1976). "Mechanism of the inhibition of transcription by pr toxin, a mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti". Chemico-Biological ... Penicillin Roquefort Toxin (PR toxin) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Penicillium roqueforti. In 1973, PR toxin was first ... When exposed to air, PR toxin may decompose. How and why this happens, is however not known. PR toxin is derived from the 15- ... The RNA polymerases I & II, the two main RNA polymerase systems in the liver, are affected by the toxin. The toxin needs no ...
... biological functions and applications of the AB5 toxins". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 35 (7): 411-418. doi:10.1016/j.tibs. ... AB5 Toxins Biochemistry Cholera toxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Subtilase Le Nours, J.; Paton, A. W.; Byres, E.; Troy, S.; ... Cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, and shiga toxin all have their targets in the cytosol of the cell. After their B subunit binds ... Under the categorize-by-A rule, it is a Ptx-family toxin. Shiga toxin, also known as Stx, is a toxin that is produced by the ...
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (7): 4302-4309. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.7.4302. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9020148. Goldstein, S.A ... "On the Convergent Evolution of Animal Toxins CONSERVATION OF A DIAD OF FUNCTIONAL RESIDUES IN POTASSIUM CHANNEL-BLOCKING TOXINS ... Pi4 (α-KTx 6.4) is a short toxin from the scorpion Pandinus imperator that blocks specific potassium channels. The name Pi4 is ... "Kalium: Scorpion Toxins Active on Potassium Channels". kaliumdb.org. Retrieved 2016-10-09. Dauplais, Marc; Lecoq, Alain; Song, ...
Hcp toxins MafB toxins Hayes, C. S; Koskiniemi, S; Ruhe, Z. C; Poole, S. J; Low, D. A (2014). "Mechanisms and Biological Roles ... Colicins Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition (CDI) systems: CdiA toxins Rhs toxins "Extended" VgrG toxins "Extended" ... The immunity protein is present in the cytoplasm to protect the toxin producing-cell both from auto-intoxication and from toxin ... Jamet, Anne; Nassif, Xavier (2015). "New Players in the Toxin Field: Polymorphic Toxin Systems in Bacteria". mBio. 6 (3): ...
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (27): 15950-15962. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.27.15950. PMID 8663157. (Neurotoxins, Ion channel ... a type I toxin from the giant Caribbean sea anemone shows structural similarities to both type I and II toxins, as well as ... Scorpion Toxin and Sea Anemone Toxin in the S3-S4 Extracellular Loop in Domain IV of the Na+ Channel Subunit". ... The toxin seems to have no effect on other mammalian Nav channel subtypes, although its effect on subtype rNav1.1 and Nav1.9 ...
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (25): 16010-16017. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.25.16010. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9188504. Frankel, ... This scorpion toxin was named WaTx because it targets TRPA1 in a similar fashion as plant-derived irritants, such as mustard ... Once the toxin arrives in the cell, it activates TRPA1 via an intracellular domain in the lower part of voltage-sensing ... Wasabi receptor toxin (WaTx) is the active component of the venom of the Australian black rock scorpion Urodacus manicatus. ...
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (27): 16782-6. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.27.16782. PMID 9642235. Just I, Selzer J, von Eichel- ... Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, Minton NP (October 2010). "The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium ... Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin generated by Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile ... It is similar to Clostridium difficile Toxin B. The toxins are the main virulence factors produced by the gram positive, ...
"Low pH-induced formation of ion channels by Clostridium difficile toxin B in target cells". Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... These bacterial toxins have been shown to be associated with Clostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin (TcsH), lethal toxin (TcsL ... toxin B activity had more detrimental cytotoxic effects in comparison with toxin A. Therefore, the activity of toxin A is ... Toxin B (TcdB) is a cytotoxin that has a molecular weight of 270 kDa and an isoelectric point, pl, of 4.1. Toxin B has four ...
The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (53): 37644-37650. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52940-4. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10608820. ... RTX-toxin family, 1.C.11.1.1) and the MARTX toxins (CCT family, 1.C.57.3.4) (multifunctional autoprocessing RTX toxins). MARTX ... RTX toxins have been found in numerous strains of pathogenic E. coli. The prototypical RTX toxin, α-haemolysin (HlyA; TC# 1.C. ... The RTX-toxin family (TC# 1.C.11) (subfamily of RTX-toxin superfamily) is a large family of multidomain Gram-negative bacterial ...
The biological activities of tutin have been reported to be nearly identical with those of the other picrotoxane sesquiterpenes ... The toxin was known to come from the tutu plant. However, neither the nectar nor the pollen of the tutu plant contain this ... In the New Zealand toxin honey two main structures of tutin conjugates were found; 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-tutin and 2-[6'-(α-D- ... However, it was recommended that a more specific toxin should be used. In humans it also has a toxic effect. Although the exact ...
