This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA replicase.[clarification needed] A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein may ... RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase to form an RNA strand. Hydrogen bonds of the RNA-DNA ... small nuclear RNA (snRNA), or enzymatic RNA molecules called ribozymes as well as larger non-coding RNAs such as ribosomal RNA ... RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase was established in vitro by several laboratories by 1965; however, the RNA synthesized by these ...

"RNA helicase activity of Semliki Forest virus replicase protein NSP2". FEBS Letters. 448 (1): 19-22. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99) ... Replication occurs via a negative strand intermediate giving rise to a full length genomic RNA for export in new virions and a ... The Semliki Forest virus is a positive-strand RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13,000 base pairs which encodes nine ... The 5' two thirds of the genome encode four non-structural proteins concerned with RNA synthesis; the structural proteins are ...

Doudna, Jennifer Anne (1989). Towards the Design of an RNA Replicase (Ph.D. thesis). Harvard University. OCLC 23230360. ... Her Ph.D. dissertation was on a system that increased the efficiency of a self-replicating catalytic RNA and was supervised by ... This initial work to solve large RNA structures led to further structural studies on an internal ribosome entry site(IRES) and ... Early in her scientific career, Doudna worked to uncover the structure and biological function of RNA enzymes or ribozymes. ...

RNA1 is required in replication as it encodes for RNA replicase components. This RNA contains structural elements within the 3 ... RCNMV contains a genome that encodes for two positive sense RNA strands known as RNA1 and RNA2 and both these RNA strands lack ... UTR was shown to also play a role in RNA stability. Removal of the secondary structure correlated with a decrease in RNA ... RNA. 7 (12): 1743-1752. PMC 1370214. PMID 11780631. Pfingsten JS, Kieft JS (July 2008). "RNA structure-based ribosome ...

For RNA-based phages, RNA replicase is synthesized early in the process. Proteins modify the bacterial RNA polymerase so it ... April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". ... RNA phages such as MS2 have the smallest genomes, with only a few kilobases. However, some DNA phages such as T4 may have large ... Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have structures that are either simple or ...

Bacteriophage RNA replicase keeps the template and daughter strand separated during RNA synthesis; duplex RNA is not an ... Borst P, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA, 8. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of replication of MS2 RNA. Proc Natl Acad ... RNA splicing is required to make the messenger RNA for a variant surface antigen in trypanosomes. NAR. 1982;10:3591-604. Kooter ... 1977;80:360-4. Heyting C, Meijlink FC, Verbeet MP, Sanders JP, Bos JL, Borst P. Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region ...

OrfB (Q04350) cleaves into a p48 C8 protease and the RNA replicase-helicase. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication ... Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement ... follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. ...

... and the β-subunit of an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) termed the replicase. The genome is highly structured, regulating ... The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that replicates both the positive and negative RNA strands is a complex of four proteins: the ... He ended up with Spiegelman's Monster, a minimal RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that can be replicated by Qβ replicase. ... All positive-strand RNA phages encode a maturation protein, whose function is to bind the host pilus and the viral RNA. The ...

One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase), which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded ... Negative-sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an RNA-dependent RNA ... This means that the virus must bring along with it the enzyme RNA replicase. The positive-sense RNA molecule then acts as viral ... Negative-sense ssRNA viruses (Group V) must have their genome copied by an RNA replicase to form positive-sense RNA. ...

1976). "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature. 260 ... The intervening sequences in the RNA strand are first spliced out so that only the RNA segment left behind after splicing would ... 1964: Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that the direction of DNA to RNA transcription can be reversed. 1964: Lysenkoism ... 1933: Jean Brachet, while studying virgin sea urchin eggs, suggested that DNA is found in cell nucleus and that RNA is present ...

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, produces RNA (ribonucleic acid) from RNA. RNA-dependent DNA ... RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, which synthesizes RNA from RNA, and RNA-dependent DNA ... It includes RNA viruses that encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well as reverse-transcribing viruses (with either RNA ... All members of Riboviria contain a gene that encodes for an RNA-dependent polymerase, also called RNA-directed polymerase. ...

"Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". Nature. 260 ( ...

"Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: Primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". Nature. 260 ( ... DNA and RNA-based approaches. A further important step was the introduction of phylogenetic markers such as the 16S rRNA gene ... RNA (metatranscriptomics), protein (metaproteomics), and metabolites (metabolomics). In that order, the focus of the studies ...

"Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". Nature. 260 ( ... Viroids are circular molecules RNA which do not have any protein-coding genes at all, although the RNA molecule itself acts as ... For instance, bacteriophage MS2 consists of only 3569 nucleotides (single-stranded RNA) and encodes just four proteins which ... such as an RNA world genome which does not have the need for DNA replication machinery, which is otherwise part of the minimal ...

April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". ... On the general nature of the RNA code". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 53 (5 ... Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the ... Nirenberg M, Leder P, Bernfield M, Brimacombe R, Trupin J, Rottman F, O'Neal C (May 1965). "RNA codewords and protein synthesis ...

