Astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus hold high capacity glucose transporters that function as nutrient sensors for appetite ... Other types of neurons have projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus to mediate different regions of the hypothalamus or to ... Different groups of arcuate nucleus neuroendocrine neurons secrete various types or combinations of neurotransmitters and ... a key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity". Cell Metabolism. 1 (1): 63-72. doi: ...
"Dietary and genetic control of glucose transporter-2 glycosylation promotes insulin secretion in suppressing diabetes". Cell. ... "Pioneering research on type 2 diabetes - UC Health". 2019-03-02. Archived from the original on 2019-03-02. Retrieved 2021-07-14 ... Marth's laboratory has also taken a close look at the molecular and cellular bases of Type 2 diabetes and the role that protein ... In 2008, Marth published an initial enumeration of the building blocks of life, all of which fall under the four types of ...
This emendation restricted the family to include only those genera directly related to the type genus, which included most of ... sulfate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein CysA, and LPS assembly protein LptD. These CSIs provide a molecular means of ... which converts phenylalanine to phenylpyruvic acid Methyl red or Voges-Proskauer tests depend on the digestion of glucose. The ... Most members of Enterobacteriaceae have peritrichous, type I fimbriae involved in the adhesion of the bacterial cells to their ...
The high doses of niacin used to treat hyperlipidemia have been shown to elevate fasting blood glucose in people with type 2 ... It stimulates the ABCA1 transporter in monocytes and macrophages and upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ... Long-term niacin therapy was also associated with an increase in the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes. High doses of niacin ... Prescription niacin was shown to cause hepatotoxicity and increase risk of type 2 diabetes. Niacin prescriptions in the U.S. ...
A plasma level of 350 mg/dL will fully saturate the transporters and glucose will be lost in the urine. A plasma glucose level ... The adult human kidney contains at least 26 distinct cell types. Distinct cell types include: Kidney glomerulus parietal cell ... Glucose at normal plasma levels is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The mechanism for this is the Na+/glucose ... On the basal side of the cell there is a HCO3/Cl exchanger and a Cl/K co-transporter (facilitated diffusion). When the reaction ...
The lysosomal transporter and integral membrane protein LIMP-2 (Lysosomal Integral Membrane Protein 2) was shown to bind GCase ... In the second step, glucose is hydrolyzed from the E340 residue to regenerate the active enzyme. β-Glucocerebrosidase is ... Tayebi N, Stone DL, Sidransky E (October 1999). "Type 2 gaucher disease: an expanding phenotype". Molecular Genetics and ... Crystal structures indicate that β-glucocerebrosidase binds the glucose moiety and adjacent O-glycosydic bond of ...
Because the main glucose transporters are not operating at optimal capacity, these individuals are more likely to develop ... However, one common challenge of these types of studies is that many epigenetic modifications have tissue and cell-type ... Thus, when insulin levels rise, more glut-4 transporters are brought to the cell membrane to increase the uptake of glucose ... The Glut-4 gene controls the production of the Glut-4 transporter; this transporter is specifically sensitive to insulin. ...
CA IX is overexpressed in many types of cancer including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) as well as carcinomas of the ... Phosphorylated tyrosine 449 can interact with PI3K which activates protein kinase B to affect cellular glucose metabolism. ... with bicarbonate transporters". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 293 (2): C738-48. doi:10.1152/ajpcell. ... CA IX contains an N-linked glycosylation site bearing mannose-type glycan structures on Asn-309 as well as an O-linked ...
Endocannabinoid transporters for anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol include the heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) and fatty acid ... both of which are major risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Blockade of CB1 receptors was found significantly ... have been highlighted for their potential involvement in obesity development and harmful effects on lipid and glucose ... beside involvement of transient receptor vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels in the pain modulation, as endovanilloid signalling ...
There are at least 36 G types and 51 P types but in infections of humans only a few combinations of G and P types predominate. ... The toxic rotavirus protein NSP4 induces age- and calcium ion-dependent chloride secretion, disrupts SGLT1 (sodium/glucose ... cotransporter 2) transporter-mediated reabsorption of water, apparently reduces activity of brush-border membrane ... Because the two genes that determine G-types and P-types can be passed on separately to progeny viruses, different combinations ...
