Heller's test
... is a chemical test that shows that strong acids cause the denaturation of precipitated proteins. Concentrated ... Heller's test is commonly used to test for the presence of proteins in urine. This test was discovered by the Austrian Chemist ... nitric acid is added to a protein solution from the side of the test tube to form two layers. A white ring appears between the ...
Inhibitor cystine knot
The ICK motif is a very stable protein structure which is resistant to heat denaturation and proteolysis. CK peptide components ... The cyclotide webpage The KNOTTIN Database (Protein structure, Neurotoxins, Ion channel toxins, Protein folds, Cysteine-rich ... Plant ICK proteins are often protease inhibitors. Knottins have high stability to pH, heat, and enzymes. Because of their ... The motif is also found in some inhibitor proteins found in plants, but the plant and animal motifs are thought to be a product ...
Breeding for heat stress tolerance
High temperature directly affect injuries such as protein denaturation and aggregation, and increased fluidity of membrane ... Expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), protein with 10 to 200 kDa, is supposed to be involved in signal transduction during ... The Stg1 and Stg2 regions also contain the genes for key photosynthetic enzymes, heat shock proteins, and an abscisic acid (ABA ... Other indirect or slower heat injuries involve inactivation of enzymes in chloroplast and mitochondria, protein degradation, ...
Urinary cast
Cast formation is pronounced in environments favoring protein denaturation and precipitation (low flow, concentrated salts, low ... Given the ubiquitous presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein, other cast types are formed via the inclusion or adhesion of other ... They are pathognomonic for high urinary protein nephrotic syndrome.[citation needed] Formed by the adhesion of metabolic ... granular casts can result either from the breakdown of cellular casts or the inclusion of aggregates of plasma proteins (e.g., ...
Protein microarray
An aqueous environment is essential at all stages of array manufacture and operation to prevent protein denaturation. Therefore ... Protein functional analysis is the identification of protein-protein interactions (e.g. identification of members of a protein ... protein-DNA, protein-RNA, protein-phospholipid, and protein-small-molecule interactions, to assay enzymatic activity and to ... A protein microarray (or protein chip) is a high-throughput method used to track the interactions and activities of proteins, ...
Protein engineering
Both thermal and chemical denaturation confirm that, all redesigned proteins, in agreement with the calculations, possess ... This knowledge of existing protein structure assists with the prediction of new protein structures. Methods for protein ... "Stabilization of a Protein Nanocage through the Plugging of a Protein-Protein Interfacial Water Pocket", Biochemistry, 50 (19 ... In rational protein design, a scientist uses detailed knowledge of the structure and function of a protein to make desired ...
Silanization of silicon and mica
With metal surfaces, protein denaturation, unstable and reversible binding, nonspecific and random immobilization of protein ... First, the proteins adsorbed on the surface are more stable over a wide range of conditions. The proteins also adopt a more ... Nanoscale analysis of proteins using atomic force microscopy (AFM) requires surfaces with well-defined topologies and ... Biomolecules, particularly proteins, can be immobilized simply on an unmodified substrate surface through hydrophobic or ...
Phage P22 tailspike protein
It was shown that like other viral fibrous proteins, P22 tailspike protein possesses a high stability against denaturation. ... The initial interest in tailspike proteins was in the study of the effect the mutations on protein folding. Some mutations ... Danner M, Seckler R (Nov 1993). "Mechanism of phage P22 tailspike protein folding mutations". Protein Science. 2 (11): 1869- ... These proteins share 70% sequence identity in their N-terminal domains, but no sequence similarities have been found in the C- ...
Cl6a
This comprises an extraordinarily stable protein structure, which is resistant to heat denaturation, extreme pH environments ...
Tvorog
Curd cheese unglazed with raisins Tvorog is one of the richest sources of complete protein. Due to denaturation, milk protein ... In this case, acid-rennet coagulation of milk proteins is used to obtain a clot. Fat-free Tvorog is cooled and mixed with cream ... According to the method of coagulation of milk proteins in the traditional way, Tvorog is divided into acid and acid-rennet. ... In this case, the protein coagulates under the action of lactic acid, which is formed in the process of lactic acid ...
