The tetrad is the four spores produced after meiosis of a yeast or other Ascomycota, Chlamydomonas or other alga, or a plant. ... The meiotic products, spores, remain packaged in the parental cell body to produce the tetrad. If the two parents have a ... After parent haploids mate, they produce diploids. Under appropriate environmental conditions, diploids sporulate and undergo ...

... produced in meiosis I. The four main steps of meiosis II are: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. In ... Meiosis is divided into meiosis I and meiosis II which are further divided into Karyokinesis I, Cytokinesis I, Karyokinesis II ... Therefore, meiosis includes the stages of meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I) and meiosis II (prophase ... The two meiotic divisions are known as meiosis I and meiosis II. Before meiosis begins, during S phase of the cell cycle, the ...

Meiospores: spores produced by meiosis; they are thus haploid, and give rise to a haploid daughter cell(s) or a haploid ... Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. Spores can be classified in several ways: In fungi and fungus-like ... In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. ... Aeciospores: spores produced by an aecium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts. Urediniospores: spores produced by a uredinium ...

Under this new condition, it may be beneficial to produce progeny that differ from the parent in their genetic make up. Among ... the function of meiosis. There are two conflicting theories on how meiosis arose. One is that meiosis evolved from prokaryotic ... Meiosis is distinct from mitosis in that a central feature of meiosis is the alignment of homologous chromosomes followed by ... If meiosis arose from prokaryotic transformation, during the early evolution of eukaryotes, mitosis and meiosis could have ...

They produce haploid gametes by meiosis. The smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova ... They produce eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduce by self-fertilisation. This capacity has apparently persisted ... As a result, the mature eggs produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same ploidy as the somatic cells of the ... For instance, inbreeding depression occurs in the great tit (Parus major) when the offspring are produced as a result of a ...

They produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova ... However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not ... Most animals rely on the biomass and energy produced by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores eat plant material directly, ... Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients, animals are heterotrophic, feeding on organic material and ...

After fertilization, meiosis occurs and development begins. The "eggs" are not eggs like we think but rather shelled embryos ... Males have testis which produce sperm and have a very primitive vas deferens. During copulation, sperm is ejaculated out of the ...

Each sporangia produces four spores through meiosis. The spores are released in summer. When these spores germinate, they ... Rapid photosynthesis produces a small oxygen bubble inside the sac which holds it toward the surface and the energy of the sun ... The reproductive cycle of sea sacs proceeds as follows: The mature male gamtophyte produces its gametes, spermatia, on the ... The tetrasporophyte has spore producing bodies, sporangia, on the surface of its thallus. ...

... in a gametophyte that was produced from a cell that did not complete meiosis. In adventitious embryony (sporophytic apomixis), ... Meiosis I fails to complete, meiosis II creates two cells, one of which degenerates; three mitotic divisions form the ... Ixeris type: Meiosis I fails to complete; three rounds of nuclear division occur without cell-wall formation; wall formation ... Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. Some authors included all forms of asexual ...

A mature sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half, from two ... Karogamy produces a diploid zygote, which is a short-lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. When ... The sporophyte produces free-swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes. However, in land ... Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. ...

Sexually mature corals produce gametes through meiosis. They begin their life cycle as polyps, or small, cylindrical marine ...

Zygotes are produced by the fusion of two gametes and these in turn become surrounded by an oocyst wall. Within the oocyst ... meiosis occurs yielding the sporozoites. Hundreds of oocysts accumulate within each gametocyst and these are released via ...

After meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. Secondary spermatocytes are haploid (N) cells that contain half the ... Once the eggs are formed, they are able to self-fertilize and produce up to 350 progeny. At puberty, spermatogonia located ... In spermatocytes, HRR events occur mainly in the pachytene stage of meiosis and the gene conversion type of HRR is predominant ... In all animals, males produce spermatocytes, even hermaphrodites such as C. elegans, which exist as a male or hermaphrodite. In ...

... species produce several different heat shock proteins. These include Hsp83, a homolog of Hsp90. A regulatory element ... These proteins play a key role in meiosis. Thus, meiotic events provide the adaptive advantage of efficient recombinational ... L. infantum produces proteins BRCA1 and RAD51 that interact with each other to promote homologous recombinational repair. ...

Diploid cells do not produce or respond to either mating pheromone and do not mate, but can undergo meiosis to produce four ... can undergo meiosis to produce four haploid spores: two a spores and two α spores. a cells produce 'a-factor', a mating ... a cells activate genes which produce a-factor and produce a cell surface receptor (Ste2) which binds to α-factor and triggers ... Similarly, α cells activate genes which produce α-factor and produce a cell surface receptor (Ste3) which binds and responds to ...

