Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a family of multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complexes that produce polyketides, a large class of ... Shen, B (April 2003). "Polyketide biosynthesis beyond the type I, II and III polyketide synthase paradigms". Current Opinion in ... Helfrich, Eric J. N.; Piel, Jörn (2016). "Biosynthesis of polyketides by trans-AT polyketide synthases". Natural Product ... "Structure and function of the chalcone synthase superfamily of plant type III polyketide synthases". Natural Product Reports. ...

... and polyketide synthases (PKSs). KSs are divided into five families: KS1, KS2, KS3, KS4, and KS5. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is ... the two most common 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I and synthase II. 3-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase I (E.C. 2.3.1.41) is involved in the ... Polyketide synthases (PKS) are structurally and functionally related to FAS's, both which are enzymes that catalyze the ... "Polyketide synthases". www.rasmusfrandsen.dk. Retrieved 2016-05-04. Hertweck, Christian (2009-06-15). "The Biosynthetic Logic ...

Each polyketide synthases is unique to each polyketide chain because they contain different combinations of domains that reduce ... The polyketide chains produced by a minimal polyketide synthase (consisting of a acyltransferase and ketosynthase for the ... Polyketides are produced by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The core biosynthesis involves stepwise condensation of a starter unit ... Instead, they are found in gene clusters in the genome close to the polyketide synthase genes. Polyketides are a structurally ...

... which is involved in the biosynthesis of a polyketide antibiotic; polyketide antibiotic synthase enzyme systems; Emericella ... Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) ... Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases I and II only catalyze acyl-ACP reactions with malonyl ACP. Synthases I and II are capable of ... Its gene structure relative to that of other polyketide synthases". European Journal of Biochemistry. 192 (2): 487-98. doi: ...

Hopwood, D. A. (1997). "Genetic Contributions to Understanding Polyketide Synthases". Chemical Reviews. 97 (7): 2465-2498. doi: ... and for developing the programming of the pervasive process of polyketide synthesis". In 2002, he co-authored the sequencing of ...

The evolutionary history of fatty acid synthases are very much intertwined with that of polyketide synthases (PKS). Polyketide ... Furthermore, polyketide synthases also exhibit a Type I and Type II organization. FAS I in animals is thought to have arisen ... Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene. Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme ... Jenke-Kodama H, Sandmann A, Müller R, Dittmann E (October 2005). "Evolutionary implications of bacterial polyketide synthases ...

... or TYLS is a Type 1 polyketide synthase. TYLS is found in strains of Streptomyces fradiae and responsible ... "Mechanism and Stereospecificity of a Fully Saturating Polyketide Synthase Module: Nanchangmycin Synthase Module 2 and Its ... Because polyketide synthases catalyze stereospecific reactions, there is interest in engineering new molecules via PKS ... The domains of TYLS have similar activity domains to those found in other Type I polyketide synthase such as 6- ...

Khan N, Rawlings B, Caffrey P (Jan 26, 2011). "A labile point in mutant amphotericin polyketide synthases". Biotechnol. Lett. ... The natural route to synthesis includes polyketide synthase components. Rimocidin Filipin Candicin Hamycin Perimycin ...

... categorizes three enzyme isoforms (CURS1, 2, and 3), type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) present in the ... Austin MB, Noel JP (February 2003). "The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases". Natural Product ... "Structure and mechanism of chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthases". Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. ... Yu D, Xu F, Zeng J, Zhan J (April 2012). "Type III polyketide synthases in natural product biosynthesis". IUBMB Life. 64 (4): ...

"Engineering fatty acid synthases for directed polyketide production". Nat Chem Biol. 13 (4): 363-365. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2314 ... Mühleip AW, Joos F, Wigge C, Frangakis AS, Kühlbrandt W, Davies KM (2016). "Helical arrays of U-shaped ATP synthase dimers form ... A broad range of macromolecular complexes from CEF research areas A, C and D, including complex I, ATP synthase, drug ... Murphy BJ, Klusch N, Langer J, Mills DJ, Yildiz O, Kühlbrandt W (2019). "Rotary substates of mitochondrial ATP synthase reveal ...

