This model has limits, however, because the fitness advantage of limited virulence is primarily a function of a limited number ... Lastly, in models where virulence level and rate of transmission are related, high levels of virulence can evolve. Virulence is ... Ebert D, Bull JJ (January 2003). "Challenging the trade-off model for the evolution of virulence: is virulence management ... Brown NF, Wickham ME, Coombes BK, Finlay BB (May 2006). "Crossing the Line: Selection and Evolution of Virulence Traits". PLOS ...
... ability or lack thereof of a pathogen to adapt to its host environment is an indicator of the pathogen's fitness or virulence. ... If a pathogen has high fitness in the host environment, or is virulent, it will be able to grow and spread quickly within its ... The pH of the Host Niche Controls Gene Expression in and Virulence of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. July 1998 vol. 66 no. 7 ... Pathogens like Salmonella, which is a food borne pathogen, are able to adapt to the host environment and maintain virulence via ...
Fitness of a plasmid is determined by its mobility. The first factor of plasmid fitness is its ability to replicate DNA. The ... An example of MGEs in evolutionary context are that virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes of MGEs can be ... However, MGEs can also decrease fitness by introducing disease-causing alleles or mutations. The set of MGEs in an organism is ... Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements ...
With an increase in fitness, the cheaters can outcompete the cooperators; this leads to an overall decrease in fitness of the ... This study focused on the construction, modeling, and dynamic simulation of PVD biosynthesis, a virulence factor, through a ... cooperators have a decrease in fitness while cheaters have an increase in fitness. It is observed that the magnitude of change ... Harrison F, Browning LE, Vos M, Buckling A (July 2006). "Cooperation and virulence in acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections ...
... she conducted studies to elucidate the roles of the calcineurin pathway in stress responses and fungal virulence. After ... and the characterization of mTORC1 roles in cell fitness and growth control. Simultaneously, ...
A variety of virulence factors were analysed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from pneumonia patients. Rhamnolipids ... The anti-microbial action of rhamnolipids may provide a fitness advantage for Pseudomonas aeruginosa by excluding other ... In summary, rhamnolipids have been shown unequivocally to be a potent virulence factor in the human host, however, they are ... Zulianello L, Canard C, Köhler T, Caille D, Lacroix JS, Meda P (June 2006). "Rhamnolipids are virulence factors that promote ...
Virulence (the tendency of a pathogen to cause damage to a host's fitness) evolves when that pathogen can spread from a ...
A major phenotype and potential virulence factor that C. glabrata possesses is low-level intrinsic resistance to the azole ... genome frequently undergoes rearrangements that are hypothesized to contribute to the improvement of this yeast's fitness ... Besides its innate tolerance to antifungal drugs, other potential virulence factors contribute to C. glabrata pathogenicity. ... towards exposure to stressful conditions, and some authors consider that this property is connected to the virulence potential ...
Targeted mutation of the ftrA gene did not induce a decrease in virulence in the murine model of A. fumigatus invasion. In ... have been shown to impact the fitness of A. fumigatus in hypoxic conditions. The transcription factor SrbA is the master ... Similar to SrbA, a SrbB knockout mutant resulted in a loss of virulence, however, there was no heightened sensitivity towards ... Yet, the large redundancy of these elastases has hindered the identification of specific effects on virulence. A number of ...
The virulence of the virus may be changed, or a virus could evolve to become adapted to a different host environment than that ... "Quantitative modeling of virus evolutionary dynamics and adaptation in serial passages using empirically inferred fitness ... Changing the virulence of SARS in this way was important, because without a virulent form of SARS to infect laboratory animals ... These attempts increased the virulence of the virus. Then, he realized that he could put dog tissue into a monkey to infect it ...
... also acts as a virulence factor. It has an antioxidant action that helps the microbe evade death by reactive ... Clauditz A, Resch A, Wieland KP, Peschel A, Götz F (August 2006). "Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of ... "Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity". J Exp ... "A cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor blocks Staphylococcus aureus virulence". Science. 319 (5868): 391-94. Bibcode:2008Sci... ...
