... this RNA template performed a transport function for one amino acid type. Existence of more than one such RNA template could ... They would form parasitic branches that use the system for their own replication but do not contribute to the system as a whole ... It supports a peptidyl-RNA synthesis that could be a precursor for the contemporary process of linking amino acids to tRNA ... However, this rapid growth was a threat to the emerging system, as the whole system could lose control over the relative amount ...

Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins. The endocrine system is ... A hormone is any of a class of signaling molecules produced by cells in glands in multicellular organisms that are transported ... The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops. Several important feedback systems are ... The endocrine system has three sets of endocrine outputs which include the magnocellular system, the parvocellular system, and ...

34 amino acid repeats. There appears to be a one-to-one correspondence between the identity of two critical amino acids in each ... They inject a number of effector proteins, including TAL effectors, into the plant via their type III secretion system. TAL ... Two hypotheses exist about possible functions for N3 proteins: They are involved in copper transport, resulting in ... TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors (often referred to as TALEs, but not to be confused with the three amino acid loop ...

... may refer to: Gamma-glutamyltransferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a peptide and an amino acid ... a public transport system in California, U.S. Galactolipid galactosyltransferase (GGGT), an enzyme in glycerolipid metabolism ... an enzyme that hydrolyzes glutathione A codon for the amino acid Glycine Germline gene therapy, to treat genetic diseases Gitua ...

... y+ system), member 7". Pfeiffer, R; Rossier G; Spindler B; Meier C; Kühn L; Verrey F (January 1999). "Amino acid transport of y ... 1999). "Amino acid transport of y+L-type by heterodimers of 4F2hc/CD98 and members of the glycoprotein-associated amino acid ... L amino acid transporter-1) that associates with 4F2hc to encode the amino acid transport activity y+L. A candidate gene for ... Y+L amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A7 gene. SLC7A7 has been shown to interact with ...

Zaia KA, Reimer RJ (Mar 2009). "Synaptic Vesicle Protein NTT4/XT1 (SLC6A17) Catalyzes Na+-coupled Neutral Amino Acid Transport ... Masson J, Sagné C, Hamon M, El Mestikawy S (Sep 1999). "Neurotransmitter transporters in the central nervous system". ... Bröer S (Jan 2008). "Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia". Physiological Reviews. 88 (1): 249- ... Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A15 gene. SLC6A15 ...

... the N-terminal signal sequence is cleaved at a conserved stretch of positively charged amino acid residues. This cleavage is ... Like these other systems, the type II secretion system enables the transport of cytoplasmic proteins across the lipid bilayers ... For instance, the Sec pathway is used to transport structural components of the type II secretion system into the periplasm ... The type 2 secretion system (often referred to as the type II secretion system or by the initials T2SS) is a type of protein ...

Ackers GK (1969). "Molecular sieve studies of interacting protein systems. IV. Molecular size of the D-amino acid oxidase ... Ackers GK (1967). "Molecular sieve studies of interacting protein systems. I. Equations for transport of associating systems". ... thermodynamics of protein-protein interactions including important changes due to single amino acid substitutions. "Obituary - ...

Bröer S (January 2008). "Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia". Physiological Reviews. 88 (1): ... with characteristics of classical system imino". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (10): 8974-84. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Transport of small hydrophilic substances across cell membranes is mediated by substrate-specific transporter proteins which ...

The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ...

Intracellular metabolism of cystine, as it happens with all amino acids, requires its transport across the cell membrane. After ... These crystals negatively affect many systems in the body, especially the kidneys and eyes. The accumulation is caused by ... Cystinosis is a rare genetic disorder that causes an accumulation of the amino acid cystine within cells, forming crystals that ... the oxidized dimer of the amino acid cysteine. It is a genetic disorder that follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern ...

... s carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune ... Chloroplasts can pump K+ and H+ ions in and out of themselves using a poorly understood light-driven transport system. In the ... Chloroplasts synthesize all the fatty acids in a plant cell-linoleic acid, a fatty acid, is a precursor to jasmonate. One of ... Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like ...

... an L-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids". J Biol Chem. 274 ... "Entrez Gene: SLC7A8 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 8". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994 ... Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A8 gene. Heterodimeric ... 2000). "LAT2, a new basolateral 4F2hc/CD98-associated amino acid transporter of kidney and intestine". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (49 ...

... promotes amino acid production in tea leaves. Under south Indian conditions, it is reported that tea plants ... The Mo(VI) double bond to oxygen is reduced by NAD(P)H passed through the intramolecular transport chain. Nitrate reductase (NR ... First, nitrate assimilation is initiated by the uptake of nitrate from the root system, reduced to nitrite by nitrate reductase ... The coordination sphere of the Mo is completed by one amino-acid side chain and oxygen and/or sulfur ligands. The exact ...

... fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, ketone body pathways, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, alcohol degradation, ... losses during transport, or direct disposal from boats. In 2010, it was estimated that 4 to 12 million metric tons (Mt) of ... and organismal systems. Enhanced metabolic functions for communities in the plastisphere include nitrogen metabolism, insulin ... Neis, Evelien; Dejong, Cornelis; Rensen, Sander (2015-04-16). "The Role of Microbial Amino Acid Metabolism in Host Metabolism ...

Here he studied the metabolism of amino acids and the citric acid cycle. In 1948, Green moved to the University of Wisconsin- ... the electron transport chain and beta oxidation. He was married to English-born Doris Cribb. He is the father of biochemist ... on redox reactions in biological systems. He received his PhD under Dixon in 1934 with a thesis entitled The Application of ... particularly the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Green was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of ...