The natural route to synthesis includes polyketide synthase components. The carbon chains of Amphotericin B are assembled from ... Khan N, Rawlings B, Caffrey P (June 2011). "A labile point in mutant amphotericin polyketide synthases". Biotechnology Letters ... deductions from analysis of polyketide synthase and late genes". Chemistry & Biology. 8 (7): 713-723. doi:10.1016/S1074-5521(01 ... sixteen 'C2' acetate and three 'C3'propionate units by polyketide syntheses (PKSs). Polyketide biosynthesis begins with the ...

Rearranging the modular units in natural polyketide synthases, combining modules from different enzymes, and incorporating ... "Rational Design and Assembly of Synthetic Trimodular Polyketide Synthases". Chemistry and Biology. 14 (2): 143-151. doi:10.1016 ... Kosan was one of a small number of biotech companies focussed on polyketide drug discovery and development. Another was Biotica ... Discodermolide is a recently discovered polyketide natural product found to be a potent inhibitor of tumor cell growth. Kosan ...

Abe I, Morita H (Jun 2010). "Structure and function of the chalcone synthase superfamily of plant type III polyketide synthases ... Austin MB, Noel JP (February 2003). "The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases". Nat Prod Rep. 20 (1 ... Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of ... and flavonol synthase I. Naringenin-chalcone synthase uses malonyl-CoA and 4-coumaroyl-CoA to produce CoA, naringenin chalcone ...

The overlap between enzymes includes polyketide synthases and prenyltransferases. The hop and C. sativa also have significant ... geranyl diphosphate synthase, and chalcone synthase. Genomic analyses have shown evidence that the intervention of humans in ... Environmental stress has also been shown to reduce expression of the valerophenone synthase gene, which is known to be an ... The bitter flavors in hops can be accounted for by acids composed of prenylated polyketides (a group of secondary metabolites ...

Chen, Haotong; Du, Liangcheng (2014). "Iterative polyketide biosynthesis by modular polyketide synthases in bacteria". Applied ... "Iterative assembly of two separate polyketide chains by the same single-module bacterial polyketide synthase in the ... module and one polyketide synthase (PKS) module. The single PKS module functions in a non-canonical fashion in that it is an ... The backbone of HSAF is formed through a hybrid PKS-NRPS cluster containing one nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) ...

"Post-translational modification of polyketide and nonribosomal peptide synthases". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 1 (3): ... In enzymology and molecular biology, a holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase (ACPS, EC 2.7.8.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the ... Other names in common use, disregarding the synthetase/synthase spelling difference, include acyl carrier protein holoprotein ... Synthase Complex". Journal of Molecular Biology. 429 (23): 3763-3775. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.015. PMID 29054754. Elovson J, ...

Polyketide synthase Fungicide use in the United States Setosphaeria turcica Axford, L.C., Simpson, T.J., Willis, C.L. (2004). " ... Polyketide synthases (PKSs) of fungi are Type I PKSs. Monocerin has been confirmed by biosynthesis studies to have heptaketide ... "Synthesis and Incorporation of the First Polyketide Synthase Free Intermediate in Monocerin Biosynthesis". Angewandte Chemie. ... Monocerin is a dihydroisocoumarin and a polyketide metabolite that originates from various fungal species. It has been shown to ...

Austin MB, Noel JP (February 2003). "The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases". Natural Product ... Entering the flavone synthesis pathway, the type III polyketide synthase enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) uses consecutive ... Finally, a flavanone synthase (FNS) enzyme oxidizes naringenin to apigenin. Two types of FNS have previously been described; ... Leonard E, Yan Y, Lim KH, Koffas MA (December 2005). "Investigation of two distinct flavone synthases for plant-specific ...

