In such cases, the H centre has nucleophilic character, which contrasts with the protic character of acids. The hydride anion ... Hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride are used as strong bases in organic synthesis. The hydride reacts with ... Ionic or saline hydrides are composed of hydride bound to an electropositive metal, generally an alkali metal or alkaline earth ... Particularly common are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminium hydride and hindered reagents such as DIBAL. ...

The alkali metals form monofluorides. All are soluble and have the sodium chloride (rock salt) structure, Because the fluoride ... In the latter case, it significantly increases the acidity of a molecule: the anion formed after giving the proton off becomes ... The alkali metals can react with fluorine explosively, while the alkaline earth metals react not quite as aggressively. The ... In combination with alkali metals, pentavalent bismuth can form hexafluorobismuthate, [BiF6]−, upon reaction with a fluoride ...

Ankaramites and alkali basalts are the main volcanic rocks comprising the basal shield. Alkali basalts form columnar-jointed ... The basalts were described as black rocks with basic plagioclase with or without olivine and were noted in many cases to ... Peralkaline rocks are magmatic rocks that have a higher ratio of sodium and potassium to aluminum. Welded tuff is a volcanic ... Several outcrops of alkali basalt exist south of Kennicott Lake and the Tahltan River. They are comparable in age to the Level ...

Alkalis damage tissue by saponifying fats, leading to liquefaction necrosis which allows the alkalis to reach deeper tissues. ... Commonly ingested substances include ammonium hydroxide (found in general cleaner and grease remover), sodium hydroxide or ... with the rare exception being cases of child abuse where larger amounts are often ingested. Caustic ingestions in adults ... Acids with a pH of less than 2 or alkalis with a pH above 12 are capable of causing the most extensive injuries in ingestions. ...

As with the case of zeolites, microwave-assisted synthesis has also been of interest for the rapid synthesis of ZIFs. Both ... The first is basicity, which can be created by doing an alkali metal cation exchange. The second is the Si/Al ratio which ... ZIF-8 is very stable in water and aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions but decompose quickly in acidic solutions, indicating a pH ... sodium formate, and NaOH. Polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide), ...

In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and ammonium compounds their name. Ammonia is a chemical found in trace ... In the 15th century, Basilius Valentinus showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac. At a ... The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with sodium (NaOH) or ... In both cases, dimethylamine and trimethylamine are co-produced. Ethanolamine is prepared by a ring-opening reaction with ...

It is not certain however that volcanism was caused by the rifting in the case of the Udokan plateau. Much of the volcanic ... Rocks from this volcanic field are generally rich in sodium and silica and their content has increased during the evolution of ... Rocks erupted in the field include alkali basalt, basalt, basanite, foidite, hawaiite, phonolite, tephriphonolite, ... Some of the oldest erupted rocks on the other hand had high potassium-sodium ratios. Benmoreite, nephelinites, pantellerites ...

The Case for Sequential Ring Cleavage and Intramolecular Michael Addition". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 (19): 5731-5740. doi:10.1021/ ... Use of 15-crown-5 in conjunction with sodium hydride afforded a 1.27-fold rate enhancement over the course of a bicyclic diene ... Specifically, the use of more electronegative alkali metals or solvents less amenable to cation solvation generates the desired ... Indeed, in some cases, anionic assistance is intentionally forgone to accommodate for the production of overly sensitive ...

In this case the mass was not estimated with the derived age, but the co-movement provided an accurate distance estimate, using ... Because of the absorption of sodium and potassium in the green part of the spectrum of T dwarfs, the actual appearance of T ... and prominent atomic lines of alkali metals (Na, K, Rb, Cs). As of 2013[update], over 900 L dwarfs have been identified, most ... In the case of 2MASSW J0746425+2000321, the secondary weighs 6% of the solar mass. This measurement is called a dynamical mass ...

Soluble silicates of alkali metals (sodium or potassium) were observed by European alchemists already in the 1500s. ... This use largely ended with the introduction of Colt revolvers employing brass-cased cartridges starting in 1873. Similarly, ... Precipitated silica Sodium carbonate Sodium stannate Sodium germanate Gerard Lagaly, Werner Tufar, A. Minihan, A. Lovell " ... such as sodium metasilicate Na 2SiO 3, sodium orthosilicate Na 4SiO 4, and sodium pyrosilicate Na 6Si 2O 7. The anions are ...