Unicellular spores are produced through meiosis by the sporophyte. In Splachnaceae, they are often small and sticky for easy ... The odours produced in the Splachnaceae have also been compared to those produced by plants in the angiosperm families ... In many instances, the specific colours, shapes, and odours produced by sporophytes have been shown to have species-specific ... Following this, male and female organs called the antheridia and archegonia will produce sperm and eggs through mitosis. If ...

Animals produce gametes directly through meiosis from diploid mother cells in organs called gonads (testis in males and ovaries ... Meiosis is a central feature of gametogenesis, but the adaptive function of meiosis is currently a matter of debate. A key ... Although meiosis is a crucial component of gametogenesis, its function in adaptation is still unknown. In sexually reproducing ... For example, plants produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid spores after sporic ...

Cacao). It produces meiospores, via meiosis, from the modified basidium. These spores are important as dispersal agents, for ... Plant pathogenic fungi produce and secrete many so‐called effector proteins that interact with the host and play an important ... Meiospores germinate and produce hyphae made up of haploid cells throughout the biotrophic phase. The necrotrophic phase is ... They also produce extracellular hyphae between the host cells to facilitate nutrient assimilation. ...

In the male cones, microspores are produced from microsporocytes by meiosis. The microspores develop into pollen grains, which ... The male cones have structures called microsporangia that produce yellowish pollen through meiosis. Pollen is released and ... In some (e.g. firs and cedars), the cones disintegrate to release the seeds, and in others (e.g. the pines that produce pine ... On this basis, one needle produced food for about 0.19 mg dry weight of apical growth, 3 mm3 wood, one-quarter of a new needle ...

The oocyst undergoes meiosis and then mitosis producing numerous sporozoites. These sporozoites invade the body of the tick, ...

Although self-fertilization employs meiosis, it produces minimal genetic variability. Homothallism is thus a form of sex that ... Most lichenized fungi produce abundant sexual structures and in many species sexual spores appear to be the only means of ... However, homothallic meiosis may be maintained in fungi as an adaptation for surviving stressful conditions; a proposed benefit ... Homothallism in fungi can be defined as the capability of an individual spore to produce a sexually reproducing colony when ...

The existence of meiosis-specific proteins was reported in 2011. The haploid gametes (daughter cells produced after meiosis) ... In these animals, they do not produce the disease, but the live parasite can be transmitted back to the normal hosts. Besides ... The first cycle in an equal mitosis by which a mother cell produces two similar daughter epimastigotes. They remain attach to ... It is under this tissue invasion that the parasites produce the sleeping sickness. In addition to the major form of ...

Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one ... The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis; the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces ... As meiosis is disturbed, these plants are sterile, with all plants having the same genetic constitution: Among them, the ... Triploid offspring are typically sterile (as in the phenomenon of triploid block), but in some cases they may produce high ...

Oogenesis is the formation of a cell who will produce one ovum and three polar bodies. Oogenesis begins in the female embryo ... Starting at puberty the process of meiosis can complete resulting in the secondary oocyte and the first polar body. The ... Like spermatogenesis, the primordial germ cell undergo mitotic division to form the cells that will later undergo meiosis, but ... These systems work together in order to produce offspring. The female reproductive system includes the structures involved in ...

In this case, new combinations of alleles are not produced since the sister chromosomes are usually identical. In meiosis and ... and can occasionally produce new chimeric alleles. The shuffling of genes brought about by genetic recombination produces ... The figure shows that two of the four chromatids present early in meiosis (prophase I) are paired with each other and able to ... During meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic recombination involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This may be followed by ...

In infected sporophytes, cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The EsV genome is transmitted in a Mendelian manner ... Additionally, it has a high growth rate and can be produced at a low cost. Using HaV as a microbial agent is a promising ... As PBCV-1 lacks an RNA polymerase gene, the virus must use the host cell's machinery to produce viral RNA. Thus, the viral DNA ... The latent period or lysogenic cycle was estimated to be 30-33 h with an average burst size (number of viruses produced after ...

Sori are produced as galls on the roots of hosts. Galls are tubercular with a globoid, irregular or elongated shape and are ... This indicates that karyogamy and meiosis occurs in the teliospore. It has been observed that teliospores are liberated when ... Teliospores germinate into tetrads through internal septation, and each tetrad compartment produce hyphae that terminate in ... Initially, the mycelium grows intercellularily before producing coiled intracellular hyphae terminating in globose cells that ...

Mature corals use energy to produce their gametes through meiosis. Dipsastraea speciosa then release their gametes into the ... In return, the algae produce oxygen and help the coral to remove waste. Most importantly, the zooxanthellae supply the coral ... The coral then uses these to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates which help produce their calcium carbonate skeleton. The ... Dipsastraea speciosa is a hermaphrodite meaning they produce both sperm and egg gametes for reproduction. ...