Molecular imprinting
MIPs could especially be used for stabilization of proteins, particularly selective protection of proteins against denaturation ... However, a critical review of molecular imprinting of proteins by scientists from Utrecht University found that further testing ... doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81566-5. Kempe, Maria; Mosbach, Klaus (1995). "Separation of amino acids, peptides and proteins on ... Methods to utilize molecular imprinting techniques for mimicking linear and polyanionic molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and ...
Necrosis
Coagulation occurs as a result of protein denaturation, causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state. This pattern ... In adaptation to higher tendency of cell death, blind mole rats evolved a mutation in the tumor suppressor protein p53 (which ... and damage proteins and membranes. Antioxidant treatments can be applied to scavenge the ROS. Wounds caused by physical agents ...
Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
The stronger detergents in RIPA buffer (such as SDS) cause greater protein denaturation and decrease protein-protein ... to prevent non-specific interactions between proteins or with the tube anionic detergents (0.1-0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1-0.5% SDS ... proteomics and gene ontology reveal dramatic differences in protein solubilization preferences of radioimmunoprecipitation ...
Wine preservatives
Their principle is basically to make microbial protein coagulation or denaturation, thereby interfering with their growth and ...
DARPin
The proteins exhibit high thermal and thermodynamic stability (denaturation midpoint: usually equilibrium unfolding: ∆G > 9.5 ... DARPins are derived from naturally occurring ankyrin proteins, a protein class that mediates high-affinity protein-protein ... These proteins consist of repetitive structural units that form a stable protein domain with a large potential target ... They are derived from natural ankyrin repeat proteins, one of the most common classes of binding proteins in nature, which are ...
Alpha helix
This helix-coil transition was once thought to be analogous to protein denaturation. The statistical mechanics of this ... In classifying proteins by their dominant fold, the Structural Classification of Proteins database maintains a large category ... Since 2001 Voss-Andreae creates "protein sculptures" based on protein structure with the α-helix being one of his preferred ... α-Helices are also the most common protein structure element that crosses biological membranes (transmembrane protein), it is ...
Denaturation midpoint
... of a protein is defined as the temperature (Tm) or concentration of denaturant (Cm) at which both the ... However, for natural proteins this is not the case. There is an inherent asymmetry as evidenced by the difference in heat ... This would mean that the free energy of the folded state is lower at the denaturation midpoint than the unfolded state. In such ... "Exploring protein-folding ensembles: A variable-barrier model for the analysis of equilibrium unfolding experiments". ...
PKC alpha
"An infrared spectroscopic study of the secondary structure of protein kinase C alpha and its thermal denaturation". ... Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCA gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of ... Protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) is a specific member of the protein kinase family. These enzymes are characterized by their ... RACK and other proteins can regulate the expression of all PKC family proteins. In this particular study, however, only PKC ...
Balut (food)
This can be attributed to the changes in proteins, and their partial denaturation, during the heating and incubation process. ... After cooking, it can be considered a protein gel (depending on the length of time it was cooked). Heating high-protein food ... It is a relatively cheap source of protein and calcium. Balut was introduced to the Philippines by the Chinese in 1565 or ... When boiling or cooking eggs, the white of the egg tends to solidify because the proteins are denatured in an irreversible ...
Fuzhou people
A famous protein scientist, Hsien Wu was the first to propose that protein denaturation was a purely conformational change. ... Hsien Wu, a Chinese protein scientist who was the first to propose that protein denaturation was a purely conformational change ... corresponded to protein unfolding and not to some chemical alteration of the protein. Ray Wu, (born in Beijing) his son; A ...
Insect winter ecology
Changes in solute concentration and dehydration can cause changes in enzyme activity and lead to the denaturation of proteins. ... Pfister, Thomas D.; Storey, Kenneth B. (May 2006). "Responses of protein phosphatases and cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a ... Freeze-tolerant insects are known to produce ice nucleating proteins. The regulated production of ice nucleating proteins ... These antifreeze proteins are thought to stabilize SCPs by binding directly to the surface structures of the ice crystals ...
