

... innervated by abducens nerve (a.k.a. CN VI) and the superior oblique (innervated by trochlear nerve a.k.a. CN IV). The symptoms ... Reaction to injury: Brain histology (Report). Cornell University Medical College. Toronto Notes[full citation needed] Dawodu ST ... Pupillary dilation often precedes the somatic motor effects of CN III compression called oculomotor nerve palsy or third nerve ... The uncus can squeeze the oculomotor nerve (a.k.a. CN III), which may affect the parasympathetic input to the eye on the side ...

Inferior to the orbit is the infraorbital nerve which is purely sensory. Five cranial nerves (optic, oculomotor, trochlear, ... and loss of sensation of the cheek and upper gums from infraorbital nerve injury. The two broad categories of blowout fractures ... Direct orbital blunt injury Sports injury (squash ball, tennis ball etc.) Motor vehicle accidents Falls Assault sports work- ... The fractures can occur of pure floor, pure medial wall or combined floor and medial wall.They can occur with other injuries ...

... particularly Optic nerve (#2) sight, Oculomotor nerve (#3) eye movement, Trochlear nerve (#4) eye rotation, Abducens nerve (#6 ... see: Acquired brain injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Stroke, Brain damage, Frontal lobe injury and also the Federal ... Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve 4) controls most eye rotation (with head still, look up, down, left, right). Trigeminal nerve ( ... Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1) Smell. See also: olfactory receptor neurons Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Sight. See also: ...

These nerve fibers are responsible for pain perception when a joint is strained. Damaging the cartilage of joints (articular ... "Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot - Sesamoiditis Foot , Foot Health Facts - Foot Health Facts". www.foothealthfacts.org. Retrieved ... Types of articular surfaces include trochlear surfaces. Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their ... articulations Temporomandibular joints Sacroiliac joints Hip joints Knee joints Articulations of foot Unmyelinated nerve fibers ...

... some of which contain the cell bodies of neurons belonging to the cranial nerves. Not all cranial nerve nuclei contain α-MNs; ... Injury to α-MNs is the most common type of lower motor neuron lesion. Damage may be caused by trauma, ischemia, and infection, ... An exception is the trochlear nucleus in the brainstem, which innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye on the opposite ... These α-MNs provide the motor component of the spinal nerves that innervate muscles of the body. As in the brainstem, higher ...

It acts to extend the carpus and joints of the digits 3, 4, and 5. It is innervated by the radial nerve. Extensor carpi ulnar: ... In some breeds, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries (especially for hunting dogs). It can happen that some ... Trochlear Notch, Anconeal Process, Coronoid Processes (Medial and Lateral), Body of Ulna, Head of Radius, Body of Radius, ... It is innervated by the radial nerve. Anconeus: originates on the humerus and inserts on the proximal end of the ulna. It acts ...

... can caused by damage to the trochlear nerve (fourth cranial nerve), which supplies the superior oblique muscle of ... or toxic or traumatic brain injury. A rough categorization discerns between congenital torticollis and acquired torticollis. ... the accessory nerve) but the second, third and fourth cervical nerves are also involved. Pathologies in these blood and nerve ... When the trochlear nerve is damaged, the eye is extorted because the superior oblique is not functioning. The affected person ...

... sclerosis Stroke Thalamic hemorrhage Trauma Tumor Infantile cerebellar retinal degeneration Non-physiological Trochlear nerve ... Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (March 2018). "Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury". The ... Aniridia Bilateral congenital cataract Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia Idiopathic Leber's congenital amaurosis Optic nerve or ... A Cochrane Review on interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury, updated in June 2017, identified ...

Sporting injuries are the most common risk factor of causing a Maisonneuve fracture. Sport-related injuries were associated ... the development of peroneal nerve palsy following damage to the common peroneal nerve. extra-osseous ("outside of the bone") ... This is because, in a neutral or maximally dorsiflexed position of the foot, the trochlear surface of the talus may reduce ... This type of injury can be difficult to detect. The Maisonneuve fracture is typically a result of excessive, external rotative ...

In addition, there is the optic canal, which contains the optic nerve, or cranial nerve II, and is formed entirely by the ... Injury to any one of these structures by infection, trauma or neoplasm can cause temporary or permanent visual dysfunction, and ... The orbital surface presents medially by trochlear fovea and laterally by lacrimal fossa. The floor (inferior wall) is formed ... The infraorbital foramen contains the second division of the trigeminal nerve, the infraorbital nerve or V2, and sits on the ...

