Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
"Two E2F elements regulate the proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter differently during leaf development". The Plant Cell ... Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic ... PCNA was originally identified as an antigen that is expressed in the nuclei of cells during the DNA synthesis phase of the ... Ku DH, Travali S, Calabretta B, Huebner K, Baserga R (July 1989). "Human gene for proliferating cell nuclear antigen has ...
Kidd antigen system
... was discovered by Plant et al. in 1953, individuals who lack the Jk antigen (Jk null) are unable to maximally concentrate their ... The Kidd antigen system (also known as Jk antigen) are proteins found in the Kidd's blood group, which act as antigens, i.e., ... People with two Jk(a) antigens, for instance, may form antibodies against donated blood containing two Jk(b) antigens (and thus ... The Jk antigen is found on a protein responsible for urea transport in the red blood cells and the kidney. They are important ...
Heterophile antigen
It is widely present in some plants bacteria animal and birds. However it is not present in rabbit. Therefore antibodies are ... Example: Forssman antigen, cross reacting microbial antigen so antibodies to these antigens produced by one species cross react ... Heterophile antigens are antigens of similar nature, if not identical, that are present in different tissues in different ... Usually different species have different antigen sets, but the hetereophile antigen is shared by different species. Other ...
Pattern recognition receptor
This family of proteins is greatly expanded in plants, and constitutes a core component of plant immune systems. Three RLR ... PRRs also mediate the initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune response and release of inflammatory cytokines. The ... Upon ligand recognition, the plant PRRs transduce "PAMP-triggered immunity" (PTI). Plant immune systems also encode resistance ... PRRs were first discovered in plants. Since that time many plant PRRs have been predicted by genomic analysis (370 in rice; 47 ...
History of genetic engineering
X-rays were first used to deliberately mutate plants in 1927. Between 1927 and 2007, more than 2,540 genetically mutated plant ... Gentner, B.; Naldini, L. (2012-11-01). "Exploiting microRNA regulation for genetic engineering". Tissue Antigens. 80 (5): 393- ... The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the US in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered ... Woodard, S. L.; Woodard, J. A.; Howard, M. E. (2004). "Plant molecular farming: Systems and products". Plant Cell Reports. 22 ( ...
Immunologic adjuvant
The plant extract QS-21 is a liposome made up of two plant saponins from Quillaja saponaria, a Chilean soap bark tree. ... Second, adjuvants may provide physical protection to antigens which grants the antigen a prolonged delivery. This means the ... or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens." In the early days of ... Plant saponins from Quillaia (the bark of a soap bark tree), soybean, Polygala senega Cytokines: IL-1, IL-2, IL-12 CpG ...
Arthrographis kalrae
A. kalrae secretes antigens with haemolytic and cytotoxic activity. Additionally, scientists use mice as animal model to study ... Arthrographis kalrae is capable of pathogenicity in animals (including humans) but not in plants. Most human isolates of A. ... LA, nagashima (2014). "Arthrographis Kalrae soluble antigens present hemolytic and cytotoxic actitvities". Comp Immunol ...
Edible vaccine
The antigen concentration can also vary significantly between individual fruits on a plant, individual plants, and between ... The dosage also varies due to the difficulty in standardizing the concentration of the antigen in the plant tissue; it can be ... The entire gene is inserted into a plant transformation vector to allow transcription or the epitope within the antigen is ... The plants take up the DNA, grow into new plants, then are cloned to produce large numbers of genetically identical crops. The ...
Microtechnique
Since few plant tissues have a color, there is little chromatically difference between plant tissues makes it difficult to ... This method can preserve the immune activity of various antigens well. Both fresh tissue and fixed tissue can be frozen. ... Plant microtechnique is also a study providing valuable experimental information. Plant microtechnique involves classical ... 69-89, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0118-9_2, ISBN 9781468401189 "Plant Anatomy_Free Hand Sectioning , Microscope , Plant Stem". ...
ENOX2
"Entrez Gene: COVA1 cytosolic ovarian carcinoma antigen 1". Morré, D. James; Morré, Dorothy M. (1998-11-01). "NADH oxidase ... 24 min". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 37 (1): 19-23. doi:10.1007/s11627-001-0004-3. ISSN 1054-5476. PMID ... activity of soybean plasma membranes oscillates with a temperature compensated period of 24 min". The Plant Journal. 16 (3): ...
