... physiological processes G08 - reproductive and urinary physiology G09 - circulatory and respiratory physiology G10 - digestive ... biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity G05 - genetic processes G06 - biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and ... chemical and pharmacologic phenomena G13 - genetic phenomena G14 - genetic structures H - Physical Sciences H01 - natural ... respiratory tract diseases C09 - otorhinolaryngologic diseases C10 - nervous system diseases C11 - eye diseases C12 - urologic ...

A phenomenon improving pulmonary gas exchange and circulatory efficiency". Circulation. 94 (4): 842-7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.94.4. ... Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is frequently used as a noninvasive method for investigating vagal tone, in physiological, ... A phenomenon improving pulmonary gas exchange and circulatory efficiency". Circulation. 94 (4): 842-7. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.4. ... Porges SW (1986), "Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Physiological Basis, Quantitative Methods, and Clinical Implications", ...

... circulatory system, and respiratory system), which momentarily rekindles the momentarily paralysed life, in such a way that ... is an original phenomenon. From such, all relations between further phenomena can be derived and the latter thus understood ( ... they become the physiological basis of thinking, willing and feeling; through these soul-activities, human individuality can ... "A phenomenon, an experiment can prove nothing; it is the link of a great chain which is only valid in the context. He who would ...

A phenomenon improving pulmonary gas exchange and circulatory efficiency". Circulation. 94 (4): 842-7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.94.4. ... Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is frequently used as a noninvasive method for investigating vagal tone, in physiological, ... A phenomenon improving pulmonary gas exchange and circulatory efficiency". Circulation. 94 (4): 842-7. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.4. ... Respiratory sinus arrhythmia[edit]. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is typically a benign, normal variation in heart rate ...

Such physiological and cognitive functions are generally not believed to give rise to mental phenomena or qualia, however, as ... Chemoreceptors in the circulatory system also measure salt levels and prompt thirst if they get too high; they can also respond ... Pulmonary stretch receptors are found in the lungs and control the respiratory rate. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the brain ... Nociception (physiological pain) signals nerve-damage or damage to tissue. The three types of pain receptors are cutaneous ( ...

Much research has focused on estimating respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, as well as more detailed respiratory ... "Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement". Physiological Measurement. 28 (3): R1-39. doi: ... Reisner A, Shaltis PA, McCombie D, Asada HH (May 2008). "Utility of the photoplethysmogram in circulatory monitoring". ... "Novel photoplethysmography cardiovascular assessments in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis: a pilot ...

This phenomenon is known as aposematism. Some caterpillars, especially members of Papilionidae, contain an osmeterium, a Y- ... 279 In the circulatory system, hemolymph, or insect blood, is used to circulate heat in a form of thermoregulation, where ... as well as in certain specific morphological or physiological traits within a species. Environmental polymorphism, in which ... along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's respiratory ...

On the organ and tissue scale in mammals and other animals, examples include the circulatory system, the respiratory system, ... The notion of physiological division of labor, introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologist Henri Milne-Edwards, allowed ... work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the ... Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm. Digestive system: ...

Physiological diversity and its ecological implications. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K. x + 241 pp. Tracy, C. R.; J. S. Turner ... The respiratory system protects itself against damage by warming the incoming air to 80-90 degrees Fahrenheit before it reaches ... Cold stress is physiologically combated by shivering, accumulation of body fat, circulatory adaptations (that provide an ... and leaf of branch breakage are rather common phenomena, that plants have to accommodate. In the more extreme cases, plants can ...

Gastropods have open circulatory system and the transport fluid is hemolymph. Hemocyanin is present in the hemolymph as the ... The respiratory protein in almost all gastropods is hemocyanin, but one freshwater pulmonate family, the Planorbidae, have ... This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. Torsion is present in all gastropods, ... The effects of torsion are primarily physiological; the organism develops an asymmetrical growth, with the majority occurring ...

4.5 Respiratory system. *4.6 Circulatory system. *4.7 Excretory system. *4.8 Reproductive system ... This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. Torsion is present in all gastropods, ... The effects of torsion are primarily physiological; the organism develops an asymmetrical growth, with the majority occurring ... Respiratory systemEdit. Main articles: Respiratory system of gastropods and Respiratory system § Anatomy of respiratory system ...