Insect farming
The temperature and duration of the heating will cause insect proteins' denaturation and changes the functional properties of ... Alternative sources of protein, such as insects, replace protein sourced from livestock and help decrease the number of ... and are a complete protein. The protein count of 100 g of cricket is nearly equivalent to the amount in 100 g of lean ground ... Beef contains more protein, with 23.5 grams in 100 grams of substance, but also has roughly three times the calories and four ...
His-tag
In order to avoid denaturation of proteins, it is generally desirable to use as mild a method as possible. Competition with ... "Protein-Protein Interactions: Pull-Down Assays", Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems: Methods and Protocols, Methods in ... Proteins can coordinate metal ions on their surface and it is possible to separate proteins using chromatography by making use ... Protein tag Maltose-binding protein-tag SpyTag Glutathione S-transferase-tag Hochuli E, Bannwarth W, Döbeli H, Gentz R, Stüber ...
Ancient protein
Ancient proteins are expected to lose their structural integrity over time, due to denaturation (protein unfolding) or other ... Ancient enamel proteins are useful when aDNA or other proteins do not survive, and they have been analysed to understand ... Ancient proteins also tend to be fragmented, damaged and altered. Proteins can be cleaved into small fragments over time, since ... However, ancient proteins are still one of the most informative biomolecules. Proteins tend to degrade more slowly than DNA, ...
Curculigo capitulata
The extract from the plant also displays inhibition of protein denaturation (500 µg/mL), indicating ability to prevent blood ...
Phaseolus acutifolius
... preventing proteins within the body of the plant from starting a denaturation process. A study, published in 2021, showed that ... trehalose is a sugar that in high concentrations is capable of protecting cell membranes and proteins from the denaturation ... binding genes coding for chitin-binding proteins, kinase activity, cell wall macromolecule catabolic/metabolic processes and ...
Harmonic scalpel
... which generates heat and causes protein denaturation. This technique causes minimal energy transfer to surrounding tissue, ...
Histology
Formalin fixation leads to degradation of mRNA, miRNA, and DNA as well as denaturation and modification of proteins in tissues ... The main action of these aldehyde fixatives is to cross-link amino groups in proteins through the formation of methylene ... However, extraction and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is possible using ... Fixatives generally preserve tissues (and cells) by irreversibly cross-linking proteins. The most widely used fixative for ...
TPM2
"Beta beta homodimers exist in native rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin and increase after denaturation-renaturation". Protein ... "Protein sequence of human TPM2 (Uniprot ID: P07951)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Retrieved 1 July ... "Protein sequence of human TPM2 (Uniprot ID: P07951-2)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Retrieved 1 ... "Protein sequence of human TPM2 (Uniprot ID: P07951-3)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Retrieved 1 ...
Hsp20
These seem to act as protein chaperones that can protect other proteins against heat-induced denaturation and aggregation. ... The heat shock protein Hsp20 family, also known as small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), is a family of heat shock proteins. ... Hsp20 has been studied extensively in cardiac myocytes and is known to act as a chaperon protein, binding to protein kinase 1 ( ... Recently, small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) were found in marine viruses (cyanophages). Hsp20, like all heat shock proteins, is ...
Enzyme inhibitor
For example, extremes of pH or temperature usually cause denaturation of all protein structure, but this is a non-specific ... which bind to ribonucleases in one of the tightest known protein-protein interactions. A special case of protein enzyme ... For example, some protein kinase inhibitors have chemical structures that are similar to ATP, one of the substrates of these ... Protein kinases can also be inhibited by competition at the binding sites where the kinases interact with their substrate ...
Native state
... as many proteins become insoluble on denaturation. Proteins in the native state will have defined secondary structure, which ... Amino acids widely separated in a protein's sequence may touch or lie very close to one another within a stably folded protein ... Learning how native state proteins can be manufactured is important, as attempts to create proteins from scratch have resulted ... While all protein molecules begin as simple unbranched chains of amino acids, once completed they assume highly specific three- ...