"Potassium channel modulation by a toxin domain in matrix metalloprotease 23". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (12): ... It shares phylogenetic relatedness to sea anemone toxins and ICR-CRISP domains, being most similar to the BgK toxin from sea ... "Looking over toxin-K(+) channel interactions. Clues from the structural and functional characterization of α-KTx toxin Tc32, a ... Another well-studied toxin of the family is BgK from Bunodosoma granulifera. An analogue of ShK called ShK-186 or Dalazatide is ...
Significance in mice Purkinje neurons". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (29): 20326-37. doi:10.1074/jbc.M600565200. ... Beta-mammal toxin Cn2, also known as Cn2 toxin, is a single chain β-scorpion neurotoxic peptide and the primary toxin in the ... CssIV, a β-toxin that shares 57 out of 66 amino acid residues with the Cn2 toxin according to NMR analysis, mainly binds to the ... Cn2 toxin is one of the most noxious peptides against mammals. Cn2 was initially purified and sequenced under the name of toxin ...
The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (52): 43454-63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.402693. PMC 3527932. PMID 23129767. Robson J, ... Their toxins add ADP-ribose to guanosine bases (DarT1 toxin) or thymidine bases (DarT2 toxin), and their antitoxins remove the ... Toxin-antitoxin systems are typically classified according to how the antitoxin neutralises the toxin. In a type I toxin- ... The toxin is usually a protein while the antitoxin can be a protein or an RNA. Toxin-antitoxin systems are widely distributed ...
These toxins are potent but also highly specific to a limited range of target insects, making them safe biological control ... Binary toxins, such as anthrax lethal and edema toxins (Main article: Anthrax toxin), C. perfringens iota toxin and C. ... Toxins such as C. perfringens iota toxin and C. botulinum C2 toxin, attach a ribosyl-ADP moiety to surface arginine residue 177 ... Insecticidal toxins in the Toxin-10 family show an overall similarity to the aerolysin and Etx/Mtx2 toxin structures but differ ...
"The nucleotide and partial amino acid sequence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261 (33 ... In general, the toxin is not produced by bacteria growing in the blood; rather, it is produced at the local site of an ... Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus ... These studies containing TSST-1 indicate that the TCR binding domain lies at the top of the back side of this toxin, though the ...
The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (24): 18199-207. doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.112912. PMC 2881744. PMID 20385557. Nesić D, Hsu ... Cytolethal distending toxins are classified as AB toxins, with an active ("A") subunit that directly damages DNA and a binding ... Cytolethal distending toxins (abbreviated CDTs) are a class of heterotrimeric toxins produced by certain gram-negative bacteria ... 257-270 Guerra L, Cortes-Bratti X, Guidi R, Frisan T (March 2011). "The biology of the cytolethal distending toxins". Toxins. 3 ...
"Naturally occurring disulfide-bound dimers of three-fingered toxins: a paradigm for biological activity diversification". The ... Three-finger toxins (abbreviated 3FTx) are a protein superfamily of small toxin proteins found in the venom of snakes. Three- ... Strydom, D. J. (December 1973). "Snake Venom Toxins: The Evolution of Some of the Toxins Found in Snake Venoms". Systematic ... and muscarinic toxins with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The three-finger toxin superfamily is defined by a ...
"Biological activities and pore formation of Clostridium perfringens beta toxin in HL 60 cells". The Journal of Biological ... C. perfringens beta toxin shows 28% homology with S. aureus alpha toxin and similar homology to S. aureus gamma-toxin and ... Because C. perfringens beta toxin shares homology with S. aureus pore-forming alpha toxin, it was hypothesized that beta toxin ... "Biological activities and pore formation of Clostridium perfringens beta toxin in HL 60 cells". The Journal of Biological ...
The T-2 toxin was found after civilians ate wheat that was contaminated by the Fusarium Fungi, during WWII from a biological ... Alpha toxin Anthrax toxin Dinotoxin Cyanotoxin Diphtheria toxin Exotoxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Shiga-like toxin K R ... Toxin A and toxin B are two toxins produced by Clostridium difficile. Toxin A and toxin B are glycosyltransferases that cause ... Shiga toxins (Stxs), responsible for foodborne illnesses, are a classification of toxins produced by Shiga toxin-producing ...
