Caspase-3 is activated in the apoptotic cell both by extrinsic (death ligand) and intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways. The ... a member of the NF-E2 family of transcription factors, as a substrate for caspase-3(-like) proteases". Cell Death and ... In intrinsic activation, cytochrome c from the mitochondria works in combination with caspase-9, apoptosis-activating factor 1 ... This protein cleaves and activates caspases 6 and 7; and the protein itself is processed and activated by caspases 8, 9, and 10 ...

... proteins are transcription factors that activate expression of many pro-proliferative genes through binding enhancer box ... In B cells, Myc acts as a classical oncogene by regulating a number of pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways, this also ... Myc cleavage is mediated by the calpain family of calcium-dependent cytosolic proteases. The cleavage of Myc by calpains is a ... Myc is activated upon various mitogenic signals such as serum stimulation or by Wnt, Shh and EGF (via the MAPK/ERK pathway). By ...

Apoptotic stimuli, such as Bax and Bak, as well as other factors can trigger OMA1 activation and OPA1 processing, which are ... Zhang K, Li H, Song Z (May 2014). "Membrane depolarization activates the mitochondrial protease OMA1 by stimulating self- ... Two controversial models describe OMA1 either as membrane-anchored protease or as integral membrane protease. Google's ... Anand R, Wai T, Baker MJ, Kladt N, Schauss AC, Rugarli E, Langer T (March 2014). "The i-AAA protease YME1L and OMA1 cleave OPA1 ...

1996). "Mch3, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease highly related to CPP32". Cancer Res. 55 (24): 6045-52. PMID 8521391. ... That protein cleaves and activates caspases 3 and 7, and the protein itself is processed by caspase 8. Mutations in this gene ... Zheng, L; Schickling O; Peter M E; Lenardo M J (August 2001). "The death effector domain-associated factor plays distinct ... a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease containing two FADD-like domains". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93 (15): 7464-9. Bibcode: ...

... which may serve as an activation platform for the protease, although it may also be activated in the absence of PIDD. Overall, ... The proteolytic cleavage of this protein is induced by a variety of apoptotic stimuli. Caspase 2 proteolytically cleaves other ... or tumor necrosis factor-dependent cell death requires caspase-3". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (24): 21907-15. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... It belongs to a family of cysteine proteases called caspases that cleave proteins only at an amino acid following an aspartic ...

SASP factors can include the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL, but growth arrest and SASP production are independently regulated. ... GATA4 is activated by the DNA damage response factors, which induce cellular senescence. Aberrant oncogenes, DNA damage, and ... growth factors, and proteases. SASP may also consist of exosomes and ectosomes containing enzymes, microRNA, DNA fragments, ... SASP factors IL-6 and TNFα enhance T-cell apoptosis, thereby impairing the capacity of the adaptive immune system. SASP factors ...

... by activating pro-apoptotic factors. Other researchers contend that it is not mitochondrial membrane rupture that leads to ... and which can activate harmful calcium-dependent proteases such as calpain. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also produced as ... Other factors that increase the likelihood that the MPTP will be induced include the presence of certain fatty acids, and ... Various factors enhance the likelihood of MPTP opening. In some mitochondria, such as those in the central nervous system, high ...

... so it is necessary to activate the gene using epigenetic treatments to have active protease. In other cases there is an ... done between their DEDs prevents from the normal homodimeration so that the pseudo-caspase is unable to activate the apoptotic ... DED-associated factor) that potentiates apoptosis. In addition it blocks RNA polymerase I transcription by binding to the DNA. ... which is located at the N-terminus Catalytic protease domain at the C-terminus. There are two groups of proteases: Effector ...

... are both recruited to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); which phosphorylates c-Jun. The activated transcription factor c- ... transcription factor. Phosphorylated CREB translocates into the nucleus and mediates increased expression of anti-apoptotic ... This form of NGF is also referred to as proNGF (NGF precursor). The gamma subunit of this complex acts as a serine protease, ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance ...

The interactions with TCRs are characterized by low affinities and fast dissociation, allowing the toxin to activate multiple T ... Some studies have reported increased protease levels in strains that cause scarlet fever in comparison to those associated with ... The receptor-binding pathway and Fas-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway have been implicated in this process. The induction ... Each step is tightly regulated by multiple factors, allowing sophisticated temporal expression of the mature proteinase. SpeA ...