Immune electron microscopy
... but transmission electron microscopy may be needed to see the label if the antigen is within the cell. Antigens and their ... Milne, Robert G. (1991). Electron Microscopy of Plant Pathogens. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 87-102. doi:10.1007/978-3- ... Bonds between antibodies and their respective antigen or between antibodies and their gold labels may be only partially secure ... In both instances, scientists identified a specific antigen to target in order to use immune electron microscopy to discover ...
Vaccine
"Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic banana plants". Planta. 222 (3): 484-493. doi:10.1007/s00425-005-1556-y ... The idea of vaccine production via transgenic plants was identified as early as 2003. Plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, ... Dendritic cell vaccines combine dendritic cells with antigens to present the antigens to the body's white blood cells, thus ... "Vaccine antigen production in transgenic plants: strategies, gene constructs and perspectives". Vaccine. 21 (7-8): 803-808. doi ...
Nepenthes alata
Carnivorous Plant Database. Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO ... The effect of the Nepenthes alata extract on the cold agglutinin-associated antigens. Nihon Hōigaku Zasshi 45(1): 30-32. PMID ... Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1-2): 19-28. Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia ... Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, January 12, 2011. Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in ...
Mike Berridge
A new class of cell surface antigens. Quantitative absorption studies defining cell-lineage-specific antigens on hemopoietic ... Plant Physiology, 47:562-567 (1971). doi:10.1104/pp.47.4.562 Berridge MV, Lane CD. Translation of Xenopus liver messenger RNA ... The binding of kinetin to plant ribosomes. Biochem J, 119:75-84 (1970). doi:10.1042/bj1190075. Berridge MV, Ralph RK. Kinetin ... These theses investigated how kinetin interacts with protein synthesis in plants. In 1973, Berridge undertook a postdoctoral ...
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Diagnosis can be made by detecting antibodies, the virus's RNA, or viral proteins (antigens). It is a type of viral hemorrhagic ... Prevention involves avoiding tick bites, following safe practices in meat processing plants, and observing universal healthcare ... As of March 2011[update], the only available and probably somewhat efficacious CCHF vaccine has been an inactivated antigen ...
Lab-on-a-chip
Specifically, plant on a chip is a miniaturized device in which pollen tissues and ovules could be incubated for plant sciences ... Immunoassay: detect bacteria, viruses and cancers based on antigen-antibody reactions. Ion channel screening (patch clamp) ... "A microsystem-based assay for studying pollen tube guidance in plant reproduction". J. Micromech. Microeng. 25 (5): 054018. ...
Pathosystem
In breeding crop plants for horizontal resistance to their parasites, the disciplines of plant breeding, plant pathology, and ... The gene-for-gene relationship is an approximate botanical equivalent of antigens and antibodies in mammals. For each ... A plant pathosystem is one in which the host species is a plant. The parasite is any species in which the individual spends a ... It brings together various crop science disciplines such as entomology, nematology, plant pathology, and plant breeding. It ...
Toll-like receptor 4
Lerouge I, Vanderleyden J (March 2002). "O-antigen structural variation: mechanisms and possible roles in animal/plant-microbe ... Morphine causes inflammation by binding to the protein lymphocyte antigen 96, which, in turn, causes the protein to bind to ... TLR4 has been shown to interact with: Lymphocyte antigen 96, Myd88, and TOLLIP. Nickel, Intracellular trafficking of TLR4 is ... TLRs are highly conserved from plants to Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. The various ...
Proteolipid
Li Y, Qi B (2017). "Progress toward Understanding Protein S-acylation: Prospective in Plants". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: ... These proteins are also potent antigens, and are in fact the main immunogens of these two species. Proteolipids include ... The plant chloroplast is capable of many of the same modifications that bacteria perform to proteolipids. One database for such ... Proteolipids are abundant in brain tissue, and are also present in many other animal and plant tissues. They include ghrelin, a ...
Robert Purcell (virologist)
The same team who co-identified the Hepatitis A virus (HAV) developed the first assays that could measure the virus antigen and ... Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestiviruses and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant ... detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with illness. Science. 182(4116): pgs. 1026-1028 " ...
