Alternate signaling pathways activated by CRF1 include PKC and MAPK. This wide variety of cascades suggests that CRF1 mediates ... In the central nervous system, CRF1 is particularly found in the cortex, cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, ... In the majority of tissues, CRF1 is coupled to a stimulatory G-protein that activates the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway, ... Taché Y, Martinez V, Wang L, Million M (April 2004). "CRF1 receptor signaling pathways are involved in stress-related ...

He was examining the thick portions of the cell layer of the olfactory tubercle rather than the granule cells that bear his ... They are numerous in the islands and are thought to aid in developing pathways for specific response. Cannabinoid receptor CB2 ... The projections with the piriform cortex align with the rest of the olfactory system, the path beginning in the sensory cells ... This class of proteins and receptors is partially responsible for the neurogenesis of cells in the olfactory bulb and certain ...

In the initial part of this pathway, the axons project through the perforant pathway to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus ... the anterior olfactory nucleus, and to the primary olfactory cortex. There continues to be some interest in hippocampal ... The glutamatergic pathways have been seen to be largely affected. The subfield CA1 is seen to be the least involved of the ... Axons from the EC that originate in layer III are the origin of the direct perforant pathway and form synapses on the very ...

However, there is little evidence for a similarly functioning vomeronasal, or olfactory, system (thought to be the sensory ... These differences, in putative stimulus and neural pathway (as well as species observed), stringently distinguishes the Whitten ... as the pheromone contained in the urine is airborne and therefore is taken up by the females through their olfactory system. ...

In humans, the olfactory bulb is located on the inferior side of the brain. Physical damage to this area would alter how the ... Although the specific pathway is undetermined, the lack of dopamine has resulted in documented cases of parosmia and phantosmia ... Damage to ORNs describes a peripheral defect in the pathway, but there are also instances where damage to the processing center ... Jacek, Sarah; R.J. Stevenson; L.A. Miller (November 2007). "Olfactory dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: A case of ictus- ...

Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck (2004) for their discoveries concerning the olfactory system John O'Keefe, Edvard I. Moser and ... Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel (2000) for the discovery of neural signal transduction pathways upon ...

The olfactory nerve may also be involved in HSE, which may explain its predilection for the temporal lobes of the brain, as the ... The virus lies dormant in the ganglion of the trigeminal cranial nerve, but the reason for reactivation, and its pathway to ... olfactory nerve sends branches there. In horses, a single-nucleotide polymorphism is sufficient to allow the virus to cause ...

... and regulates the number of olfactory receptor neurons occurring in the olfactory epithelium, and numbers of retinal ganglionic ... GDF15 (also known as TGF-PL, MIC-1, PDF, PLAB, and PTGFB) has a role in regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways during ... "The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo". Development. 133 (2): 319 ...

The olfactory cues are especially concentrated around the nest entrance. When these olfactory cues were experimentally removed ... Adults emerge by the end of the summer through one of two developmental pathways: larvae will develop by the end of one summer ... Progeny released via the two alternative pathways for emergence display different sex ratios and sizes. Among adults that ... The chemical composition of these olfactory cues includes hydrocarbons, wax esters, fatty aldehydes, and fatty alcohol acetate ...

... is a G protein-coupled receptor that is involved in a neuropeptide signaling pathway. GPR113 has been found to be ... In mice brains, the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb both show transcription of the GPR113 gene. Additionally, a study from ... This paper's conclusions, coupled with olfactory bulb expression levels, could provide an avenue for future research, ...

There is some evidence to suggest that humans are capable of detecting visual and olfactory sickness cues before overt cues for ... learning of pathogen avoidance behavior through serotonin signaling pathways, physical avoidance and reduced oral uptake of ... Food: Food items with visible or olfactory signs of spoilage. Tybur proposed a model of how an information processing system ... Evidence suggests that C. elegans relies on its olfactory system for pathogen avoidance, by avoiding odors that mimic those ...

Kostal L, Lansky P, Rospars JP (April 2008). "Efficient olfactory coding in the pheromone receptor neuron of a moth". PLOS ... counts and temporal patterns in the rat whisker pathway". J. Neurosci. 26 (36): 9216-26. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1491-06.2006. ... use spike trains to evaluate the discriminatory ability of non-visual senses such as rat facial whiskers and the olfactory ...

It also plays a role in female copulatory behavior (see lordosis behavior) via a pathway from the ventromedial nucleus of the ... The lateral orbitofrontal cortex is activated by pleasant visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. Its response depends on ...

In the olfactory system, odorant molecules in the mucus bind to G-protein receptors on olfactory cells. The G-protein activates ... depends on taste transduction pathways, through taste receptor cells, G proteins, ion channels, and effector enzymes. In the ... L (2002). "G Proteins and Olfactory Signal Transduction". Annual Review of Physiology. 64 (1): 189-222. doi:10.1146/annurev. ...

2002 Linda Buck and Richard Axel, Discovery of the Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins. 2003 Yves Barde, Discovery of Brain- ... 2008 Michael E. Greenberg, Discovery of Signaling Pathways Underlying Activity-Regulated Gene Transcription. 2009 Thomas ...

The way in which antheridiogen determines sex in ferns is a "spatiotemporally split gibberellin synthesis pathway". Gibberellin ... detected by the olfactory system, and can control social behaviors and hormone levels. The presence of human pheromones remains ... as there have not been any studies that completely prove the existence of pheromones or of a possible pathway of detection. ... "Antheridiogen determines sex in ferns via a spatiotemporally split gibberellin synthesis pathway". Science. 346 (6208): 469-473 ...