... the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) of pathogenic bacteria, the Victors database of virulence factors in human and animal ... Some researchers believe gene loss may actually increase fitness and survival among pathogens. In a new environment, some genes ... "VFDB: Virulence Factors of Bacterial Pathogens". www.mgc.ac.cn. Retrieved 8 November 2019. Sayers, Samantha; Li, Li; Ong, ... E.coli was an example of why this is important, with genes encoding virulence factors in two strains of the species differing ...
... increase direct fitness) or costly (decrease direct fitness). Based on Hamilton's definition, there are four unique types of ... Cooperation, virulence and siderophore production in bacterial parasites. Proc. R. Soc. Lon. Ser. B 270:37-44. doi: 10.1098/ ... direct fitness benefits or indirect fitness benefits. This follows from Hamilton's 1964 insight that individuals gain inclusive ... From an evolutionary point of view, a behavior is social if it has fitness consequences for both the individual that performs ...
Breeding efforts continue because pathogen populations are under selection pressure and evolve increased virulence, pathogens ... "Arabidopsis cell wall composition determines disease resistance specificity and fitness". Proceedings of the National Academy ... effectors are DNA-binding proteins that activate host gene expression to enhance pathogen virulence. Both the rice and pepper ... "Role of Ubiquitination in Plant Innate Immunity and Pathogen Virulence". Journal of Plant Biology. 53 (1): 10-18. doi:10.1007/ ...
Wise and Carr (2008b) suggested that it is best to keep the measure of fitness and the measure of damage on the same scale when ... There may then be photosynthetic for decreased virulence in the pathogens, so that their plant host will survive long enough to ... Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by herbivory. It is one of the general plant ... 2007). If this is the case, then plants that are able to tolerate damage will suffer little decrease in fitness and so ...
Finally, the replicative fitness of a viral strain (measured in transmissions per host) is largely extrinsic to virological ... A useful proxy for virulence is the set-point viral load (SPVL), which is correlated with the time until AIDS. SPVL is the ... These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and ... Luciani F, Sisson SA, Jiang H, Francis AR, Tanaka MM (August 2009). "The epidemiological fitness cost of drug resistance in ...
In this way, Wolbachia provides a fitness advantage to the infected females and prevents uninfected females from reproducing. ... albopictus larvae, and the first detected species was Lambornella stegomyiae (Hymenostomatida: Tetrahymenidae). The virulence, ... In competitive situations, an infection with sporozoans can also reduce the biological fitness of other uninfected mosquitoes. ... Although little is known about why cytoplasmic incompatibility exists, Wolbachia infection creates a fitness advantage for ...
Li G, Cortez MH, Dushoff J, Weitz JS (July 2020). "When to be temperate: on the fitness benefits of lysis vs. lysogeny". Virus ... Bacterial cells are protected by a cell wall of polysaccharides, which are important virulence factors protecting bacterial ... Wendling CC, Refardt D, Hall AR (February 2021). "Fitness benefits to bacteria of carrying prophages and prophage-encoded ... Some temperate phages can confer fitness advantages to their host in numerous ways, including giving antibiotic resistance ...
Mycotoxins may provide fitness benefits in terms of physiological adaptation, competition with other microbes and fungi, and ... The response protects U. maydis from the host defense, and is necessary for the pathogen's virulence. Furthermore, U. maydis ... Molina L, Kahmann R (July 2007). "An Ustilago maydis gene involved in H2O2 detoxification is required for virulence". The Plant ... Nielsen K, Heitman J (2007). "Sex and Virulence of Human Pathogenic Fungi". Fungal Genomics. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 57. ...
Casadevall A, Pirofski LA (August 1999). "Host-pathogen interactions: redefining the basic concepts of virulence and ... we know that pathogen proteins causing an extensive rewiring of the host interactome have a higher impact in pathogen fitness ... "Centrality in the host-pathogen interactome is associated with pathogen fitness during infection". Nature Communications. 8: ...
