Cinnamic acid is then hydroxylated by membrane protein cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) to form p-coumaric acid. P-coumaric acid ... The process begins with phenylalanine ligase (PAL) cleaving the amino group from L-Phe forming the unsaturated carboxylic acid ... The biosynthesis of daidzein begins with L-phenylalanine and undergoes a general phenylpropanoid pathway where the shikimate ...

... and tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency (both normal). In approximately half of cases, a phenylalanine loading test can be used to ... Mutations in the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase may lead to tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, a rare form of dopamine-responsive ... tyrosine hydroxylase, and sepiapterin reductase". Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. 13 (1): 44. doi:10.4103 ... which is a biochemically significant metabolite of the amino acid phenylalanine, as well as a biological precursor of the ...

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a.k.a. phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase) is an enzyme that transforms L-phenylalanine and ... Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase) is the enzyme that transforms trans-cinnamate into 4-hydroxycinnamate ... In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. ...

... in which the natural amino acid L-phenylalanine undergoes a deamination by phenylalanine ammonia lyase to afford (E)-cinnamate ... Mizutani M, Ohta D, Sato R (March 1997). "Isolation of a cDNA and a genomic clone encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from ... Wanner LA, Li G, Ware D, Somssich IE, Davis KR (January 1995). "The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Arabidopsis ... Leyva A, Jarillo JA, Salinas J, Martinez-Zapater JM (May 1995). "Low Temperature Induces the Accumulation of Phenylalanine ...

Dietary depletion of the DA precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine does not result in the relapse of formerly depressed patients ... The mechanism of action for this is via tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition. In the 1970s administration of ... is a tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor that serves to inhibit catecholamine synthesis. AMPT led to a resurgence of ... "The subjective and cognitive effects of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion in patients recovered from depression". ...

The para position of the ring is then hydroxylated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H/P450) to create p ... Vanillin biosynthesis is generally agreed to be part of the phenylpropanoid pathway starting with L-phenylalanine, which is ... This subsequently undergoes oxidation by the P450 enzyme coumaroyl ester 3'-hydroxylase (C3'H/P450) to give caffeoyl shikimate/ ... deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to form t-cinnamic acid. ...

Phenylalanine is first converted to cinnamic acid by the action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). A series of ... Thus 5-hydroxyferulic acid is formed from ferulic acid by the action of the specific enzyme ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H). v t e ...

17α-Hydroxylase Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase Dopamine β-hydroxylase Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine hydroxylase One ... multi-subunit enzymes prolyl 4-hydroxylase, prolyl 3-hydroxylase and lysyl 5-hydroxylase, respectively. These reactions require ... Other hydroxylating agents include flavins, alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases, and some diiron hydroxylases. The ... In biochemistry, hydroxylation reactions are often facilitated by enzymes called hydroxylases. A C−H bond is converted to an ...

Teufel R, Mascaraque V, Ismail W, Voss M, Perera J, Eisenreich W, Haehnel W, Fuchs G (August 2010). "Bacterial phenylalanine ... the main component of the hydroxylase of the Escherichia coli phenylacetyl-coenzyme A oxygenase complex". Acta ...

Wanner, L.A.; Ware, D.; Somssich, I.E.; Davis, K.R. (1995). "The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Arabidopsis ... Mizutani, M.; Ohta, D.; Sato, R. (1997). "Isolation of a cDNA and a genomic clone encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from ... "Characterization of cytochrome P450-dependent isoflavone hydroxylase from chickpea". Phytochemistry. 32 (3): 653-657. Bibcode: ... pinodella Mycosphaerella pinodes Rhizoctonia solani The biosynthesis of pisatin begins with the amino acid L-phenylalanine. A ...

... phenylalanine hydroxylase MeSH D08.811.682.690.708.660 - procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase MeSH D08.811.682.690. ... aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases MeSH D08.244.453.040.050 - aniline hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.040.110 - benzopyrene hydroxylase ... steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.730 - steroid 12-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.737 - steroid 16-alpha ... hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.748 - steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.760 - steroid 21-hydroxylase MeSH ...

Flavonoid synthesis begins with the phenylpropanoid pathway, in which phenylalanine, an amino acid, is transformed into 4- ... including isomerases and hydroxylases, alter the backbone depending on the subclass of the flavonoid being produced. ...

... is produced from the amino acid l-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. l-DOPA can act as an l-tyrosine mimetic ... l-Phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and l-DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. The enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes ... Because levodopa bypasses the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis, it is much more ... 4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine) peptide motif". ACS Nano. 8 (7): 7220-7228. doi:10.1021/nn502240r. PMC 4108209. PMID 24936704. ...

... cinnamic acid p-hydroxylase, hydroxylase, cinnamate 4-, t-cinnamic acid hydroxylase, trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, and trans- ... This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, heme. This ... cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, cinnamate hydroxylase, cinnamic 4-hydroxylase, cinnamic acid 4- ... Russell DW, Conn EE (1967). "The cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase of pea seedlings". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 122 (1): 256-8. doi: ...

