Examples include the following: Drosophila glutamate receptor. The term "pseudo-pseudogene" was coined for the gene encoding ... the chemosensory ionotropic glutamate receptor Ir75a of Drosophila sechellia, which bears a premature termination codon (PTC) ... However, in vivo the D. sechellia Ir75a locus produces a functional receptor, owing to translational read-through of the PTC. ... Prieto-Godino LL, Rytz R, Bargeton B, Abuin L, Arguello JR, Peraro MD, Benton R (November 2016). "Olfactory receptor pseudo- ...

The CNS homolog is glutamate and its receptors, and one of special significance is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It ... NMDA glutamate receptor activation increases Wnt2 expression. Long term potentiation (LTP) due to NMDA activation and ... The major neurotransmitter in this system is glutamate. Wnt is needed to localize glutamatergic receptors on postsynaptic ... The NMDA receptor function is associated with the estrogen receptor in hippocampal neurons. Experiments conducted with ...

... metabotropic glutamate receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAB receptors. The G protein-coupled receptors have ... A metabotropic receptor, also referred to by the broader term G-protein-coupled receptor, is a type of membrane receptor that ... G protein-coupled receptors are all metabotropic receptors. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, a guanine ... The nervous system utilizes two types of receptors: metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. While ionotropic receptors form an ...

Cleland, Thomas A.; Selverston, Allen I. (1997). "Dopaminergic Modulation of Inhibitory Glutamate Receptors in the Lobster ...

Other mechanisms include affecting calcium currents, GABA activity and glutamate receptors. The mechanism of actions of most ... Second generation antipsychotics also bind with serotonin 5HT2 receptors at a high affinity, which is suggested to be the cause ... antipsychotics is post-synaptic blockage of brain dopamine D2 receptors. ...

ipRGCs contain membrane receptors for the neurotransmitters glutamate, glycine, and GABA. Photosensitive ganglion cells respond ... However, a visual role for the receptor was still unsuspected and unproven. Attempts were made to hunt down the receptor in ... Glutamate has an excitatory effect on SCN neurons, and PACAP appears to enhance the effects of glutamate in the hypothalamus. ... Most work suggests that the peak spectral sensitivity of the receptor is between 460 and 484 nm. Lockley et al. in 2003 showed ...

NMDA receptors are multimeric ionotropic glutamate receptors composed of four subunits. GluN1 is obligate for functional ... glycine-binding NMDA receptor subunit 1) and GluN2B (glutamate-binding NMDA receptor subunit 2) subunits. Additionally, ... NMDA receptor antagonists, Piperidines, Phenylethanolamines, Sigma receptor ligands, Phenols, Substituted amphetamines, All ... Reynolds IJ, Miller RJ (1989). "Ifenprodil is a novel type of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist: interaction with ...

Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2, also known as ionotropic glutamate receptor 6 or GluR6, is a protein that ... This gene encodes a subunit of a kainate glutamate receptor. This receptor may have a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, ... including AMPA receptor subunits (GluR2, GluR3, GluR4) and kainate receptor subunits (GluR5, GluR6). Glutamate-gated ion ... "Heteromer formation of delta2 glutamate receptors with AMPA or kainate receptors". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 110 (1): 27-37. ...

NMDA receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The receptors are clustered at postsynaptic membranes of neurons ... Activation of the receptor requires binding of its main agonist, glutamate, as well as its co-agonist, glycine. Upon binding of ... receptor, which leads to dysfunction of glutamate signaling. GRIN disorders are universally characterized by a varying degree ... Subunits of NMDA receptor are encoded by GRIN genes: GRIN1 codes for GluN1; GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, and GRIN2D code for GluN2 A ...

Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN3A gene. This gene encodes a subunit of ... "Entrez Gene: GRIN3A glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3A". Schröder HC, Perovic S, Kavsan V, Ushijima H, ... "HIV-1 Tat through phosphorylation of NMDA receptors potentiates glutamate excitotoxicity". J. Neurochem. 78 (3): 457-67. doi: ... the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR) receptors, which belong to the superfamily of glutamate-regulated ion channels, and function ...

... has demonstrated the ability to selectively block postsynaptic glutamate potentials and AMPA glutamate receptors. It ... Kawai, Nobufumi (1991). "Spider toxin and pertussis toxin differentiate post- and presynaptic glutamate receptors". ... "Newly synthesized analogues of the spider toxin block the crustacean glutamate receptor". Neuroscience Research. 5 (1): 82-85. ... Kawai, Nobufumi; Niwa, Akiko; Abe, Takashi (1982). "Spider venom contains specific receptor blocker of glutaminergic synapses ...