... circulatory and respiratory health, gender and health, genetics, human development, infection, musculoskeletal health, diabetes ... A recent phenomenon, systems biology, is the result of the merger of molecular and cell biology with systems and control theory ... physiological and molecular levels. In Quebec, McGill has established the Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics in Physiology and ... Certain types of problems and phenomena are so complex that they are not easily studied or understood through the lens of one ...

Active transport Transport phenomena "5.2 Passive Transport - Biology 2e , OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06. "5.2A ... Wagner, Peter D. (2015-01-01). "The physiological basis of pulmonary gas exchange: implications for clinical interpretation of ... oxygen is brought into the lungs and quickly diffuses across the membrane of alveoli and enters the circulatory system by ... arterial blood gases". European Respiratory Journal. 45 (1): 227-243. doi:10.1183/09031936.00039214. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID ...

... respiratory and circulatory effects of pressure on the brain, such as that resulting from brain tumors (14 min; color). PMF ... Physiological aspects of Undue Heat Load; Metabolic heat; Heat exchanges by radiation, convection, conduction, and vaporization ... biochemical phenomena illustrated by animation; laboratory technique of several Nobel prize winning scientists (40 min; color ... 5112 (1949) - Respiratory Reflexes Demonstrated in the Rabbit; Some of the simpler respiratory reflexes and their pathways (13 ...

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems; oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing ... The organism itself does not have to be completely cut into separate pieces for the regeneration phenomenon to be witnessed. In ... The Physiological Basis of Memory. New York and London: Academic Press. pp. l-25. Shomrat T, Levin M (October 2013). "An ... Dalyell JG (1814). Observations on some interesting phenomena in animal physiology, exhibited by several species of planariae. ...

Physiology studies how, for example, the nervous, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and circulatory systems function and interact ... Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology, but some principles of ... development and vital phenomena. He divided them into two groups: animals with blood, equivalent to our concept of vertebrates ... Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behavior, interactions, and ...

... excretion Breathing Respiratory system: lungs Circulation Circulatory system: heart - artery - vein - capillary - Blood - blood ... Chronobiology - field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- ... Behavioral neuroscience - study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals ... Theoretical Biology - the mathematical modeling of biological phenomena. Zoology - study of animals, including classification, ...

The majority of current data comes from missions of short duration and so some of the long-term physiological effects of living ... Another effect is known as cosmic ray visual phenomena. [a] NASA survey of 300 male and female astronauts, about 23 percent of ... Severe symptoms, such as loss of oxygen in tissue, followed by circulatory failure and flaccid paralysis would occur in about ... but will continue to release water vapour leading to cooling and ice formation in the respiratory tract. A rough estimate is ...

The first phenomenon now recognized as Murray's law is Young's rule for circulatory systems, which states that two identical ... Murray's law is observed in the vascular and respiratory systems of animals, xylem in plants, and the respiratory system of ... Murray, Cecil D. (1926a). "The Physiological Principle of Minimum Work: I. The Vascular System and the Cost of Blood Volume". ... In circulatory system governed by Murray's law with α=3, shear stress on vessel walls is roughly constant. Consequently, ...

These two defects combined causes deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and going right back into the circulatory system. The ... The term is usually used to describe studies of such phenomena by invasive (intracardiac) catheter recording of spontaneous ... It would typically be modified depending on the indication and integrated with other examinations especially the respiratory ... and numerous physiological features (e.g., systole, heart sounds, afterload) that have been encyclopedically documented for ...

This type of death where circulatory and respiratory arrest happens is known as the circulatory definition of death (DCDD). ... This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where species presumed extinct abruptly "reappear" (typically in the ... Physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now ... of the DCDD believe that this definition is reasonable because a person with permanent loss of circulatory and respiratory ...

As the temperature decreases, further physiological systems falter and heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure all ... Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is a medical technique in which the brain is cooled as low as 10 °C, which allows the heart ... Carter N, Green MA, Milroy CM, Clark JC (1995). "Letter to the editor: Terminal burrowing behaviour - a phenomenon of lethal ... fast respiratory rate, and contraction of blood vessels). These are all physiological responses to preserve heat. Increased ...

In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year ... The respiratory system is an important factor that limits the size of insects. As insects get larger, this type of oxygen ... The insect circulatory system is open; it has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, ... Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals ...