Synergism of mutations in bacteriophage Q_ RNA affecting host factor dependence of Q_ replicase. J. Mol. Biol. 295:149-154. The ... Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood. Nature 406:625-628. Wichman, H. A., L. A. Scott, C ... Altered 3'-terminal RNA structure in phage Q_ adapted to host factor-less Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10239 ... Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet. Nature 348:454-455. Turner, P. E., and L. Chao. 2003. Escape from ...

"Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". Nature. 260 ( ... RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of ... A successful RNA extraction will yield a RNA sample that should be converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse ... Viral genomes can be based in DNA or RNA. RNA viruses are more time-sensitive for genome sequencing, as they degrade faster in ...

The translation start of the replicase gene is normally hidden within RNA secondary structure, but can be transiently opened as ... Once the viral RNA has entered the cell, it begins to function as a messenger RNA for the production of phage proteins. The ... The positive-stranded RNA genome serves as a messenger RNA, and is translated upon viral uncoating within the host cell. ... The start of the maturation protein gene is accessible in RNA being replicated but hidden within RNA secondary structure in the ...

"Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". Nature. 260 ( ... The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded RNA or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA ... It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non- ... Retrotransposons are composed of DNA, but are transcribed into RNA for transposition, then the RNA transcript is copied back to ...

April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". ... These were the fundamental molecules that combined in series to form the original RNA genome. Molecules as complex as RNA must ... RNA. 17 (5): 792-8. doi:10.1261/rna.2658311. PMC 3078729. PMID 21398401. Sharon D, Glusman G, Pilpel Y, Horn-Saban S, Lancet D ... RNA is composed of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus ...

"Evidence for de novo production of self-replicating and environmentally adapted RNA structures by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase ... Both selection and screening can be performed in living cells (in vivo evolution) or performed directly on the protein or RNA ... Directed evolution has its origins in the 1960s with the evolution of RNA molecules in the "Spiegelman's Monster" experiment. ... When performed without cells, DE involves using in vitro transcription translation to produce proteins or RNA free in solution ...

"Evidence for de novo production of self-replicating and environmentally adapted RNA structures by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase ... biogenesis and increasing the expression of ribosomal protein clusters and non-coding RNAs such as nucleolar small RNAs. ...

Chai Y, Winans SC (June 2005). "A small antisense RNA downregulates expression of an essential replicase protein of an ... Furthermore, there is a small RNA known as RepE encoded between repB and repC that lowers the expression of repC. RepE is ... repE encodes for a small antisense RNA and is located between repB and repC. Additionally, there is a partitioning site (parS) ...

B1 is used as the end terminal for RNA replicase, but the function is to totally clear. B2 is a separate unique protein which ... Because the virus only has 2 initial RNAs, this is the simplest class of virus. There is an RNA 3 that does appear only in ... RNA1 sequence encodes for the virus' RNA-dependand RNA polymerase which is protein A. Thee virion also contains code for RNA2 ... Once in the cytoplasm, RNA is transcribed within envagininations of the host cell using its own RNA dependent polymerase. To ...

"Comparisons among the larger genome segments of six nodaviruses and their encoded RNA replicases". Journal of General Virology ... After comparing the RNA genome of this virus with that of other members of the Nodaviridae, it was found to be different and ... Boolarra virus typically measures around 30 nano-meters and is approximately 21 percent RNA. Boolarra virus is characterized by ...

RNA 1 is responsible for encoding the viral replicase protein P1. This family is required for negative strand RNA synthesis in ... The Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5′ UTR stem-loop represents a putative stem-loop structure found in the 5′ UTR in RNA 1 of ... Page for Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5′ UTR stem-loop at Rfam v t e (Cis-regulatory RNA elements, Bromoviridae, All stub ... untranslated region of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 is involved in negative-strand RNA synthesis". Journal of Virology. 77 (20): ...

... (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. ... This RNA-directed RNA polymerase possesses a number of short regions and motifs homologous to other RNA-directed RNA ... By inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase function, new RNAs cannot be replicated from an RNA template strand, however, DNA- ... The use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase plays a major role in RNA interference in eukaryotes, a process used to silence gene ...

... including the first description of an RNA replicase. After his PhD, Baltimore returned to MIT for postdoctoral research with ... VSV entered a host cell as a single negative strand of RNA, but brought with it RNA polymerase to stimulate the processes of ... History of RNA biology List of Jewish Nobel laureates List of RNA biologists Baltimore classification 73079 Davidbaltimore " ... At MIT, Huang, Baltimore, and graduate student Martha Stampfer discovered that VSV replication involved an RNA-dependent RNA ...

For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are ... An interesting fact that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 16S ribosomal RNA analysis, omics, and other advanced ...

Visser CM (1984). "Evolution of biocatalysis 1. Possible pre-genetic-code RNA catalysts which are their own replicase". Origins ... In brief, a circularly permutated (CP) ribozyme RNA was generated by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase. The 5' and ... Beckert, Bertrand; Masquida, Benoît (2011), Nielsen, Henrik (ed.), "Synthesis of RNA by In Vitro Transcription", RNA: Methods ... as well as intron RNA circularization. The other catalytic RNA domain is the group I-like ribozyme (GIR1) directly involved in ...