It was one of the first compounds found that acts as a selective antagonist for the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors ( ... Altinbilek B, Manahan-Vaughan D (January 2009). "A specific role for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in hippocampal ... Iserhot C, Gebhardt C, Schmitz D, Heinemann U (November 2004). "Glutamate transporters and metabotropic receptors regulate ... Cahusac PM, Wan H (April 2007). "Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors reduce excitatory but not inhibitory ...

2003). "Heteromer formation of delta2 glutamate receptors with AMPA or kainate receptors". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 110 (1): ... Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK5 gene. This gene encodes a protein ... "Entrez Gene: GRIK5 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 5". Mehta S, Wu H, Garner CC, Marshall J (May 2001). "Molecular ... January 1995). "The genes encoding the glutamate receptor subunits KA1 and KA2 (GRIK4 and GRIK5) are located on separate ...

Glutamate: Studies have shown that local blockade of glutamatergic NMDA receptors in the NAcc core impaired spatial learning. ... It has been demonstrated that D1 receptors form the hetero-oligomer with D2 receptors, and that the D1-D2 receptor hetero- ... Another study demonstrated that both NMDA and AMPA (both glutamate receptors) play important roles in regulating instrumental ... Glucocorticoids and dopamine: Glucocorticoid receptors are the only corticosteroid receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell. L- ...

His early research focused on the modulation of glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. During this period he and ... Hume, R.; Dingledine, R.; Heinemann, S. (30 August 1991). "Identification of a site in glutamate receptor subunits that ... Bennett, JA; Dingledine, R (February 1995). "Topology profile for a glutamate receptor: three transmembrane domains and a ... "Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels: Structure, Regulation, and Function". Pharmacological Reviews. 62 (3): 405-496. doi:10.1124/pr ...

... (glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 4) is a kainate receptor subtype belonging to the family of ligand-gated ion ... "Entrez Gene: GRIK3 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 4". Paddock, Silvia; Laje, Gonzalo; Charney, Dennis; Rush, A. John; ... This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ionic channel family. Glutamate functions as the major ... "The genes encoding the glutamate receptor subunits KA1 and KA2 (GRIK4 and GRIK5) are located on separate chromosomes in human, ...

... and glutamate receptor trafficking (Pitchers et al., 2012). These findings suggest that natural and drug reward experiences ... altered glutamate receptor trafficking, and decreased synaptic strength in prefrontal cortex-responding NAc shell neurons ( ... including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and ...

... s act as antagonists of the AMPA, kainate, and/or NMDA receptors of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family. ... Dudić, Adela; Reiner, Andreas (2019). "Quinoxalinedione deprotonation is important for glutamate receptor binding". Biological ...

... and glutamate receptor trafficking (Pitchers et al., 2012). These findings suggest that natural and drug reward experiences ... altered glutamate receptor trafficking, and decreased synaptic strength in prefrontal cortex-responding NAc shell neurons ( ... dopamine acts on D1-like receptors or D2-like receptors to either stimulate (D1-like) or inhibit (D2-like) the production of ... NMDA receptors activate ERK through a different but interrelated Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Alone NMDA mediated activation of ERK ...

Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit also known as GluD1 or GluRδ1 is a transmembrane protein (1009 aa) encoded by the GRID1 gene ... "Entrez Gene: GRID1 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 1". Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Kikuno R, Hirosawa M, Nomura N, Ohara O ( ... This gene encodes a subunit of glutamate receptor ligand-gated ion channel. Most of these channels mediate fast excitatory ... Ly CD, Roche KW, Lee HK, Wenthold RJ (February 2002). "Identification of rat EMAP, a delta-glutamate receptor binding protein ...

September 2010). "Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function". Pharmacological Reviews. 62 (3): 405- ... AMPA receptor antagonists, Kainate receptor antagonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, Nitro compounds, Quinoxalines, Quinones, ... DNQX (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive antagonist at AMPA and kainate receptors, two ionotropic glutamate ... DNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist) displays significant effects on neurons. When applied to rat hippocampus neurons in culture ...

The cause is hypothesized to involve an immulogical attack against glutamate receptors, a common neurotransmitter in the brain ... Rogers (1994). "Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis". Science. 265 (5172): 648-651. Bibcode: ... These genes encode various nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.[citation needed] Benign centrotemporal lobe epilepsy of childhood ...

Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK3 gene. This gene encodes a protein ... "Entrez Gene: GRIK3 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 3". Nutt SL, Hoo KH, Rampersad V, et al. (1995). "Molecular ... 2006). "Ionotropic glutamate receptor gene GRIK3 SER310ALA functional polymorphism is related to delirium tremens in alcoholics ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor ...

... receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor cells. Implications for glial-neuronal ... "Entrez Gene: GRIP2 glutamate receptor interacting protein 2". Ko J, Na M, Kim S, Lee JR, Kim E (Oct 2003). "Interaction of the ... Glutamate receptor-interacting protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIP2 gene. GRIP2 has been shown to ... Ye B, Liao D, Zhang X, Zhang P, Dong H, Huganir RL (2000). "GRASP-1: a neuronal RasGEF associated with the AMPA receptor/GRIP ...