The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury. Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are ... This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the ... The structure to resist these forces is a pronounced keel on the trochlear notch on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for ... These help to reduce inflammation, pressure, and irritation of the nerve and around the nerve. Other simple fixes include ...

The olecranon fossa is large and deep and there is a prominent trochlear keel, which are important in maintaining stability in ... MH1 and MH2 exhibit perimortem (around the time of death) bone injuries consistent with blunt force trauma. This agrees with ... and the human brachial plexus is responsible for nerves and muscle innervation in the arms and hands enhancing motor control. ... For MH1, perimortem fracturing is most prominent on the jawbone and teeth, though it is possible that these injuries derived ...

Training factors that are especially stressful to a particular injury, such as degree of slope in a horse with a tendon injury ... In this case, the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve is severed. The procedure has been shown to have good results in ... The scarred ligaments shorten, making it easier for the patella to slip off the medial trochlear ridge and reducing locking of ... progressive rehabilitation program to try to prevent re-injury of the original tissue or injury to a new area now weakened by ...

... trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, ... Bruising may cause widespread damage to the nerve tracts that can lead to a condition of diffuse axonal injury. A fractured ... Injury to the brain can manifest in many ways. Traumatic brain injury, for example received in contact sport, after a fall, or ... This creates a nerve signal that passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve. From here, it passes through to the cochlear ...

Fourth cranial nerve palsy or trochlear nerve palsy, is a condition affecting cranial nerve 4 (IV), the trochlear nerve, which ... it is particularly vulnerable to traumatic injury. To compensate for the double-vision resulting from the weakness of the ... Because the trochlear nerve is the thinnest and has the longest intracranial course of the cranial nerves, ... When present at birth, it is known as congenital fourth nerve palsy. Harada-Ito procedure "Fourth Nerve Palsy". www.aao.org. ...

Eyes Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III) Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV) Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens ... Recovery rate also depends on the cause of the facial nerve palsy (e.g. infections, perinatal injury, congenital dysplastic). ... The facial nerve is the seventh of 12 cranial nerves. This cranial nerve controls the muscles in the face. Facial nerve palsy ... Facial nerve (VII) Accessory nerve disorder - Accessory nerve (XI) Pavlou, E., Gkampeta, A., & Arampatzi, M. (2011). Facial ...

Iatrogenic injury is also known to occur, with the abducens nerve being the most commonly injured cranial nerve in halo ... trochlear and oculomotor) into a single functional unit. Lesions of the abducens nucleus and the MLF produce observable sixth ... The abducens nerve or abducent nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VI, or simply CN VI, is a cranial ... The long course of the abducens nerve between the brainstem and the eye makes it vulnerable to injury at many levels. For ...

A fracture of the humerus in this region can result in radial nerve injury. The ulnar nerve lies at the distal end of the ... and the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna. Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front ... The radial nerve follows the humerus closely. At the midshaft of the humerus, the radial nerve travels from the posterior to ... The axillary nerve is located at the proximal end, against the shoulder girdle. Dislocation of the humerus's glenohumeral joint ...

The fourth (trochlear) and sixth (abducens) cranial nerves are located in the same compartment and can cause diagonal or ... traumatic brain injury, pregnancy (during which the pituitary enlarges) and treatment with estrogens. Hormonal stimulation ... The visual loss depends on which part of the nerve is affected. If the part of the nerve between the eye and the chiasm is ... In half of these cases, the oculomotor nerve (the third cranial nerve), which controls a number of eye muscles, is affected. ...

... is also commonly affected but fourth nerve, the trochlear nerve, (innervates the superior oblique muscle, which moves the eye ... These changes are thought to result from a microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (vasa nervorum ... When cranial nerves are affected, neuropathies of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve #3 or CNIII) are most common. The ... Damage to a specific nerve of the thoracic or lumbar spinal nerves can occur and may lead to painful syndromes that mimic a ...

This ligament acts to keep the patella within the trochlear groove during flexion and extension. It is rarely injured from a ... Widjicks CA, Westerhaus BD, Brand EJ, Johansen S, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF (2010). "Sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve in ... Acute grade III injuries with concomitant multiligament injuries or knee dislocation involving medial side injury should ... Medial knee injuries (those to the inside of the knee) are the most common type of knee injury. The medial ligament complex of ...