A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the ... Cardenolides are a class of steroids (or aglycones if viewed as cardiac glycoside constituents), and cardenolides are a subtype ... The cardenolide content in butterflies deters most vertebrate predators, except a few which have evolved to become cardenolide- ... form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosides are ...

Most species are toxic to humans and many other species, primarily due to the presence of cardenolides. However, as with many ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... Milkweeds use three primary defenses to limit damage caused by caterpillars: hairs on the leaves (trichomes), cardenolide ... Research indicates that the very high cardenolide content of Asclepias linaria reduces the impact of the Ophryocystis ...

Hugentobler, U.; Renwick, J. A. A. (1995). "Effects of plant nutrition on the balance of insect relevant cardenolides and ... Grafting experiments and genetic crosses indicate that cardenolides are produced in the leaves of E. cheiranthoides and are ... Cardenolides reported in E. cheiranthoides seeds include strophanthidin, digitoxigenin, cannogenol, erychroside, erysimoside, ... Pieris rapae tarsal sensilla respond to both glucosinolates and cardenolides, indicating that these compounds are detected on ...

Singh, Bhagirath; Rastogi, R.P. (February 1970). "Cardenolides-glycosides and genins". Phytochemistry. 9 (2): 315-331. doi: ... "Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds". ...

... , a cardenolide, is the aglycone of digitoxin. Digitoxigenin can be used to prepare actodigin. In Lednicer's book ... "Synthetic Cardenolides and Related Products. III. Isocardenolides". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 52 (9): 1652-1661. doi: ... Cardenolides, Diols, All stub articles, Steroid stubs). ...

Many insects acquire toxins from their food plants; Danaus caterpillars accumulate toxic cardenolides from milkweeds ( ...

... is a cardenolide glycoside extracted from Convallaria majalis. Viqar Uddin Ahmad & Anwer Basha (2006). ... ISBN 978-0-387-31162-3. Komissarenko, N. F.; Stupakova, E. P. (1986). "Neoconvalloside - a cardenolide glycoside from plants of ... Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides: Cardenolides and Pregnanes. Vol. 4. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-39576-0_386. ... Cardenolides, Aldehydes, Rhamnosides, All stub articles, Steroid stubs). ...

... produces cardenolide chemicals. Digitalis minor is endemic to the eastern Balearic Islands, where it occurs on ... Sales, Ester; Muñoz-Bertomeu, Jesús; Arrillaga, Isabel; Segura, Juan (June 2007). "Enhancement of cardenolide and phytosterol ... and expression of the new gene resulted in an increased sterol and cardenolide production in the resultant plants. "Digitalis ...

The bulbs contain alkaloids and cardenolides, which are toxic. Ornithogalum has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to ...

3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... Many species of milkweed contain toxic cardiac glycosides (cardenolides). Monarch caterpillars deter predators by incorporating ...

The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as cardenolides in the genus Erysimum, is predicted to allow escape ... Makarevich, I. F.; Zhernoklev, K. V.; Slyusarskaya, T. V.; Yarmolenko, G. N. (May 1994). "Cardenolide-containing plants of the ... and Phyllotreta sp., were deterred from feeding by cardenolides that were applied to their preferred food plants. Consistent ... Sachdev-Gupta, K.; Radke, Cd.; Renwick, J. A. A.; Dimock, M. B. (1993). "Cardenolides from Erysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding ...

Cardenolide Cardiac glycoside Phytochemical Hostettmann, K.; A. Marston (1995). Saponins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ...

1992). "Effectiveness of cardenolides as feeding deterrents to Peromyscus mice". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 18 (9): 1559-1575 ... Unusually, they are able to tolerate very bitter cardenolide chemicals, allowing them to consume relatively large quantities of ...

All parts of E. crepidifolium are toxic due to their cardenolide content. There are at least 20 different cardenolides in the ... Among 48 tested Erysimum species, E. crepidifolium had the highest cardenolide content in the leaves, at least three-fold ... Progesterone 5β-reductase, which was initially proposed as an enzyme of cardenolide biosynthesis in Digitalis, also has been ... Makarevich, I. F.; Zhernoklev, K. V.; Slyusarskaya, T. V.; Yarmolenko, G. N. (1994). "Cardenolide-containing plants of the ...

It is a common feeder on Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, Indian hemp) which produces a milky latex containing cardenolides, toxic ... Cycnia tenera tenera Cycnia tenera sciurus (Boisduval, 1869) James A. Cohen & Lincoln P. Brower (1983). "Cardenolide ...

"Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant-herbivore interactions". New Phytologist. 194 (1): 28 ... "Cytotoxic Cardenolide and Sterols from Calotropis Gigantea". Natural Product Communications. 6 (6): 803-806. doi:10.1177/ ...

... from 5β-cardenolide-free and 5β-cardenolide-producing angiosperms". Phytochemistry. 71 (13): 1495-1505. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem ... Cardenolides such as calotropin inhibit the sodium-potassium pump, Na+/K+-ATPase. This enzyme is responsible for active ... However, it is believed that many cardenolides are synthesized in plants by a similar process, but this process is not yet well ... Calotropin is a toxic compound and is classified as a cardenolide-type cardiac glycoside. These molecules are related to ...

"Functional receptor mapping for modified cardenolides: Use of the PROPHET system." 1979. 259-279. Weeks, Charles M., et al. " ...

Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird ... Though cardenolides are considered to be characteristic constituents of Asclepias spp. together with pregnane glycosides, we ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ...

It has been found that monarchs are able to sequester cardenolides most effectively from plants of intermediate cardenolide ... Monarchs and other cardenolide-resistant insects rely on a resistant form of the Na+/ K+-ATPase enzyme to tolerate ... The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other Asclepias species due to the fact that even though cardenolides are ... As a result, these orioles and grosbeaks periodically have high levels of cardenolides in their bodies, and they are forced to ...

Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of ... neofunctionalization of Atpα1 have been observed in insects that are adapted to cardiotonic steroid toxins such as cardenolides ...

Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of ...

Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... "Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of ...

The cardenolide syriogenin was isolated from the root. English: snakewort, tusilla French: herbe aux serpents, racine de ...

Digitalis purpurea L.). As the plant contains cardenolides, all parts are toxic. Its leaves contain 0.2% glycosides of the ...

Research indicates that the very high cardenolide content of this species reduces the impact of the OE parasite, Ophryocystis ... By contrast, some species of Asclepias are extremely poor sources of cardenolides. Morris, Gail M.; Kline, Christopher; Morris ...

These cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or heating and they are very similar to digoxin from Digitalis purpurea. They ... The main toxins are the cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B; others include peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin and ...

Common defenses include cardiac glycosides (or cardenolides), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, pyrazines, and histamines. Larvae ...

If threatened, the beetle can secrete the cardenolides as a defense mechanism. Cardenolides bind to and block the Na+/K+-ATPase ... Plants in this genus contain toxins (cardenolides) that, when ingested, are fatal to many organisms, including humans, causing ... However, the dogbane beetle is able to consume the plant and compartmentalize the cardenolides into glands. ... especially because this same mutation has been shown in the cardenolide-insensitive monarch butterfly. Adult male and female ...

Stuhlemmer U, Kreis W (1996). "Cardenolide formation and activity of pregnane-modifying enzymes in cell suspension cultures, ... Seitz HU, Gaertner DE (1994). "Enzymes in cardenolide-accumulating shoot cultures of Digitalis purpurea". Plant Cell. 38: 337- ...