The introduction of a charged amino-acid residue or a proline residue within the hydrophobic core of the signal peptide is ... It is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes. MBP has an approximate molecular ... The malE gene codes for a precursor polypeptide (396 amino acid residues) which yields the mature MBP (370 residues) upon ... Boos W, Shuman H (March 1998). "Maltose/maltodextrin system of Escherichia coli: transport, metabolism, and regulation". ...

MHC Class I molecules present small peptides, typically 7-10 amino acids in length, to the immune system. A glycoprotein called ... From the golgi bodies, the complex is transported, again via vesicle transport, to the cell membrane. This is the point at ... The HLA-A signal peptide is a series of hydrophobic amino acids present at the N-terminus of the protein that directs it to the ... The protein coded for by the HLA-A gene is 365 amino acids long and weighs roughly 41,000 Daltons (Da). It contains 8 exons. ...

For example, some aphids use bacteria in their gut to provide essential amino acids lacking in their sap diet. Plant ... When an invasive herbivore or plant enters the system, the balance is thrown off and the diversity can collapse to a monotaxon ... This is released when the plant is damaged and inhibits cellular respiration and electron transport.[citation needed] Plants ... Nitrogen-based defenses are synthesized from amino acids and primarily come in the form of alkaloids and cyanogens. Alkaloids ...

Fischer, WN; André, B; Rentsch, D; Krolkiewics, S; Tegeder, M; Breitkreuz, K; Frommer, WB (1998). "Amino acid transport in ... Perland, Emelie; Fredriksson, Robert (March 2017). "Classification Systems of Secondary Active Transporters". Trends in ... The most recent families added include the PAAP (Putative Amino Acid Permease), LIVCS (Branched Chain Amino Acid:Cation ... "The amino acid/polyamine/organocation (APC) superfamily of transporters specific for amino acids, polyamines and organocations ...

... possibly by increasing tryptophan transport across the blood-brain barrier. The blood content of certain neutral amino-acids, ... As the serotonergic system may be involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and anxiety, the stimulation of this system by ... Kuriyama K, Sze PY (January 1971). "Blood-brain barrier to H3-gamma-aminobutyric acid in normal and amino oxyacetic acid- ... gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (or γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid) is a naturally occurring ...

... which are responsible for excitatory amino acid transport (see TC# 2.A.23). The latter couple glutamate and aspartate uptake to ... Neurotransmitter transport systems are responsible for the release, re-uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters at synapses. ... Malandro MS, Kilberg MS (1996). "Molecular biology of mammalian amino acid transporters". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 305-336. doi: ... amino acids, osmolytes and related nitrogenous substances by a solute:Na+ symport mechanism. The NSS family is a member of the ...

This letter system was defined by the IUPAC and IUBMB in 1983, and is as follows: K-Lysine D-Aspartic acid E-Glutamic acid L- ... A protein with a functional KDEL motif will be retrieved from the Golgi apparatus by retrograde transport to the ER lumen. It ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Amino acids, Amino acid motifs, Peptide sequences). ... H-Histidine D-Aspartic acid E-Glutamic acid L-Leucine Three letter code is: His-Asp-Glu-Leu. ER retention KKXX (amino acid ...

... synthesized in the kidney from the amino acids arginine and glycine) by S-adenosyl methionine. It is then transported through ... Creatinine itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), ... Several tautomers of creatinine exist; ordered by contribution, they are: 2-Amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-amino-1- ... Lewis GF, Rader DJ (June 2005). "New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport". ...

... each subunit composed of 119 amino acids, five alpha helices, and six beta sheets. Amino acids 134-234 have the DNA binding ... The Arc system connects the electron transport chain to regulation of certain genes, allowing aerobic respiration to occur in ... The two transmembrane portions of the protein are 20 amino acid long alpha helices that are both rich in hydrophobic amino ... Amino acids 79-778 are cytoplasmic, 93% of the protein is cytoplasmic. Both the sensory and regulator regions of ArcB are ...

The amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 15% between ParM and other actin-like ATPase. The mechanism of partition ... The net result being transport of partition complex to the cell pole. The partition system of the plasmid R388 has been found ... Amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 21% for TubZ proteins. The mechanism is similar to a treadmill mechanism: Multiple ... This system has been proposed to be the type IV partition system. It is thought to be a derivative of the type I partition ...

In addition, some MscS channels may function in amino acid efflux, Ca2+ regulation and cell division. The generalized transport ... In bacterial and animal systems, MS ion channels are thought to mediate the perception of pressure, touch, and sound. With ... MscS family homologues vary in length between 248 and 1120 amino acyl residues and in topology, but the homologous region that ... Transport proteins, Integral membrane proteins, Ion channels). ...

The endoplasm, along with its granules, contains water, nucleic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, inorganic ions, lipids, ... Vesicles are responsible for transport in between components of the endomembrane system and the plasma membrane. In addition to ... Glucose is broken down through three sequential processes: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain ... It is the site of most cellular processes as it houses the organelles that make up the endomembrane system, as well as those ...

It is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Several pseudogenes have been ... Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931. Shen Z, Pardington-Purtymun PE, ... such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. ... and RAD51 proteins in a yeast two-hybrid system". Genomics. 37 (2): 183-6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0540. PMID 8921390. Matunis MJ ...

It is not active until the last two amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Numerous pseudogenes have been ... Golebiowski F, Matic I, Tatham MH, Cole C, Yin Y, Nakamura A, Cox J, Barton GJ, Mann M, Hay RT (2009). "System-wide changes to ... such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. ... in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. ...