Exotoxin
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal ... Exotoxins are susceptible to antibodies produced by the immune system, but some exotoxins are so toxic that they may be fatal ... Media related to Exotoxin at Wikimedia Commons Exotoxins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( ... these exotoxins are the bacterial equivalent of antibiotics such as clindamycin.) Some exotoxins act directly at the ribosome ...
Pseudomonas exotoxin
The Pseudomonas exotoxin (or exotoxin A) is an exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vibrio cholerae produces a similar ... Hafkemeyer P, Brinkmann U, Brinkmann E, Pastan I, Blum HE, Baumert TF (May 2008). "Pseudomonas exotoxin antisense RNA ... Media related to Pseudomonas exotoxin at Wikimedia Commons P11439 (eta) in InterPro domain view (Articles with short ... "Structure-function analysis of water-soluble inhibitors of the catalytic domain of exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa". The ...
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins also known as erythrogenic toxins, are exotoxins secreted by strains of the bacterial species ... Pyrogenic exotoxins are implicated as the causative agent of scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. There is no ... SpeB is known as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B, streptopain and streptococcal cysteine proteinase as a result of its ... All superantigenic streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins contain two major conserved protein domains that are linked by an α-helix ...
Staphylococcus aureus
Depending on the strain, S. aureus is capable of secreting several exotoxins, which can be categorized into three groups. Many ... Medical Laboratory Manual For Tropical Countries vol two Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM (January 2000). "Exotoxins of ... Exfoliative toxins Exfoliative toxins are exotoxins implicated in the disease staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), ...
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1
TSST-1 is a bacterial exotoxin found in patients who have developed toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which can be found in ... Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM (January 2000). "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (1 ...
Enterotoxin
Streptococcal exotoxins are produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. These toxins share the ability to bind to the major ... Rotavirus (NSP4) Endotoxin Exotoxin "enterotoxin" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Carlton Gyles, Magdalene So, Stanley Falkow, ... An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines. They can be chromosomally or ... Dinges, M. M.; Orwin, P. M.; Schlievert, P. M. (2000). "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 ...
Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin
Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM (January 2000). "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (1 ...
Desquamation
Dinges, MM; Orwin, PM; Schlievert, PM (January 2000). "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 ( ...
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins. Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with ...
Polymorphic toxins
... are bacterial exotoxins which share common features regarding their domain architecture. Each family of PTs ...
Gas gangrene
One such exotoxin is alpha toxin, which is produced by C. perfringens and is the key virulence factor in its pathogenesis. ... Bacteria often possess the ability to create exotoxins to assist them in competing with other microbes in their natural ... Alongside such rapid proliferation is a corresponding mass-production of exotoxin that causes severe damage to local tissue in ... Bacteria cause myonecrosis by specific exotoxins. These microorganisms are opportunistic and, in general, enter the body ...
Microbial toxin
Bacteria toxins which can be classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. Exotoxins are generated and actively secreted; ... Exotoxins are also relatively specific to the bacteria that produce it; for example, diphtheria toxin is only produced by ... Exotoxin activity can be separated into specific cytotoxic activity or broad cytotoxic activity based on whether the toxin ... Botulinum toxins, exotoxins of Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic naturally occurring substances known to man. Proft T ( ...
Corynebacterium
SIB: Viral exotoxin. Expasy: ViralZone. Accessed 2 Feb 2021 Oteo, Jesús; Aracil, Belén; Ignacio Alós, Juan; Luis Gómez-Garcés, ... The virulent and toxigenic strains produce an exotoxin formed by two polypeptide chains, which is itself produced when a ...
ADP-ribosylation
Bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins (bAREs) covalently transfer an ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ to target proteins of infected ... Krueger, KM; Barbieri, JT (January 1995). "The family of bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. ... exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pertussis toxin of B. pertussis; C3 toxin of C. botulinum; and diphtheria toxin of ...