Veterinary Biological Product License issued by the Administrator to prepare a biological product. Applicants who apply for an ... The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act or VSTA (P.L. 430 of 1913, as amended; 21 U.S.C. 151-158) was United States Federal legislation ... The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act - A Brief History and Analysis (1913 in American law, 62nd United States Congress, United States ... U.S. Veterinary Biological Product License: The operator of the establishment has to submit a written application to the ...
Increased intracellular cAMP affects normal biological signaling. The toxin causes several systemic effects, among which is an ... Bagley K, Abdelwahab S, Tuskan R, Fouts T, Lewis G (2002). "Pertussis toxin and the adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella ... Carbonetti NH (2010). "Pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin: key virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis and cell ... different genetic changes have been described surrounding the pertussis toxin. ptxP is the pertussis toxin's promoter gene. ...
Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. 20: 703-711. doi:10.5134/175749. hdl:2433/175749. Gonoi, T.; Hille, B. ( ... Goniopora toxin (GPT) is a polypeptide toxin from the marine Goniopora species coral. Two toxins from this source have been ... The toxin acting on Na+ channels has a molecular weight of 12 kDa and consists of 105 amino acids. The GPT that acts on Ca2+ ... Noda, M.; Muramatsu, I.; Fujiwara, M.; Ashida, K. (1985). "Effects of Goniopora Toxin on Bullfrog Atrial Muscle Are Frequency- ...
Natural Sources and Biological Activities". Toxins. 13 (7): 495. doi:10.3390/toxins13070495. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 8310026. PMID ...
... venom toxins: Tools for biological purposes". Toxins. 3 (3): 309-344. doi:10.3390/toxins3030309. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 3202818. ... The venom is identical in male and female spiders, but females can have almost twice the concentration of toxins. For unknown ... Vetter, R.S. (2008). "Spiders of the genus Loxosceles: A review of biological, medical, and psychological aspects regarding ...
... chemical and biological characterization". FEBS Lett. 499 (3): 256-261. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02558-3. PMID 11423127. S2CID ... Some assassin bug toxins are listed below: Agriosphodrus dohrni toxin Ado1. Isyndus obscurus toxin Iob1. Peirates turpis toxin ... Insect toxins are various protein toxins produced by insect species. Assassin bugs, sometimes known as kissing bugs, are one of ... Assassin bug toxins are small peptides with disulfide connectivity that target ion channels. They are relatively homologous to ...
Biological Properties and Their Involvement in Cancer Development". Toxins. 10 (6): 214. doi:10.3390/toxins10060214. PMC ... Humans can be exposed to the toxins through consumption of contaminated milk and other foods. The effect of aflatoxin M1 was ... Cancer Res., 47, 1913....: 1917 G. N. Wogan; S. Paglialunga (14 November 1973). "Carcinogenicity of synthetic A FLA toxin M 1 ...
PDF Sharma Om P., Dawra Rajinder K., Kurade Nitin P., Sharma Pritam D. (1999). "A review of the toxicosis and biological ... properties of the genus Eupatorium". Natural Toxins. 6 (1): 1-14. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199802)6:1. 3.0.CO;2-E. PMID ...
It may have similarities to sea nettle toxin. Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins and smaller molecules. The main ... "Adolapin". Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, MDI Biological Laboratory and North Carolina State University. 24 August 2017. ... Chaisakul J, Hodgson WC, Kuruppu S, Prasongsook N (2016). "Effects of Animal Venoms and Toxins on Hallmarks of Cancer". Journal ... Apitoxins are under preliminary research for their potential biological effects, such as in cancer. Apitherapy Bee sting ...
Yasumoto, Takeshi (2001). "The chemistry and biological function of natural marine toxins". The Chemical Record. 1 (3): 228-242 ... Also the process of toxin molecule aggregation may be involved in the main mechanism of the haemolytic activity. Prymnesin-2 is ... Igarashi, T.; Aritake, S.; Yasumoto, T. (1998). "Biological activities of prymnesin-2 isolated from a red tide alga Prymnesium ... Prymnesin-2 causes hemolysis by direct interaction between toxin and cell surface. Partly due to interaction with cellular ...
The botulinum toxin theory has not found widespread acceptance among scholars. Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts ... Carus, W. Seth (2001). Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. ... 73 anti-tank grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain the toxin. The authors say that only circumstantial ... Middlebrook and Franz (1998). Botulinum toxins (PDF). Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of ...
The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention was signed by the US, UK, USSR and other nations, as a ban on "development, ... United States biological weapons program United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction § Biological weapons Soviet biological ... Toxins: Botulinum, Ricin, etc. The earliest documented incident of the intention to use biological weapons is possibly recorded ... There are numerous other instances of the use of plant toxins, venoms, and other poisonous substances to create biological ...