Patients are prescribed a phenylalanine-reduced diet, with regular monitoring of phenylalanine levels in the blood. Besides the ... of tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan in a reaction in which BH4 serves as a cofactor of the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase 2 ... Besides the traditional analysis of symptoms and investigation of phenylalanine concentrations, patients suspected for DHPRD ... The disease presents with such symptoms as elevated levels of phenylalanine (hyperphenylalaninemia), microcephaly, hypotonus, ...

Polymorphisms in the tryptophan hydroxylase gene was found to be tentatively associated with suicidal behavior. A meta analysis ... Depletion of tryptophan (the precursor of serotonin), tyrosine and phenylalanine (precursors to dopamine) does result in ... Findings include the decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, decreased size of the locus coeruleus, increased alpha 2 ... the tryptophan hydroxylase 2Arg439His knockin mouse". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. ...

Subsequently, tropinone reductase I (EC 1.1.1.206) converts tropinone to tropine which condenses with phenylalanine-derived ... of H Atom Abstraction during the Hydroxylation and Cyclization Reactions Catalyzed by Hyoscyamine 6β-Hydroxylase". Journal of ...

Further reaction with O-methyltransferase, EncK and cytochrome P450 hydroxylase, EncR yields enterocin. Khan H, Flint S, Yu PL ... starting with a structure derived from phenylalanine or activation of benzoic acid followed by the EncM catalyzed rearrangement ...

... aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), ethylmorphine N-demethylase, Uridine diphosphate glucuronic_acid, Uridine diphosphate ... phenylalanine, and methionine), minerals (iodine, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, magnesium, potassium, manganese), ...

L-phenylalanine then undergoes an elimination of the primary amine with Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) to form cinnamate. ... First naringenin is reacted with two equivalents of oxygen, alpha-Ketogluteratic acid, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase to form ... L-phenylalanine, which is necessary in the production of cyanidin, is synthesized through the shikimate pathway. In the ... and alpha-Ketoglutaric acid to form L-phenylalanine (figure 1). ... synthesis of L-phenylalanine, chorismate undergoes a Claisen ...

... phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase EC 1.99.1.3: deleted, nicotinate 6-hydroxylase EC 1.99.1.4: deleted, tryptophan 5-hydroxylase EC ... ectoine hydroxylase * EC 1.14.11.56: L-proline cis-4-hydroxylase * EC 1.14.11.57: L-proline trans-4-hydroxylase * EC 1.14.11.58 ... hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.138: lithocholate 6β-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.139: 5β-cholestane-3α,7α-diol 12α-hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.140 ... 13-diene hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.145: abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol hydroxylase EC 1.14.14.146: geranylgeraniol 18-hydroxylase EC 1.14. ...

Tropolone L-Phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa) Ferrous iron (Fe2+) • Tetrahydrobiopterin • Vitamin B3 (niacin, ... Dopamine beta hydroxylase inhibitors, Dopamine reuptake inhibitors, Drug-related lists). ...

Iron-based hydroxylases operate by reductive activation of O2 using the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate as an electron ... tryptophan to tryptamine phenylalanine to phenylethylamine tyrosine to tyramine histidine to histamine serine to ethanolamine ...

Stafford, Helen A. (1975). "Transformations of a Large Aggregate of Hydroxycinnamate Hydroxylase to Lower Molecular Weight ... Phenylalanine into Flavan-3-ols and Procyanidins in Cell Suspension Cultures of Douglas Fir". Plant Physiology. 69 (5): 1055- ... Stafford, H. A.; Dresler, S. (1972). "4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Hydroxylase and Polyphenolase Activities in Sorghum vulgare". ...

The PFR and RMTg contain a low density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell bodies that are small in size and lightly ... Phenylalanine List of regions in the human brain Phillipson OT (September 1979). "Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental ... In the VTA of addicted individuals, the activity of the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase increases, as does ... and then histological staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Temporary inactivation of CA3 via GABA agonists prevented context ...

... is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. In Arabidopsis thaliana, it can be synthesized via a ... 1994 each use Nicotiana tabacum or Arabidopsis expressing nahG, for salicylate hydroxylase. Pathogen inoculation did not ... phenylalanine-independent pathway. Commercial vendors prepare sodium salicylate by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt ...

... s act as cofactors for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH), which are involved in synthesizing a number of ... Biopterin synthesis disorders are also a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia; phenylalanine metabolism requires BH4 as a cofactor. ...

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2S,1R)-2-amino-1 ... phenethylamine is produced directly from L-phenylalanine by the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme, which converts ... CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N- ... The metabolism of p-OHA to p-OHNor is well documented and dopamine-β hydroxylase present in noradrenergic neurons could easily ...

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2S,1R)-2-amino-1 ... phenethylamine is produced directly from L-phenylalanine by the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme, which converts ... CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N- ... The metabolism of p-OHA to p-OHNor is well documented and dopamine-β hydroxylase present in noradrenergic neurons could easily ...

This reaction is catalysed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases. Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl ... phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, they are converted into acetyl-CoA which can be burned to CO2 and water, or used to ... Additionally, the inability of prolyl hydroxylases to catalyze reactions results in stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor ... hydroxylases by citric acid cycle intermediates: possible links between cell metabolism and stabilization of HIF". The Journal ...