Calcimimetic agents may be necessary, e.g. Cinacalcet.[citation needed] In mild cases of milk-alkali syndrome, full recovery is ... leading increased sodium excretion followed by water excretion that leads to hypovolemia. Additionally, hypercalcemia can ... Milk-alkali syndrome can be caused by the excessive intake of calcium and absorbable alkali. Sources of calcium and alkali ... Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome, is the third most common cause of hypercalcemia. Milk- ...

The title of his doctoral thesis was Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride, a topic suggested by his thesis advisor, John C. ... Shockley concluded: If the study shows that the behavior of nations in all historical cases comparable to Japan's has in fact ... Slater, J. C.; Shockley, W. (October 15, 1936). "Optical Absorption by the Alkali Halides". Physical Review. American Physical ... Shockley, William (October 15, 1936). "Electronic Energy Bands in Sodium Chloride". Physical Review. American Physical Society ...

In most private swimming pools, chlorine itself is not used, but rather sodium hypochlorite, formed from chlorine and sodium ... 2007). The Strange Case of the Broad Street Pump: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera. Los Angeles:University of California ... Diaphragm methods produce dilute and slightly impure alkali, but they are not burdened with the problem of mercury disposal and ... Labarraque's research resulted in the use of chlorides and hypochlorites of lime (calcium hypochlorite) and of sodium (sodium ...

In a related application, sodium azide, the gas-forming agent in air bags, is produced from hydrazine by reaction with sodium ... Past cases of hydrazine exposure have documented success with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) treatment. NIOSH Recommended Exposure ... alkali) chemical properties comparable to those of ammonia: N2H4 + H2O → [N2H5]+ + OH−, Kb = 1.3 × 10−6, pKb = 5.9 (for ammonia ... Again sodium hypochlorite serves as the oxidant. The net reaction is shown: (NH2)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH → N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + ...

... metal was used in the radiation case of at least one nuclear weapon design deployed by the United States (the W71). The ... Lely and Hamburger obtained 99% pure thorium metal by reducing thorium chloride with sodium metal. A simpler method leading to ... Many polynary halides with the alkali metals, barium, thallium, and ammonium are known for thorium fluorides, chlorides, and ... Following filtration, the filter cake includes thorium and the rare earths as their hydroxides, uranium as sodium diuranate, ...

In the case of water, this typically refers to mineral ions such as sodium, iron, and calcium. deliquescence A substance's ... the alkali and alkaline metals), as well as hydrogen and helium. saline solution A common term for a solution of sodium ... For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is the solute in a solution of saline water. solution A homogeneous mixture made up of ... Aldehydes have the general formula R-C(H)=O. aliphatic alkali metal Any of the metallic elements belonging to Group 1 of the ...

The most common irritants include alcohol, xylene, turpentine, ketones, metalworking fluids, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkalis, ... in this case avoidance of the allergen would be the best course of treatment. Many people have been found to have ... hypersensitivity to dental products, ingredients in lip balms, and cosmetic problems in which case identifying the factors that ...

Aerated autoclaved concrete Alkali-aggregate reaction Alkali-carbonate reaction Alkali-silica reaction Calcium silicate hydrate ... In case of a (quasi) one phase material such as blast-furnace slags the overall chemical composition can be considered as ... Fly ash Geopolymer Metakaolin Portland cement Pozzolan Pozzolana Rice husk ash Roman concrete Silica fume Sodium silicate ...

"Origin of low sodium capacity in graphite and generally weak substrate binding of Na and Mg among alkali and alkaline earth ... In the case of bromine, the following stoichiometries are known: CnBr for n = 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, and 28. Because it forms ... Different from other alkali metals, the amount of Na intercalation is very small. Quantum-mechanical calculations show that ... However, considerable Na intercalation into graphite can occur in cases when the ion is wrapped in a solvent shell through the ...

... alkali metals such as sodium, potassium and lithium, and elements such as aluminum, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, sulfur, ... In some cases, this allows a simple die shrink of a currently produced chip design to reduce costs, improve performance, and ... Binning allows chips that would otherwise be rejected to be reused in lower-tier products, as is the case with GPUs and CPUs, ... this has not been the case since 1994, and the number of nanometers used to name process nodes (see the International ...

The rigidity of the double bond freezes its conformation and, in the case of the cis isomer, causes the chain to bend and ... In the Varrentrapp reaction certain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved in molten alkali, a reaction which was, at one point of ... Solutions of fatty acids in ethanol can be titrated with sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. This ... Fatty acids are mainly used in the production of soap, both for cosmetic purposes and, in the case of metallic soaps, as ...