"Characterizing Adrenergic Regulation of Glucose Transporter 4-Mediated Glucose Uptake and Metabolism in the Heart". JACC: Basic ... Firstly, it directly opens L-type calcium channels (LTCC) in the plasma membrane. Secondly, it renders adenylate cyclase ... Regulation of glucose metabolism: The regulation of glucose metabolism is known to be linked with ADRB-1 receptor signaling. ... pathway that is activated through the ADRB-1 receptor can regulate the expression of clock genes and glucose transporters. The ...
Traits involved in symbioses of D. shibae include flagellar synthesis and type IV secretion system under the control of N-acyl ... As opposed to ABC transporters, the D. shibae genome suggests a preference for tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic ... glucose, fructose and glycerol can support heterotrophic growth. Like others in the Roseobacter clade, ethanol, methanol and ... Type strain of Dinoroseobacter shibae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (Articles with short description, Short ...
October 2013). "Insulin responsiveness of glucose transporter 4 in 3T3-L1 cells depends on the presence of sortilin". Molecular ... Sortilin (SORT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SORT1 gene on chromosome 1. This protein is a type I membrane ... Su X, Chen L, Chen X, Dai C, Wang B (June 2022). "Emerging roles of sortilin in affecting the metabolism of glucose and lipid ... In humans, sortilin is expressed over a wide range of cell types and tissues such as the brain, spinal cord, adrenal gland, ...
... increased basal hepatic glucose production and increased insulin release after oral and intravenous glucose loads". ... The product of the ABCB11 gene is an ABC transporter named BSEP (bile salt export pump), or sPgp (sister of P-glycoprotein). ... ABCB11 is a gene associated with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2). PFIC2 caused by mutations in the ... 2009). "Genetic variations of the ABC transporter gene ABCB11 encoding the human bile salt export pump (BSEP) in a Japanese ...
A recent siRNA screen identified the involvement of MAP4K4 in the regulation of the glucose transporter GLUT4. The silencing of ... Mutations to the p53 gene are often found in many types of cancers. The MAP4K4 gene contains four binding sites for p53. Upon ... To date, MAP4K4 has been found to be expressed in all tissue types with a relatively more pronounced expression in the brain ... MAP4K4 has been identified to be involved in the negative regulation of insulin-dependent glucose transport. There is ...
The liver starts actively making triglycerides from excess glucose when it is supplied with glucose that cannot be oxidized or ... Two types of carnitine deficiency states exist. Primary carnitine deficiency is a genetic disorder of the cellular carnitine- ... transporter system that typically appears by the age of five with symptoms of cardiomyopathy, skeletal-muscle weakness, and ... such as improving glucose tolerance or lowering fasting levels of blood glucose. The kidneys contribute to overall homeostasis ...
mACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in the ... Niu MJ, Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM (2008). "Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 leads to impaired glucose homeostasis ... mACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain. ... mACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in ...
Stem cells are unique in that they may differentiate into various other types of cells which may then be altered to produce ... For example, researchers were able to overexpress transporter genes in hamster ovary cells to increase monoclonal antibody ... to engineer a common industrial yeast strain which allows the cells to grow on substrate cheaper than the traditional glucose. ... Tabuchi, Hisahiro; Sugiyama, Tomoya; Tanaka, Saeko; Tainaka, Satoshi (2010). "Overexpression of taurine transporter in Chinese ...
... is a cell's ability to recognize and respond to fuel substrates such as glucose. Each type of fuel used by the ... NRT1.1, also known as CHL1, is the nitrate transceptor (transporter and receptor) found on the plasma membrane of plants. This ... The level and type of fuel that is available to a cell will determine the type of enzymes it needs to express from its genome ... During glucose shortage, the energy sensor AMPK activates arginine methyltransferase CARM1 and mediates histone H3 ...
40 g/L in 2 days using glucose as a carbon source. Glutamine synthesis from glutamate and ammonia is catalyzed by the enzyme ... refilling the citric acid cycle Nontoxic transporter of ammonia in the blood circulation. Integrity of healthy intestinal ... it is still possible that glutamine supplementation may be detrimental in some cancer types. Ceasing glutamine supplementation ... Corbet C, Feron O (July 2015). Corbet C, Feron O (eds.). "Metabolic and mind shifts: from glucose to glutamine and acetate ...