Although self-fertilization employs meiosis, it produces minimal genetic variability. Homothallism is thus a form of sex that ... However, homothallic meiosis may be maintained in Closterium peracerosum as an adaptation for surviving under stressful ... A proposed adaptive benefit of meiosis is the promotion of homologous recombinational repair of DNA damages that can be caused ... Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins produced by mt(-) and mt(+) cells facilitate this process. A ...

Meiosis followed by self-pollination produces little overall genetic variation. This raises the question of how meiosis in self ... In the most common kind of system, individual plants produce a single flower type and fruits may contain self-pollinated, out- ... It is not necessary for flowers to produce nectar, scent, or to be colourful in order to attract pollinators. The disadvantages ... However, self-pollination can be advantageous, allowing plants to spread beyond the range of suitable pollinators or produce ...

Stasis of female meiosis). Evidence of non-random segregation in female meiosis has also been found in butterflies of the ZZ/ZW ... Since only this produces two sperm, all sperm as well as the eggs contain an X chromosome. After fertilisation, eggs are laid, ... Meiosis is inverse in scale insects, as in the aphids discussed above, that is, the actual reduction division is meiosis II. In ... In meiosis II, a peculiarity occurs with the X chromosome. Normally, in meiosis II (as in mitosis), all chromosomes are divided ...

produces tremor, salivation, meiosis, etc." Everett G.M., Blockus L.E. and Sheppard I.M. (1956). "Tremor induced by tremorine ... Tremorine is a drug which is used in scientific research to produce tremor in animals. This is used for the development of ... "In the routine screening of drugs in mice, we have found only ten out of ten thousand compounds which produce sustained tremor ... Blockus, L. E. and Everett, G. M. (January 1957). "Tremor producing drug 1,4 di-pyrrolidino-2-butyne (Tremorine)", Federation ...

The multicellular diploid sporophyte produces structures called spore capsules. The spore capsules produce spores by meiosis, ... The mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, sometimes referred to as reduction division because the chromosome pairs are ... whereas plants produce more seeds. Meiosis Asexual reproduction Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Barrett, Spencer Charles Hilton (2008- ... they produce the small sperm cells). The fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization) produces a diploid zygote, which ...

S. ludwigii also creates strong connections between the tetrads produced by meiosis to promote the breeding (automixis) within ... Achiasmate Meiosis refers to meiosis without chiasmata, which are structures that are necessary for recombination to occur and ... There is no crossing over during their meiosis, indicating that they have achiasmate meiosis. It is theorized that this failure ... It is thought that achiasmatic meiosis is polyphyletic, as there is no distinct pattern to its occurrence, nor to the methods ...

After dormancy, the zygote starts to undergo meiosis. The first meiosis produces a two diploid nuclei cell without cytokinesis ... When the cytokinesis of second meiosis is completed, finally, it produces four haploid daughter cells. Overall, Peridinium ... One nucleus undergoing second meiosis before cytokinesis in first meiosis and turns into a trinucleate stage. After it, the ... In asexual cycle, the haploid vegetative cell throws the theca before mitosis and produces two daughter cells by mitosis. ...

Zygotes are produced by the fusion of two gametes, and these, in turn, become surrounded by an oocyst wall. Within the oocyst, ... Meiosis occurs in all species. Monoxenous - only one host occurs in lifecycle for almost all species. Mitochondria have tubular ... meiosis occurs, yielding the sporozoites. Hundreds of oocysts accumulate within each gametocyst; these are released via a ...

The diploid adult plant produces haploid zoospores by meiosis; these settle and grow to form haploid male and female plants ... When these haploid plants release gametes they unite to produce the zygote which germinates, and grows to produce the diploid ...

Sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis, that grow into gametophytes. Bryophytes are gametophyte dominant, meaning that ... Inside the sporangium, haploid spores are produced by meiosis. These are dispersed, most commonly by wind, and if they land in ... Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia), but they do not produce flowers or seeds. They ... Gametangia (gamete-producing organs), archegonia and antheridia, are produced on the gametophytes, sometimes at the tips of ...

"Vegetables". Canadian Produce Marketing Association Website. Canadian Produce Marketing Association. Archived from the original ... Pollination and fruit formation depend on meiosis. Meiosis is central to the processes by which diploid microspore mother cells ... Determinate, or bush, plants are annuals that stop growing at a certain height and produce a crop all at once.) The size of the ... The anther of a tomato flower is shaped like a hollow tube, with the pollen produced within the structure, rather than on the ...