Unlike sodium or potassium metals, which can also be used as high-temperature coolants, it does not violently react with air or ... Lewis bases, such as the alkali fluorides, will donate fluoride ions to the beryllium, breaking the glassy bonds which increase ... reactions is to pick materials whose reaction voltages are far from the redox potential of the salt in the salt's worst case. ... Solutions of Several Metal Ions in Molten Lithium Fluoride-Sodium Fluoride-Potassium Fluoride". Analytical Chemistry. 32 (7): ...

As was the case during European industrialization, lead has had a negative effect on health in China. As of 2014, production of ... With sodium metal, lead readily forms an equimolar alloy that reacts with alkyl halides to form organometallic compounds such ... Concentrated alkalis will dissolve lead and form plumbites. Lead shows two main oxidation states: +4 and +2. The tetravalent ... The result is a stronger contraction of the lead 6s orbital than is the case for the 6p orbital, making it rather inert in ...

The alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a deleterious chemical reaction between the alkali (Na 2O and K 2O), dissolved in concrete ... Silica (in fact silicic acid when hydrated) is easily dissolved by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium silicate (Na 2SiO 3 ... Cracks form in case of a too short, or too poor, curing when young concrete has not yet developed a sufficient early strength ... Alkali-carbonate reaction With some aggregates containing dolomite, a dedolomitization reaction, also known as alkali-carbonate ...

Über ein neues Pflanzenalkali (Alkaloid)" [About Plant Alkalis: II. About a New Plant Alkali (Alkaloid)]. Journal für Chemie ... In some cases their function, if any, remains unclear. An early hypothesis, that alkaloids are the final products of nitrogen ... He produced coniine by reacting 2-methylpyridine with acetaldehyde and reducing the resulting 2-propenyl pyridine with sodium. ... alkalis' but 'alkaloids', since they differ greatly in some properties from the alkalis; among the chapters of plant chemistry ...

Li(NH3)4 = Has one diffuse electron orbiting around Li(NH3)4+ core, i.e., mimics an alkali-metal atom. Be(NH3)4 = Has two ... Sodium atoms, when cooled from vapor, naturally condense into clusters, preferentially containing a magic number of atoms (2, 8 ... The Cases of Metal Aza-Crown Ethers and Cryptands". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (1): 579-585. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03261. ... monomers and dimers of alkali metal solvated electron precursors". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 20 (37): 24186-24191. ...

In some cases the transition metal will cap the face of the cluster. Another mode of reaction is the formation of endohedral ... In chemistry, a Zintl phase is a product of a reaction between a group 1 (alkali metal) or group 2 (alkaline earth metal) and ... I. Salt-like compounds and intermetallic phases of sodium in liquid ammonia". Z. Phys. Chem. A (154): 1-46. Diehl, Lothar; ... The product can be purified in some cases via zone refining, though often careful annealing will result in large single ...

Softened water (measured as residual sodium carbonate index) in which calcium and magnesium have been partly replaced by sodium ... Distillation is too expensive in most cases. Rainwater is soft because it is naturally distilled during the water cycle of ... is not suitable for irrigation use, as it tends to cause the development of alkali soils. Non-chemical devices are often used ... of the recommended sodium intake by the US CDC and may make a difference to those who need to significantly limit their sodium ...

... and adding an acid or alkali catalyst. Reactions of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols proceed in the presence of sodium metal ... 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane is formed as a side product in the last case. Liquid ethylene oxide can form polyethylene glycols. The ... zinc nitrite or sodium nitrite leads to the formation of 2-nitroethanol: 2 (CH2CH2)O + Ca(NO2)2 + 2 H2O → 2 HO-CH2CH2-NO2 + Ca( ... sodium hydroxide or boron trifluoride and are used for the synthesis of surfactants. Reactions of ethylene oxide with ...

In a typical case, a dye is entrapped within the population of vesicles. This dye is selected to be respond colorimetrically or ... Bioinspired Artificial Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels". In Astrid, Sigel; Helmut, Sigel; Roland K.O., Sigel (eds.). The ... in their selectivity for alkali metal cations, suggesting that the origin of the selectivity is governed by the difference in ... A. Nakano, Q. Xie, J. V. Mallen, L. Echegoyen, G. W. Gokel Synthesis of a membrane-insertable, sodium cation conducting channel ...