... which was injected intranasally in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory bulb was then assessed for the expression of GFAP ... Alilain, Warren J. (2011). "Functional regeneration of respiratory pathways after spinal cord injury". Nature. 475 (7355): 196- ... "Combining Schwann Cell Bridges and Olfactory-Ensheathing Glia Grafts with Chondroitinase Promotes Locomotor Recovery after ...

The motor and oculomotor pathways are sometimes grouped into one motor pathway.) The five general pathways are organized as ... nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), the globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic ... The short indirect pathway has been proposed to, in a direct push pull antagonism with the direct pathway, close the gate to ... However the speed of the direct pathway would not be concordant with the indirect pathway in this model leading to problems ...

The details of the signaling pathways are still not totally clear. Chemotaxis refers to the directional migration of cells in ... Antunes G, Simoes de Souza FM (2016). "Olfactory receptor signaling". G Protein-Coupled Receptors - Signaling, Trafficking and ... Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Walter P, Raff MC (2002). "Bacterial Chemotaxis Depends on a Two-Component Signaling Pathway ... Gelfand EW (October 2017). "Importance of the leukotriene B4-BLT1 and LTB4-BLT2 pathways in asthma". Seminars in Immunology. 33 ...

... pathways from dopaminergic cell groups Mesocortical pathway Mesolimbic pathway Nigrostriatal pathway Tuberoinfundibular pathway ... Medial septal nuclei Lamina terminalis Vascular organ of lamina terminalis Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Anterior olfactory ... pathways Raphe Nuclei Norepinephrine Pathways Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups Epinephrine pathways from ... accessory olfactory system) Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system) Lateral and basolateral nuclei ( ...

Mitophagy is a pathway in which the mitochondria is degraded. Both PINK1 and Parkin share functions in the same pathway, ... However, according to the Braak staging, α-synuclein aggregates initially develop in the olfactory bulb and the lower brainstem ... one being the inhibition of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. This pathway is highly important as it is responsible for ... This model requires injecting the 6-OHDA directly into the nigrostriatal pathway, targeting the dopamine transporter (DAT).This ...

Gupta P, Albeanu DF, Bhalla US (February 2015). "Olfactory bulb coding of odors, mixtures and sniffs is a linear sum of odor ... Jain P, Bhalla US (May 2014). "Transcription control pathways decode patterned synaptic inputs into diverse mRNA expression ... He is known for his studies on neuronal and synaptic signalling in memory and olfactory coding using computational and ... has widened our understanding of memory functioning and he has contributed to understanding the neural coding of olfactory ...

Since Ca2+ is a common second messenger, GCaMP has been used to monitor the activation of signaling pathways. For instance, ... 2016) used GCaMP to characterize the dynamics of Ca2+ influx in necklace olfactory neuron signaling, which uses transmembrane ... Since Ca2+ is a second messenger that contributes to many cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways, GCaMP allows researchers ...

... also mediate inhibition and excitation of mitral cells through pathways from centrifugal fibers and the anterior olfactory ... the output neurons from the olfactory bulb. Olfactory bulb sends this pattern to the olfactory cortex. Olfactory cortex is ... In humans and other vertebrates, smells are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory ... which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas. The axons from the olfactory receptors ...

Group A16 is located in the olfactory bulb of vertebrates, including rodents and primates. Group Aaq is a sparse group of cells ... Dopaminergic pathways History of catecholamine research "Dopaminergic cell groups". braininfo.rprc.washington.edu. Retrieved 8 ... Felten DL, Sladek Jr JR (1983). "Monoamine distribution in primate brain V. Monoaminergic nuclei: anatomy, pathways and local ... olfactory tubercle, prepyriform area, striatum (at levels rostral to the anterior commissure), claustrum, and deep cortical ...

The ganglia are connected with different organs through nerve pathways. In the Mesogastropoda, the excretory and the ... or olfactory organ) have disappeared on the right side. These organs exist only on the left side of the animal. The heart ...

Similar clones identified in Drosophila and Locusta in a search for olfactory genes referred to Olfactory-Sensory type D ... CSPs can trigger innate immune pathways in plants [39]. The first member of this gene family was called p10, in reference to ... Olfactory soluble proteins of cockroaches. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 30: 973-978. 3. Angeli S, Ceron F, Scaloni A, Monti M ... Putative Drosophila pheromone-binding-proteins expressed in a subregion of the olfactory system. J Biol Chem (1994) 269: 16340- ...

Periglomerular cells, inhibitory interneurons that surround and innervate olfactory glomeruli, have also been shown to exhibit ... PICs are set up by the influence of descending monoaminergic reticulospinal pathways. Metabotropic neurotransmitters, via ... Masurkar, AV; Chen, WR (29 September 2011). "Potassium currents of olfactory bulb juxtaglomerular cells: characterization, ... "Dendritic calcium plateau potentials modulate input-output properties of juxtaglomerular cells in the rat olfactory bulb". ...

The regulatory pathway appears to be part of the EPAC pathway and not the PKA pathway. Phosphodiesterases, principle regulators ... Soon after, the role of cNMP in gated ion channels of chemosensitive cilia of olfactory sensory neurons was reported by Tadashi ... However, the cAMP and cGMP degradation pathways are much more understood than those for either cCMP or cUMP. The identification ... Examples of disruptions of cNMP pathways include: mutations in CNG channel genes are associated with degeneration of the retina ...

The olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) emerge separately. The olfactory nerves emerge from the olfactory bulbs on either ... Visual field testing may be used to pin-point structural lesions in the optic nerve, or further along the visual pathways. Eye ... The olfactory nerve (I) conveys information giving rise to the sense of smell. Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause an ... The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the olfactory bulb, and depending slightly on division the optic nerve (II) is considered ...