This in turn activates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), with concurrent ... They are also useful in removing apoptotic cells from circulation. The amount of Kupffer cells in the liver is held constant. ... and proteases. Excessive production of these mediators is linked to the development of liver injury. Apart from clearing ... Development of mature Kupffer cells is regulated by numerous growth factors, with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) ...

"The tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 signal transducers TRAF2 and c-IAP1 are components of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 ... McCarthy JV, Ni J, Dixit VM (1998). "RIP2 is a novel NF-kappaB-activating and cell death-inducing kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 ( ... Suzuki Y, Imai Y, Nakayama H, Takahashi K, Takio K, Takahashi R (2001). "A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the ... "IAPs block apoptotic events induced by caspase-8 and cytochrome c by direct inhibition of distinct caspases". EMBO J. 17 (8): ...

This receptor can activate the transcription factor NF-κB, mediate apoptosis, and function as a regulator of inflammation. ... Kim JW, Choi EJ, Joe CO (2000). "Activation of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by pro-apoptotic C-terminal fragment of ... identity with subunit 2 of the 26S protease". J. Immunol. 158 (9): 4252-9. PMID 9126987. Hsu H, Huang J, Shu HB, Baichwal V, ... "Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) activates Jak1/Stat3-Stat5B signaling through TNFR-1 in human B cells". Cell Growth ...

... a novel cell surface receptor for the protease factor Xa". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (5): 3139-42. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41838-2. ... 7 are effector proteases whereas caspase-8 is an initiator caspase that sits more upstream in the apoptotic pathway. These ... Activated CTLs specific for a particular antigen kill their target cells by first recognizing parts of the survivin protein ... a novel cell surface receptor for the protease factor Xa". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (5): 3139-42. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41838-2. ...

Extrinsic apoptotic pathways: Occur when factors outside the cell activate cell surface death receptors (e.g., Fas) that result ... which can lead the cells down apoptotic pathways. Caspases (cysteine-aspartic acid proteases) cleave at very specific amino ... This activates the effectors that in turn cleave other proteins resulting in apoptotic initiation. Autophagy is a form of ... One constant factor is that in each disease, neurons gradually lose function as the disease progresses with age. It has been ...

... or anti-apoptotic factors. KCNB1 has been shown to interact with: KCNH1, and PTPRE. Voltage-gated potassium channel ... Also on the cytoplasmic side are the N- and C- termini, which play a crucial role in activating and deactivating KCNB1 channels ... These new population of channels aid in the loss of intracellular potassium, creating a permissive environment for protease and ... Oligomer activation of c-Src and JNK kinases induces the initial pro-apoptotic signal, which is coupled to KCNB1 current. This ...

PPIA may also activate Akt and NF-κB signaling, resulting in the upregulation of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, and thus ... The PPIA protein is an important apoptotic constituent. During a normal embryologic processes, or during cell injury (such as ... a proapoptotic factor, in neurons. To maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier and mitigate brain injury, PPIA helps ... and serine protease-dependent microtubule disruption. This localization has been correlated with G2/M arrest, indicating that ...

Other factors may also drive the persistent activated state of PaSCs in the event of pancreatitis. For example, PaSCs express ... protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is cleaved by trypsin to become active. Active PAR-2 then instigates PaSC growth ... However, if inflammation and injury is minor, PaSCs undergo an apoptotic fate and become quiescent, preventing the development ... Activated PaSCs are located in areas of major necrosis and inflammation that harbour cytokines, growth factors and reactive ...

FAS/FAS-L system - expression of Fas ligand (Fas-L) on the surface of SCs activates apoptotic death of Fas receptor-bearing ... Protease inhibitor-9 (PI-9) - member of serpin family (serine protease inhibitors), which induces secretion of protease ... Besides expressing factors that are crucial for sperm cell maturation, Sertoli cells also produce a wide range of molecules ( ... They are activated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the adenohypophysis and express FSH receptor on their ...

Once activated, initiator caspases such as Caspase 9 will cleave and activate other executioner caspases. This leads to ... Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of ... There is evidence where it promotes transcription of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that assists in ... Apoptotic caspases are subcategorised as: Initiator Caspases (Caspase 2, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 10) Executioner Caspases ...