Antibodies with high activity at physiological temperature (approximately 37 °C) are termed warm autoantibodies. Cold ... and other respiratory infections. Less commonly, it can be caused by concomitant autoimmune disorders. Drug-induced AIHA, ... Hematology Hemolytic anemia List of circulatory system conditions List of hematologic conditions Splenomegaly Shoenfield, Y; et ... and impaired passage of red blood cells through capillaries in the extremities causes acrocyanosis and Raynaud phenomenon with ...

He decided to run an experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomenon. He kept a group of roosters with their testes ... Hormonal signals can travel virtually anywhere in the circulatory system, whereas neural signals are restricted to pre-existing ... In vertebrates, hormones are responsible for regulating a variety of physiological processes and behavioral activities such as ... for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorders). Insulin is used by many diabetics. Local preparations for use in ...

The second major physiological stress-response center, the HPA axis, regulates the release of cortisol, which influences many ... The organism's resistance to the stressor drops temporarily below the normal range and some level of shock (e.g. circulatory ... The ambiguity in defining this phenomenon was first recognized by Hans Selye (1907-1982) in 1926. In 1951 a commentator loosely ... Some studies have observed increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection during chronic life stress. In patients with HIV ...

The naked mole-rat exhibits a highly unusual set of physiological and behavioral traits that allow it to thrive in a harsh ... The naked mole-rat lacks pain sensitivity in its skin, and has very low metabolic and respiratory rates. It is also remarkable ... Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 293 (2): H919-27. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01287.2006. PMID 17468332. S2CID 19584646. "Ugly ... Inbreeding is a common phenomenon among naked mole-rats within a colony. Prolonged inbreeding is usually associated with lower ...

Other examples include the following: Physiological design Basic physiological design plays a role in the size of a given ... For example, animals with a closed circulatory system are larger than animals with open or no circulatory systems. Mechanical ... In biology this is appropriate because many biological phenomena (e.g. growth, reproduction, metabolism, sensation) are ... have similarly scaled respiratory and cardiovascular systems and the same relative amount of blood: about 5.5% of body mass. ...

Roca O, Riera J, Torres F, Masclans JR (April 2010). "High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure". Respiratory Care ... This phenomenon is known as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In rare instances, people receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy ... oxygen delivered later in the cycle will be inhaled into physiological dead space, wher it serves no useful purpose as it ... Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 285 (2): H643-52. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00900.2002. PMID 12714329. Riseman JA, Zamboni WA, ...

Forensic pathology studies the clues to the cause of death found in the corpse as a medical phenomenon. Forensic entomology ... Physiological Entomology. 42: 73-84. doi:10.1111/phen.12168. ISSN 1365-3032. Chu, Jennifer. "MIT News". The mathematics of leaf ... which accumulate within the body at this time aid in the transport of sulfhemoglobin throughout the body via the circulatory ... oxygen remaining in the body is quickly depleted by cellular metabolism and aerobic microbes naturally present in respiratory ...

W. B. Cannon; Physiological Regulation of Normal States: Some Tentative Postulates Concerning Biological Homeostatics; IN: A. ... The organism's resistance to the stressor drops temporarily below the normal range and some level of shock (e.g. circulatory ... The ambiguity in defining this phenomenon was first recognized by Hans Selye (1907-1982) in 1926. In 1951 a commentator loosely ... Some studies have observed increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection during chronic life stress. In patients with HIV ...

Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well-established phenomenon in the regulation of protein function at the post- ... Physiological Reviews. 88 (4): 1547-65. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2008. PMID 18923189. S2CID 448875.. ... most commonly with a respiratory infection, chickenpox, or diarrhea. Salicylates were detectable in 81.9% of children for whom ... increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they ...

... s have a juvenile stage and an adult stage, and the circulatory systems of the two are distinct. In the juvenile (or ... The progeny feed on a skin layer that is specially developed by the adult in a phenomenon known as maternal dermatophagy. The ... Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and ... Physiological Zoology. 64 (1): 212-231. doi:10.1086/physzool.64.1.30158520. JSTOR 30158520. S2CID 87191067. Archived from the ...

The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and ... This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), ... The authors can be classified in 2 schools: Those who think that the major part of the respiratory changes are pre-programmed ... An organism's preferred temperature is typically the temperature at which the organism's physiological processes can act at ...