Certain subtypes are known for their increased virulence or drug resistance to different medications used to treat HIV. HIV-2 ... Bons E, Bertels F, Regoes RR (July 2018). "Estimating the mutational fitness effects distribution during early HIV infection". ... December 2014). "Impact of HLA-driven HIV adaptation on virulence in populations of high HIV seroprevalence". Proceedings of ...
Liu XD, Duan J, Guo LH (August 2009). "Role of phosphoglucosamine mutase on virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans". Oral ... resistance to antimicrobial peptides and in vivo fitness". Microbiology. 155 (Pt 10): 3403-10. doi:10.1099/mic.0.029553-0. PMID ... virulence, and antibiotic resistance". Infection and Immunity. 71 (6): 3068-75. doi:10.1128/iai.71.6.3068-3075.2003. PMC 155759 ... an enzyme involved in the virulence of multiple human pathogens". Proteins. 79 (4): 1215-29. doi:10.1002/prot.22957. PMC ...
Plants with FLS2 and EF-Tu receptors have shown to have increased fitness in the population. This has led to the belief that ... with some mutants increasing PstDC3000 virulence even further. Plants are affected by multiple pathogens throughout their ... which leads to better adaptation and fitness for populations that are in rapidly changing environments. In the future, ...
... its virulence and the host's immune response. Conversely, evolved behaviors of the host may be a result of adaptations to ... fitness increase) and the energy it costs. The more common approach for parasites is to indirectly induce behavioral responses ... result in a higher fitness. It is probable that most parasites with complex life cycles evolved from simple life cycles; the ... "Host behaviour manipulation as an evolutionary route towards attenuation of parasitoid virulence". Journal of Evolutionary ...
With an increase in fitness, the cheaters can outcompete the cooperators; this leads to an overall decrease in fitness of the ... September 2005). "Down regulation of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by salicylic acid attenuates its virulence on ... while cheaters have an increase in fitness. The magnitude of change in fitness increases with increasing iron limitation. ... Pyocyanin is a virulence factor of the bacteria and has been known to cause death in C. elegans by oxidative stress. However, ...
A mutation in codon 450 of M. tuberculosis leads to a minor loss of fitness, while the corresponding mutation in S. aureus ... tuberculosis and implicated in virulence of the bacteria. Mutations also impact promoter binding, elongation, termination, and ... This makes it very likely that mutations within these regions have some effect on the overall fitness of the organism. These ... These mutations result in high rifampicin resistance with a relatively low loss of fitness. For Staphylococcus aureus, the ...
... also plays a role in the spread of virulence factors, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst ... Transposon insertion elements have been reported to increase the fitness of gram-negative E. coli strains through either major ... Since this system increases the fitness of S. acidocaldarius cells after UV exposure, Wolferen et al. considered that transfer ... Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements ...
Chao, Lin (29 November 1990). "Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet". Nature. 348 (6300): 454-455. Bibcode: ... Higher and lower virulence with hard and soft selection". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 75 (3): 261-75. doi:10.1086/393499. ...
Anderson, Cindy (2010). "Pathogenic Properties (Virulence Factors) of Some Common Pathogens" (PDF). Guadarrama-Conzuelo, ... molecules targeting specific proteins/enzymes that are essential for the parasite's survival or that can compromise the fitness ... specificity and reducing the virulence of the pathogen with no or minimal undesirable cross-reactivities.[citation needed] Like ...
Witter, R. L. (1997). "Increased Virulence of Marek's Disease Virus Field Isolates". Avian Diseases. 41 (1): 149-163. doi: ... "Pertactin negative Bordetella pertussis demonstrates higher fitness under vaccine selection pressure in a mixed infection model ... Soubeyrand, Benoit; Plotkin, Stanley A. (June 2002). "Antitoxin vaccines and pathogen virulence". Nature. 417 (6889): 609-610. ... "Polymorphism in the Bordetella pertussis virulence factors P.69/pertactin and pertussis toxin in The Netherlands: temporal ...