... and proteases. These enzymes will degenerate crucial proteins in the cell and increase NO levels, leading to an apoptotic ... resulting in decreased synthesis of neurotrophic factors. With less neurotrophic factors, the astrocyte-microglia-neuronal ... Within the brain, quinolinic acid is only produced by activated microglia and macrophages. In 1949 L. Henderson was one of the ... However, it was not until 1981 that Stone and Perkins showed that quinolinic acid activates the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ( ...

"Binding of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated protein C". J. ... An apoptotic cell (that is, one undergoing apoptosis) no longer actively manages the distribution of phospholipids in its outer ... but no serine protease domain. Instead, there is a large C-terminus domain that is homologous to plasma steroid hormone-binding ... It may play a role in the protein functions as either a cofactor for activated protein C (APC) or in binding C4BP. Additionally ...

"Pro-apoptotic PUMA and anti-apoptotic phospho-BAD are highly expressed in colorectal carcinomas". Dig. Dis. Sci. 52 (10): 2751- ... p53 is activated by survival signals such as glucose deprivation and increases expression levels of PUMA. This increase in PUMA ... PUMA levels are downregulated through the activation of caspase-3 and a protease inhibited by the serpase inhibitor N-tosyl-L- ... PUMA apoptosis may also be induced independently of p53 activation by other stimuli, such as oncogenic stress growth factor and ...

A reactive center loop of the protease is bound to the central beta loop of the serpin, trapping the protease in a state where ... Bcl-2 is the most well known of the anti-apoptotic members, and is classified as an oncogene. Studies have shown that the Bcl-2 ... After several stimuli leading to cell death are activated, BAX also moves to the mitochondria where it carries out its ... Like any regulated process, apoptosis is subject to either activation or inhibition by a variety of chemical factors. Apoptosis ...

Arginine starvation is known to be a cause of programmed cell death, and local removal is a strong apoptotic agent. Host ... On an immunological level, activated host T lymphocytes attack endothelial cells that have been injured in order to remove the ... Natural barriers consist of mucus layers, bile salt, proteases, and lipases. Additionally, peristalsis and the renewal of ... CDC (July 15, 2015). "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors". Parasites - Giardia. Archived from the original on September 7, ...

Dark might not be enough on its own to activate caspase Dronc; it has been suggested that other factors could increase the ... Apaf-1's Drosophila ortholog. The diagram (figure 4) shows functional homologues of apoptotic proteins (colour-coded ... It belongs to the cysteine-aspartic proteases family, as it is a protease enzyme that takes part in programmed cell death ... It is defined as a cysteine protease (or thiol protease), which means that a nucleophilic cysteine thiol forms a catalytic ...

... in the APP and BACE1 promoter sequences and implications in activating apoptotic genes and in amyloidogenesis". Gene. 488 (1-2 ... A number of proteases have been implicated by both genetic and biochemical studies as being responsible for the recognition and ... Sadigh-Eteghad S, Sabermarouf B, Majdi A, Talebi M, Farhoudi M, Mahmoudi J (2014). "Amyloid-beta: a crucial factor in ... October 1999). "Beta-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE". ...

... but they are all still able to cross present antigens in order to activate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. There are many factors that ... pDCs are found within the blood and are able to cross present antigens directly or from neighboring apoptotic cells, but the ... where an increasingly acidic environment along with the activation of enzymes such as lysosomal proteases triggers the ... After vaccine induced activation, dendritic cells are able to migrate to lymph nodes and activate CD4+ T helper cells as well ...

Epidermal growth factor Nagata K, Kohda D, Hatanaka H, et al. (August 1994). "Solution structure of the epidermal growth factor ... which was first identified in the human complement protease C1r. C1r is a highly specific serine protease initiating the ... The immature cells fail to activate T-cells and produce less interleukin 12 than wild-type dendritic cells. Phan et al. could ... Moreover, the EGF-like domain repeats of the stabilin-2 domain have been shown to specifically recognize and bind apoptotic ...

... can be activated by a variety of factors including: pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell necrosis factors, ... Proteases secreted by microglia catabolise specific proteins causing direct cellular damage, while cytokines like IL-1 promote ... Post development, the majority of dead or apoptotic cells are found in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical white matter. ... As mentioned above the cytokine IFN-γ can be used to activate microglial cells. In addition, after becoming activated with IFN- ...