The Physiological Basis of Decompression. 38th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. UHMS Publication Number 75 ( ... While not strictly speaking a phenomenon of decompression, it is a complication that can occur during decompression, and that ... Variations in perfusion distribution do not necessarily affect respiratory inert gas exchange, though some gas may be locally ... Pittman, R.N. (2011). "Chapter 2: The Circulatory System and Oxygen Transport". Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation. San Rafael, ...

A new physiological phenomenon of Desired Metaplasia for regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo. Annals of NYAS 1998. Bynum ... respiratory and reproductive systems. 219 - Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage). 200 BC - the ... William Harvey explains the circulatory system in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus 1683 - 1758 ...

... respiratory system, and other structures, his work contained scientific errors. Galen believed the circulatory system to ... Galen on the Brain: Anatomical Knowledge and Physiological Speculation in the Second Century A.D. Studies in Ancient Medicine ... The medical text describes the phenomenon of 'hysterical apnea'. Abascantus Galenic formulation Timeline of medicine and ... The liver converted nutrients gathered from ingested food into blood to be used in the circulatory system. The blood created in ...

As a clinical scientist working in physiological sciences, he was foremost in the number of discoveries he made. He was also ... He conducted research into the circulation of the blood and phenomena of inflammation that was carried out on the frog's web ... The spray irritated eyes and respiratory tracts, and the soaked bandages were suspected of damaging tissue, so his teachings ... very elastic and are subject to significant capacity variations that are influenced by arterial blood flow into the circulatory ...

Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size ... This phenomenon also has consequences for behavioral treatments based on the principle of extinction, such as cue exposure ... 3: Sexual maturity: Physiological and clinical parameters. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers. "Tanner stages" (PDF). ... and circulatory and respiratory systems. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity. Hormones play an ...

Complicating the use of aspirin for prevention is the phenomenon of aspirin resistance. For people who are resistant, aspirin's ... January 2019). "Diagnosis and management of NSAID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (N-ERD)-a EAACI position paper". Allergy. 74 ... Physiological Reviews. 88 (4): 1547-65. doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2008. PMID 18923189. S2CID 448875. Laine L, Maller ES, Yu C, ... increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they ...

Several protocols have been developed for generation of most cell types of the respiratory system, which may be useful for ... The researchers demonstrate the phenomenon of somatic cell reprograming by bacteria and generation of multipotential cells from ... March 2022). "In vivo partial reprogramming alters age-associated molecular changes during physiological aging in mice". Nat ... and peripheral circulatory diseases depend on sugar dysregulation due to lack of insulin from pancreatic beta cells and can be ...

A frog's skin is protective, has a respiratory function, can absorb water, and helps control body temperature. It has many ... The last aspect that makes this species of frog's calls unusual is that nonlinear acoustic phenomena are important components ... Kimball, John (2010). "Animal Circulatory Systems: Three Chambers: The Frog and Lizard". Kimball's Biology Pages. Retrieved ... James, R. S.; Wilson, R. S. (2008). "Explosive jumping: extreme morphological and physiological specializations of Australian ...

The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This ... The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments ... This physiological adaptation shows in nearly a hundred other species, including owlet-nightjars, nightjars, and woodswallows. ... Yong, Ed (6 June 2013). "Phenomena: Not Exactly Rocket Science How Chickens Lost Their Penises (And Ducks Kept Theirs)". ...

This phenomenon has become known as "silent bubbles". The presence of venous gas emboli is considered a low specificity ... The Physiological Basis of Decompression. 38th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop UHMS Publication Number 75(Phys ... Variations in perfusion distribution do not necessarily affect respiratory inert gas exchange, though some gas may be locally ... Pittman, R.N. (2011). "Chapter 2: The Circulatory System and Oxygen Transport". Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation. San Rafael ( ...

... could compensate for both actual respiratory loading and potentially anticipated respiratory loading. The first dynamic ... This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case, initially by Telectronics ... Most pacemakers are on demand, in which the stimulation of the heart is based on the dynamic demand of the circulatory system. ... shaping the future of physiological ventricular pacing". Nature Reviews Cardiology. 17 (1): 22-36. doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0224- ...

In open circulatory systems, blood exits blood vessels as it circulates throughout the body whereas in closed circulatory ... The respiratory system consists of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals. The anatomy and physiology ... a phenomenon known as photoperiodism. In addition to light, plants can respond to other types of stimuli. For instance, plants ... in a cell or organism is called a metabolome and metabolomics is the study of the metabolome in relation to the physiological ...