Akey DL, Gehret JJ, Khare D, Smith JL (October 2012). "Insights from the sea: structural biology of marine polyketide synthases ... 3 The polyketide class of natural products have diverse structures and functions and include prostaglandins and macrolide ... These were developed from mevastatin, a polyketide produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum. Finally, a number natural ... January 2014). "Ruthmycin, a new tetracyclic polyketide from Streptomyces sp. RM-4-15". Organic Letters. 16 (2): 456-9. doi: ...

For example, polyketide synthases are large enzymes that make antibiotics; they contain up to 100 independent domains that each ...

"Illuminating the Diversity of Aromatic Polyketide Synthases in Aspergillus nidulans". Journal of the American Chemical Society ...

It is speculated that some polyketide synthases (PKS) and reductases are involved in final synthesis of 6-Gingerol (10). ... Schröder, Joachim (1997). "A family of plant-specific polyketide synthases: facts and predictions". Trends in Plant Science. 2 ... had been suspected to utilize phenylpropanoid pathway and produce putative type III polyketide synthase products based on the ... it is unclear whether the methoxy group addition is performed before or after the condensation step of the polyketide synthase ...

The pikromycin polyketide synthase of Streptomyces venezuelae contains four polypeptides: PikAI, PikAII, PikAIII, and PikAIV. ... Polyketide synthase Brockmann, H. & Henkel, W. (1951). "Pikromycin, ein bitter schmeckendes Antibioticum aus Actinomyceten". ... Pikromycin is synthesized through a type I polyketide synthase system in Streptomyces venezuelae, a species of Gram-positive ... "Structure of amodular polyketide synthase". Nature. 510 (7506): 512-517. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..512D. doi:10.1038/nature13423. ...

Ginolhac, A., Jarrin, C., Robe, P., Perrière, G., Vogel, T. M., Simonet, P., & Nalin, R. (2005). Type I polyketide synthases ... Polyketide synthases (PKSs) and biosynthetic gene clusters provide modular organizations of associated genes making these ... Transfer of a cysteine synthase from a bacterium into phytophagous mites and Lepidoptera allowing the detoxification of ...

"Mechanistic analysis of a type II polyketide synthase. Role of conserved residues in the beta-ketoacyl synthase-chain length ... "MCAT is not required for in vitro polyketide synthesis in a minimal actinorhodin polyketide synthase from Streptomyces ... "Production of aromatic minimal polyketides by the daunorubicin polyketide synthase genes reveals the incompatibility of the ... These steps are catalyzed by the final 3 enzymes in the dps gene cluster and are considered part of the polyketide synthase. ...

Three plasmid-encoded polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes are responsible for its production: MLSA 1 and MLSA 2 which generate ... February 2004). "Giant plasmid-encoded polyketide synthases produce the macrolide toxin of "Mycobacterium ulcerans"". PNAS. 101 ... Mycolactone is a polyketide-derived macrolide produced and secreted by a group of very closely related pathogenic Mycobacteria ... October 2008). "Deciphering the genetic basis for polyketide variation among mycobacteria producing mycolactones". BMC Genomics ...

April 2010). "Enzymatic synthesis of resorcylic acid lactones by cooperation of fungal iterative polyketide synthases involved ... October 2009). "Complete reconstitution of a highly reducing iterative polyketide synthase". Science. 326 (5952): 589-592. doi: ...

"Nongenetic Reprogramming of a Fungal Highly Reducing Polyketide Synthase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (28): ...

DpgA is a type III polyketide synthase and initiates the synthesis by condensing acetyl-CoA with three molecules of malonyl-CoA ... DHPG is enzymatically derived from the polyketide synthase pathway. When synthesized in bacteria, DHPG requires 5 enzymes, DpgA ... "A Polyketide Synthase in glycopeptide Biosynthesis: the Biosynthesis of the Non-Proteogenic Amino Acid (S)-3,5- ...

Like many macrocyclic polyketides, quinolidomicin A1 is biosynthesized by type-I polyketide synthases. Decarboxylative ...