Asparagine endopeptidase
Müntz K, Shutov AD (August 2002). "Legumains and their functions in plants". Trends in Plant Science. 7 (8): 340-4. doi:10.1016 ... Antigen presenting is a key role in activation of immune system. It has been discovered that AEP plays role in this critical ... "Biosynthesis of circular proteins in plants". The Plant Journal. 53 (3): 505-15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03357.x. PMID ... In plant Oldenlandia affinis it generates antimicrobial cyclic peptides which are important for defence against pathogens in ...
RNA splicing
In plants, variation for flooding stress tolerance correlated with stress-induced alternative splicing of transcripts ... post-translational protein splicing and other lessons from the school of antigen processing". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 83 ... Protein splicing has been observed in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, archaea, plants, yeast and humans. The ... Plant Physiology. 172 (2): 668-689. doi:10.1104/pp.16.00472. PMC 5047075. PMID 27208254. Hanada K, Yang JC (June 2005). "Novel ...
Cryptosporidiosis
Detecting antigens is yet another way to diagnose the disease. This can be done with direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) ... Many treatment plants that take raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for public drinking water production use ... Antibodies in the serum of humans and animals infected with Cryptosporidium parvum react with several antigens, one of which is ... Equipment failures at the city's antiquated water filtration plant following maintenance were found to have caused the outbreak ...
Sugar
The cuttings were planted and the first sugar-cane harvest in Hispaniola took place in 1501. Many sugar mills had been ... It is a component of the antigens found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood groups. Glucose occurs naturally ... Lactose is the only sugar that cannot be extracted from plants. It can only be found in milk, including human breast milk, and ... Through photosynthesis, plants produce glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a phosphated 3-carbon sugar that is used by the cell ...
Pentamer
In immunology, an MHC pentamer is a reagent used to detect antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Wikimedia Commons has media related ... having five parts in a distinct whorl of a plant structure Pentamerous can also refer to animals, such as crinoids v t e ( ...
Novartis
... and manufacturing plants. It will also look at improving manufacturing of Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cells). ... The plant ceased operation in 1996. A follow-up study from the 1996-2000 period indicated that while there were more cancer ... Dalton, Rex (1 November 2003). "Syngenta ends plant-research deal with Berkeley". Nature. 426 (6964): 216. Bibcode:2003Natur. ... a fire broke out in a production plant storage room, which led to the Sandoz chemical spill and a large amount of pesticide ...
DNA clamp
"Highly conserved structure of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (DNA polymerase delta auxiliary protein) gene in plants". ... The sequence of PCNA is well conserved between plants, animals and fungi, indicating a strong selective pressure for structure ... February 2005). "Structural and biochemical studies of human proliferating cell nuclear antigen complexes provide a rationale ... proliferating cell nuclear antigen from Pyrococcus furiosus". Protein Science. 10 (1): 17-23. doi:10.1110/ps.36401. PMC 2249843 ...
Phytomonas
Inhabits the fruit of tomato plants. This species has antigens that are very similar to some antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi, the ... Within a host plant, Phytomonas exhibits a fusiform structure twisted 2-5 times along the longitudinal axis. Within the plant, ... It was found that T. cruzi shares some antigens with P. serpens, and that these antigens could be recognized by rabbit and ... In English, the term phyto- means plant, and comes from the Greek term for plant, phuton. The suffix -monas means 'unicellular ...
ELISA
The labeled antigen competes for primary antibody binding sites with the sample antigen (unlabeled). The less antigen in the ... ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology, and biotechnology, as well as a quality control check in ... The antigen-containing sample is applied to the plate, and captured by antibody. The plate is washed to remove unbound antigen ... Since it is necessary to remove any unbound antibody or antigen by washing, the antibody or antigen has to be fixed to the ...
Virus-like particle
VLPs derived from the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and composed of the small HBV derived surface antigen (HBsAg) were described in ... Santi L, Huang Z, Mason H (September 2006). "Virus-like particles production in green plants". Methods. 40 (1): 66-76. doi: ... RTS,S is a portion of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein fused to the Hepatitis B surface antigen (RTS), ... Bayer ME, Blumberg BS, Werner B (June 1968). "Particles associated with Australia antigen in the sera of patients with ...