"Autoantibodies to Glutamate Receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's Encephalitis". Science. 265 (5172): 648-651. doi:10.1126/science. ... His work has demonstrated that seizure-induced activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) by its ligand Brain Derived ... "Excitatory amino acid receptors in epilepsy". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 11 (8): 334-338. doi:10.1016/0165-6147(90) ... "A Peptide Uncoupling BDNF Receptor TrkB from Phospholipase Cγ1 Prevents Epilepsy Induced by Status Epilepticus". Neuron. 88 (3 ...

Glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIP1 gene. GRIP1 (gene) has been shown ... "Entrez Gene: GRIP1 glutamate receptor interacting protein 1". Hirbec H, Perestenko O, Nishimune A, Meyer G, Nakanishi S, Henley ... 2002). "The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs". ... Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9Y3R0 (Human Glutamate receptor-interacting ...

The principle drug treatments on the market deal with antagonizing glutamate (NMDA) receptors at neuronal synapses, and ... This molecule binds multiple postsynaptic receptors including the NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, and kainate receptors. These ... However, when glutamate molecules in the synaptic cleft cannot be degraded or reused, often due to dysfunction of the glutamate ... Usually situated on dendritic spines, or neuronal membrane protrusions on which glutamate receptors and postsynaptic density ...

When U7-CNTX-Pn1a was tested on HEK 293 cells that were transfected with rTRPV1, capsaicin receptor, induced inward Ca2+ ... U7-CNTX-Pn1a inhibited the release of glutamate from the trigeminal ganglion. This together suggests that the toxin blocks ... TRPV1 receptors. In comparison to SB-366791, which is a selective TRPV1 blocker, the toxin was found to exert greater ...

2000). "Targeting of PKA to glutamate receptors through a MAGUK-AKAP complex". Neuron. 27 (1): 107-19. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273( ... 2000). "Assembly of an A kinase-anchoring protein-beta(2)-adrenergic receptor complex facilitates receptor phosphorylation and ... receptors by cAMP-dependent protein kinase via selective interaction with receptor beta subunits". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 22 (1 ...

Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN3B gene. NMDA receptor GRCh38: Ensembl ... "Entrez Gene: GRIN3B glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3B". Schröder HC, Perovic S, Kavsan V, et al. (1998 ... 2002). "Motoneuron-specific expression of NR3B, a novel NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit that works in a dominant-negative ... 2001). "HIV-1 Tat through phosphorylation of NMDA receptors potentiates glutamate excitotoxicity". J. Neurochem. 78 (3): 457-67 ...

Krogsgaard-Larsen, Povl (2002). Glutamate and GABA receptors and transporters : structure, function and pharmacology. Taylor & ... These changes rely on the precise timing of GABA receptors activation which in turn are dependent upon the release and ... Gadea A, López-Colomé AM (March 2001). "Glial transporters for glutamate, glycine, and GABA: II. GABA transporters". Journal of ... Zhou Y, Danbolt NC (2013-11-11). "GABA and Glutamate Transporters in Brain". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 4: 165. doi:10.3389/ ...

Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Tissue: Excitatory Transmission Outside the CNS. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 36-. ... AMPA receptor antagonists, Kainate receptor antagonists, Nitro compounds, Neuroprotective agents, NMDA receptor antagonists, ... In addition to its actions at the NMDA receptor, licostinel also acts as an antagonist of the AMPA and kainate receptors at ... Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM ...

Saugstad JA, Yang S, Pohl J, Hall RA, Conn PJ (March 2002). "Interaction between metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 and alpha ...

"ApoE4 reduces glutamate receptor function and synaptic plasticity by selectively impairing ApoE receptor recycling". ... The Reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR belong to the LDL receptor gene family. All members of this family are receptors for ... The Reelin receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), were discovered ... very-low-density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 control somatic NMDA receptor composition during ...

2001). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 mediates the potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate responses in medium spiny striatal ... 2005). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) antagonist MPEP attenuated cue- and schedule-induced reinstatement of nicotine ... Lea PM, Faden AI (2006). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 antagonists MPEP and MTEP". CNS Drug Reviews. 12 (2): 149- ... Li X, Need AB, Baez M, Witkin JM (October 2006). "Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonism is associated with ...

Popkirov SG, Manahan-Vaughan D (March 2011). "Involvement of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 in NMDA receptor- ... Zhang S, Manahan-Vaughan D (November 2014). "Place field stability requires the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5". ... A Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor at the Hub of Hippocampal Information Processing, Persistent Synaptic Plasticity, and Long- ... Lemon N, Manahan-Vaughan D (September 2012). "Dopamine D1/D5 receptors contribute to de novo hippocampal LTD mediated by novel ...