Virulence factor
Exotoxins are extremely immunogenic meaning that they trigger the humoral response (antibodies target the toxin). Exotoxins are ... Exotoxins are actively secreted by some bacteria and have a wide range of effects including inhibition of certain biochemical ... Exotoxins are also produced by a range of other bacteria including Escherichia coli; Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of ... These are divided into two groups: endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxin is a component (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) of the cell ...
Sepsis
Bacterial exotoxins that act as superantigens also may cause sepsis. Superantigens simultaneously bind major histocompatibility ...
Corynebacteriophage
L. P. Johnson, M. A. Tomai, P. M. Schlievert: Bacteriophage Involvement in Group A Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A ... Accessed 18 Feb 2021 SIB: Viral exotoxin. Expasy: ViralZone. Accessed 18 Feb 2021 Julie K. Segman, ed. (2006). Stedman's ...
Dennis Wallace Watson
Kim, Yoon Berm; Watson, Dennis W. (1970). "A Purified Group a Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin". Journal of Experimental ... "Nonspecific and specific immunological mitogenicity by group a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins". Infection and Immunity. 22 ( ...
Rhs toxins
... belong to the polymorphic toxin category of bacterial exotoxins. Rhs proteins are widespread and can be produced by ...
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
One of the exotoxins is encoded on the bacterial chromosome, while the other is encoded on a plasmid. These exotoxins are ... Clindamycin is sometimes also used because of its inhibition of exotoxins.[citation needed] The prognosis of SSSS in children ... The syndrome is induced by epidermolytic exotoxins (exfoliatin) A and B, which are released by S. aureus and cause detachment ... it is thought not to be different from scarlet fever caused by staphylococcal exotoxin after Keith Powell proposed equating it ...
Prophage
Exotoxins encoded by prophages cause pathogenic outcomes in agriculture and aquaculture. Menouni, R; Hutinet, G; Petit, MA; ...
Elongation factor
Likewise, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A inactivates EF-2. Parker, J. (2001). "Elongation Factors; Translation". ...
Scarlet fever
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins - SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. The pyrogenic exotoxins, also called erythrogenic ... Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (speA) is probably the best studied of these toxins. It is carried by the bacteriophage T12 ... Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, speA, is the one most commonly associated with cases of scarlet fever that are complicated ... The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes. On darker-pigmented skin the rash may be ...
Diphtheria
He also showed that the bacillus produces an exotoxin.[citation needed] In 1885, Joseph P. O'Dwyer introduced the O'Dwyer tube ... as the lethality and symptoms themselves are caused by the exotoxin produced by the bacteria. Diagnosis can often be made based ...
Vibrio cholerae
Nair, G. Balakrish; Narain, Jai P. (2010). "From endotoxin to exotoxin: De's rich legacy to cholera". Bulletin of the World ...
MafB toxins
... are exotoxins secreted by pathogenic Neisseria species (including meningococcus and gonococcus). MafB toxins belong ...
AB toxin
The exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is another example of an AB toxin that targets the eukaryotic elongation factor 2. The ... PA forms the "B" part of the exotoxin and allows passage of the "A" moiety (consisting of EF or LF) into target cells. PA ... "Bacterial Pathogenesis: Bacterial Factors that Damage the Host - Producing Exotoxins - A-B Toxins". Archived from the original ...
Alan W. Bernheimer
Avigad, Lois S. (1974). "Partial Characterization of Aerolysin, a Lytic Exotoxin from Aeromonas hydrophila". Infection and ...
Bacteriophage T12
It carries the speA gene which codes for erythrogenic toxin A. speA is also known as streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin A, scarlet ... L. P. Johnson; M. A. Tomai; P. M. Schlievert (1986). "Bacteriophage involvement in group a streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin a ... L. McKane; J. J. Ferretti (December 1981). "Phage-host interactions and the production of type A streptococcal exotoxin in ... Johnson LP, Schlievert PM (1984). "Group a streptococcal phage T12 carries the structural gene for pyrogenic exotoxin type A". ...
Pfiesteria
2002). "Pfiesteria shumwayae kills fish by micropredation not exotoxin secretion". Nature. 418 (6901): 967-70. doi:10.1038/ ...