... can cause birth defects. A 2003 population-based study in Denmark showed that the use of azathioprine and related ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (January 2012). "Azathioprine, Azathioprine Sodium". AHFS Drug Information 2012. ... with azathioprine, but the combination with other DMARDs is not recommended. Azathioprine has been used in the management of ... Milk lists azathioprine as "L3", termed "moderately safe". Azathioprine is absorbed from the gut to about 88%. Bioavailability ...

Azathioprine and 6-MP may be useful for the following indications: Maintenance therapy with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine ... Azathioprine is listed by the United States FDA as a human carcinogen. However, it confers considerably less morbidity and ... Azathioprine treatment may lead to rare but life-threatening side effects. The rare side effects include leukopenia or ... "Azathioprine. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition" (PDF). ntp.niehs.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-17. Hanauer, Stephen B; ...

Azathioprine Tioguanine "Mercaptopurine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 ... Nørgård B, Pedersen L, Fonager K, Rasmussen SN, Sørensen HT (March 2003). "Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a ... April 2014). "Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: a role for glutathione-S-transferase?". World ... or the related azathioprine) showed a seven-fold incidence of fetal abnormalities as well as a 20-fold increase in miscarriage ...

Thiopurine metabolites (from azathioprine) and a folate level can help. UC may cause high levels of inflammation throughout the ... "Azathioprine Product Information" (PDF). Access FDA. Food and Drug Administration. Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D, ... Anemia may be due to a complication of treatment from azathioprine, which can cause low blood counts, or sulfasalazine, which ... Immunosuppressive medications such as azathioprine and biological agents such as infliximab and adalimumab are given only if ...

Maltzman JS, Koretzky GA (April 2003). "Azathioprine: old drug, new actions". J. Clin. Invest. 111 (8): 1122-4. doi:10.1172/ ...

Azathioprine has also been used. Surgical removal of the pericardium, pericardiectomy, may be used in severe cases and where ...

Azathioprine is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. A prodrug, it is widely used in transplantation to control ...

50% of patients respond to corticosteroid therapy alone in early phases Methotrexate or Azathioprine are an alternative to ... Cyclophosphamide Azathioprine Mycophenolate mofetil "Cerebral Vasculitis". Prime Health Channel. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 1 ...

Joshi R, Singh S (July 2010). "Plica Neuropathica (Plica polonica) Following Azathioprine-induced Pancytopenia". International ...

Colchicine, azathioprine, and NSAIDs have also been used. Garcia-Rodiguez JA, Pattullo A (2013). "Idiopathic granulomatous ...

May 2005). "Azathioprine induced nodular regenerative hyperplasia in IBD patients". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 29 (5): 600-3. ... Some cases are known to be caused by treatment with azathioprine, an immunosuppressant drug commonly used to prevent rejection ... October 2007). "Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine". Gut. ...

Azathioprine treatment can also lead to liver damage. However, the risk of infection appears to be about 40% lower in those ... Medications such as methotrexate, chloroquine, or azathioprine may occasionally be used in an effort to decrease the side ... Antimetabolites, also categorized as steroid-sparing agents, such as azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolic acid, and ... "Infection risk in sarcoidosis patients treated with methotrexate compared to azathioprine: A retrospective 'target trial' ...

... azathioprine. Quantum chemical study on the reaction of azathioprine with cysteine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. ... Explanation of the mechanism of azathioprine bioactivation by cysteine and glutathione molecules. Characterization of homo- and ...

Corticosteroids or azathioprine may be used for polyarthritis. Stomatitis is very difficult to treat. Antibiotics, ...

This study found that the combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC increased the risk of death and hospitalizations and ... Raghu G, Anstrom KJ, King TE, Lasky JA, Martinez FJ (May 2012). "Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary ... to reduce the decline in VC and DLCO over 12 months of follow-up when used in combination with prednisone and azathioprine ( ...

Therapy with steroid-free immunosuppressant azathioprine]". Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen ...

These immunosuppressive drugs include methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine or azathioprine. In some cases, combinations ...

... with case reports of methotrexate and azathioprine), infections such as HIV or chronic viral hepatitis or endogenous T cell ... "Rituximab for pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis which developed as a complication of methotrexate and azathioprine therapy ... "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with azathioprine therapy in Crohn disease". BMC Gastroenterology. 14: 127. doi:10.1186/ ...

... azathioprine) that allowed human organ transplantation; the first drug to induce remission of childhood leukemia; pivotal anti- ...

Withdrawal of azathioprine leads to remission in kidney transplant; bacillary peliosis responds to antibiotics. In rare ... Haboubi NY, Ali HH, Whitwell HL, Ackrill P (1988). "Role of endothelial cell injury in the spectrum of azathioprine-induced ... Drugs and toxins: Corticosteroids, androgens, azathioprine, tamoxifen The pathogenesis of peliosis hepatis is unknown. Several ... can be related to azathioprine or cyclosporine use, and may be associated with increased risk of transplant rejection. ...

Calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine have been linked with post-transplant malignancies and skin cancers in organ transplant ... Azathioprine (Prometheus' Imuran), is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. It is extensively used to control ... These include: folic acid analogues, such as methotrexate purine analogues, such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine pyrimidine ...

The most commonly used are ciclosporin, azathioprine, and methotrexate. Dupilumab is a new medication that improves eczema ...

Roberts RL, Gearry RB, Barclay ML, Kennedy MA (2007). "IMPDH1 promoter mutations in a patient exhibiting azathioprine ...

... because of the structural similarity with the mutagenic azathioprine. The final confirmation of the azathioprine/aildenafil ... who suggested the structure was an azathioprine/aildenafil hybrid. This newly suggested structure was dubbed 'mutaprodenafil' ...

Compared with azathioprine it has higher incidence of diarrhea, and no difference in risk of any of the other side effects in ... Mycophenolate is potent and can, in many contexts, be used in place of the older anti-proliferative azathioprine. It is usually ... Mycophenolic acid is 15 times more expensive than azathioprine. Common adverse drug reactions (≥ 1% of people) include diarrhea ... November 2011). "Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis". The New England Journal of ...

Immunosuppressive agents include T-cell inhibitors such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus; antimetabolites such as azathioprine, ...

Another drug a physician may administer is Apo-Azathioprine. Azathioprine, also known by its brand name Imuran, is an ...

Commonly used cytotoxic agents include azathioprine, methotrexate, or cyclophosphamide. The dose of glucocorticoid medication ...

These include: azathioprine and mycophenolate, and ciclosporin and tacrolimus. The indication for kidney transplantation is end ... Some recipients may instead take ciclosporin, sirolimus, or azathioprine. The risk of early rejection of the transplanted ...

azathioprine (Imuran), the first immunosuppressive agent, used for organ transplants. allopurinol (Zyloprim), for gout. ...