... as cancer cells exhibit increased glucose uptake. Other radiotracers target specific receptors, enzymes, or transporters, ... In oncology, theranostics encompasses a wide range of applications, including the management of various types of cancers such ... For example, [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is commonly used to assess glucose metabolism, ... doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76263-6_5. ISBN 978-3-030-76262-9. S2CID 244344653. {{cite book}}: ,website= ignored (help) Solnes LB, ...
When cells from Niemann Pick Type C patients lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells ... which involve turning excess glucose or carbohydrates into fats). In this particular study, Castillo et al. found that when ... July 1997). "Linkage of Niemann-Pick disease type D to the same region of human chromosome 18 as Niemann-Pick disease type C". ... type C. Niemann-Pick disease, type C is a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder resulting from autosomal recessively ...
An upregulation of iron levels has also been seen to induce oxytosis/ferroptosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast ... Without NGF, the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system begin to atrophy, glucose uptake rates fall, and the rates of ... Erastin acts through inhibition of the cystine/glutamate transporter, thus causing decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) ... Oxytosis/ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid ...
... is a type of cellular signaling, and more specifically can be considered a type of paracrine signaling. However ... Part of it encodes an ABC transporter, which imports AI-2 into the cells during the early stationary (latent) phase of growth. ... This explains why, when grown with glucose, E. coli will lose the ability to internalize AI-2 (because of catabolite repression ... 9 (3): 685-694. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00480-x. PMID 11931774. Vannini A, Volpari C, Gargioli C, Muraglia E, Cortese R, De ...
Liu W, Deng J, Wang G, Zhang C, Luo X, Yan D, Su Q, Liu J (July 2014). "KCNE2 modulates cardiac L-type Ca(2+) channel". Journal ... Kcne2 deletion in mice causes anemia, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, hyperkalemia and elevated serum angiotensin II. Some ... and Na+-coupled solute transporters form reciprocally regulating complexes that affect neuronal excitability". Science ... It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. Because of this and its ability to regulate multiple different ion ...
... and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). To migrate, endothelial cells need collagenases and plasminogen activator to degrade the ... During maturation, type III collagen, which is prevalent during proliferation, is replaced by type I collagen. Originally ... Glucose is the most prominent source of fuel and it is used to create cellular ATP, providing energy for angiogenesis and the ... Macrophages are a type of repairing cell that devour dead cells and pathogens, and trigger other immune cells to respond to ...
... nitrate transporters and ammonium transporters. As proposed by Cameron 2006 and Fochi 2016, nitrogen may also be transferred as ... The types of orchids and their symbiotic fungi also vary depending on the environmental niches they occupy, whether terrestrial ... but glucose and sucrose may also be involved, or as an amino acids primarily as arginine but glycine and glutamine can also be ... Pi transporter genes such as MtPT4 and StPT3 are up regulated in orchids plants along with H+ ATPase transporters. Fungal ...
Scramblases are not members of the general family of transmembrane lipid transporters known as flippases. Scramblases are ... Scramblases, flippases, and floppases are three different types of enzymatic groups of phospholipid transportation enzymes. The ... PLSCR3 knockout mice showed an aberrant abdominal fat accumulation, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidema as ... potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 32 Suppl 3: 24-34 ...
... stimulated aspartate/glutamate transporters in mitochondria". The EMBO Journal. 20 (18): 5060-9. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.18.5060. ... and muscle-type mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (35): 31333-9. doi:10.1074 ... "The malate-aspartate NADH shuttle member Aralar1 determines glucose metabolic fate, mitochondrial activity, and insulin ... "The gene mutated in adult-onset type II citrullinaemia encodes a putative mitochondrial carrier protein". Nature Genetics. 22 ( ...
This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types. In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose, a ... February 2013). "Heptanoate as a neural fuel: energetic and neurotransmitter precursors in normal and glucose transporter I- ... of total body glucose utilization. The brain mostly uses glucose for energy, and deprivation of glucose, as can happen in ... The brain consumes ~60% of the blood glucose used in the sedentary, fasted person. ... The amount of glucose in the blood is ...